Preliminary

Metal as a structural material preceded by cast iron 1777-1779 in England, applied

to the manufacture of bridges curved with spans 30 meters. The next development, in 1840
the use of cast iron replaced by wrought iron, and applied to the bridge of Britain in the strait
of Menai, Wales built in 1846-1850. Along with the use of cast iron and wrought iron, in
the year 1780 produced iron rods in a large scale. Then produced railroad iron in 1820, then
in 1870 can be produced iron profiles I, and finally in 1890 the use of wrought iron replaced
by steel.
Steel is a strong material. Material on towers and buildings with amazing landscapes.
Lightweight when viewed from the proportion with its strength, suitable for construction
that needs fast workmanship. Very repetitive building frames and architectural details that
satisfy vision with the elegance of a neat mechanical structure. Among all other metals is a
metal that has a uniqueness and not expensive.
This paper discusses the definition of steel, steel types, steel classification, steel with
special physical properties, mechanical and physical properties of steel, steel making
process, steel product forming process, steel profiles, steel structure types, advantages and
weaknesses of steel as building structures, and examples of buildings with steel structures.
1. Understanding of steel

Steel is a metal alloy, iron metal as the basic element with carbon as the main alloying
element. Carbon element content in steel ranges from 0.2% to 2.1% by weight according to
its grade. The function of carbon in steel is as an element of hardener by preventing
dislocation shifting on the lattice of the iron atom crystal. This carbon steel is known as
black steel because it is black, widely used for agricultural equipment such as crescent and
hoe.
Other commonly added alloying elements other than carbon are titanium, chromium,
nickel, vanadium, cobalt and tungsten. By varying the carbon content and other alloying
elements, different types of steel qualities can be obtained. The addition of carbon content
to the steel can increase its hardness and tensile strength, but on the other hand it makes it
brittle and lowers its ductility.

2. The Types of Steel

Steel is iron with carbon content less than 2%. Steel can be shaped into various
shapes according to need. Broadly speaking there are 2 types of steel, namely:
a. Carbon Steel
Carbon steels are also called plain carbon steel, containing mainly carbon
elements and little silicon, sulfur and pospor. Based on its carbon content,
carbon steel is divided into:
1. steel with low carbon content (<0.2% C)
2. Steel with medium carbon content (0,1% -0,5% C)
3. High grade carbon steel (> 0.5% C)
The carbon content contained in the steel will affect the tensile
strength, hardness and ductility of the steel. The higher the carbon content,
the tensile strength and hardness of steel increases but its ductility tends to
decrease.
The use of steel in civil engineering is generally in the form of
construction steel or steel profiles, reinforcing steel for concrete with carbon
content of 0.10% - 0.50%. In addition, carbon steel is also used for steel /
wire press pre with carbon content up to 0.90%. In the field of civil
engineering the most important trait is the tensile strength of the steel itself.
 b. Steel Alloys
Steel is said to be combined if the composition of the alloying
elements in particular, rather than ordinary carbon steel consisting of
elements of silisium and manganese. More alloy steel is used. The most
widely used elements for alloy steel are Cr, Mn, Si, Ni, W, Mo, Ti, Al, Cu,
Nb, Zr.

3. Classification of Steel

Steel alloys can be classified according to:

a. Composition
Based on the alloy steel composition is divided into:
1. Three-component steel: comprises a guiding element in the addition of Fe
and C.
2. Four-component steel: consists of two guiding elements and so on.
b. Structure
Steel in classified by:
1. pearlit steel (sorbit and trostit)
It is possible if the alloy elements are relatively small to a maximum of 5%,
the steel is capable of machining, the mechanical properties are increased by
heat treatments hardening & tempering)
2. Martensite steel
The guide element is more than 5% very hard and hard on the machine.
3. Austensit steel
Consisting of 10-30% of certain integrating elements (Mi, Mn, or Co) for
example: stainless steel, non-magnetic and heat resistant steel.
4. Ferrite steel
It consists of a large number of compound elements (Cr, W or Si) but the
carbon is low. Can not be hardened.
5. Carbide steel / ledeburit
Consists of a number of carbons and carbonyers (Cr, W, Mn, Ti, Zr)
c. Use
Based on its use and its properties, alloy steel is classified:
1. Steel construction
 2. Tool steels
3. Steel with special physical properties
Steel construction, divided into three groups depending on the percentage of
elements pemadunya, namely:
1. Low alloy steel (maximum 2%)
2. Middle alloy steel (2 - 5%)
3. High alloy steel (more than 5%)
Once in the heat treatments of this type of steel the mechanical properties are
better than ordinary carbon steels. Tool steel, used for cutting tools, the composition
depends on the material and thickness of the cut at the cutting speed, working
temperature. Low alloy steel, its hardness does not change until the temperature is
250c. High alloy steel, hardness does not change up to 600 c.

4. Steel With Special Physical Properties

Steel with special physical properties, can be distinguished as follows:

a. Stainless steel: 0.1 - 0.45% C; 12 - 14% Cr.
b. Heat resistant steel: 12 - 14% Cr resistant to temperature 750 - 800 c
15 - 17% Cr holds up to a temperature of 850 - 1000 c
c. Stainless steel wear at high temperatures.
23% Cr, 18 - 21% Ni, 2 - 3% Si
13% - 15% Cr, 13 - 15% Ni
2% - 5% W, 0.25 - 0.4% Mo, 0.4 - 0.5% C

5. Physical Properties and Steel Mechanists

a. Physical Properties
Physical properties include: weight, specific gravity, heat conductivity and electrical
conductivity. Steel may change its nature due to the influence of load and heat.
b. Mechanical Properties
Mechanical properties of a material is the ability of the material to provide resistance
when given the load on the material. Or it can be said that the mechanical properties
are the strength of the material in carrying the load that comes from outside.
Mechanical properties of steel include:
 1. Power
The important properties of steel are tensile strength. When the steel
is loaded, the steel will tend to deform.
When the steel is loaded, there is a strain. At the time of initial strain,
where the steel has not changed its shape and when the load that
menghbabkan strain was removed, then the steel will return to its original
shape. This strain is called the elastic strain because the material properties
are still elastic.
There are 3 types of stresses that occur in steel, namely:
a. Voltage, where steel is still in an elastic state
b.The melting stress, where the steel begins to break / melt
c. Plastic voltage, maximum voltage of steel, where steel reaches
maximum strength.
2. Tenacity
The tenacity means the ability of steel to deform before the steel
breaks. This tenacity is related to the size of the permanent strain before the
steel breaks. This tenacity also relates to the workable properties of steel. The
test method is a tensile test.
3. Violence
Hardness is the resistance of steel to the magnitude of force that can
penetrate the steel surface. The way he tested with Brinell, Rockwell,
ultrasonic violence, and others.
4. Toughness
Toughness is the relationship between the amount of energy that can
be absorbed by steel until the steel is broken. The smaller the energy absorbed
by steel, the steel becomes more fragile and less tough. How to test it by
giving a sudden blow.

6. Process of Steel Making

Rough iron from high kitchen process, then processed further to be made of various
types of steel. There are several processes to convert crude iron into steel:
a. Kitchen Oxygen Steels (Process Bassemer)
 In the oxygen steel kitchen an advanced process of rough iron
becomes steel, by removing most of the carbon and impurities (eliminating
unnecessary materials) that are still present in the crude iron. Inside the kitchen
is inserted scrap metal, then the new iron rough, but most steel plants are directly
from the kitchen high, so it is still in a state of liquid directly distributed to the
kitchen Oxygen.
Then, air (oxygen) is cooled with water and high velocity is blown
into the metal liquid. This will react quickly between carbon and other impurities
that will form slags that float on the liquid surface. The kitchen is tilted, then the
metal liquid will come out through the channel which is then accommodated in
the pouring trains.
To obtain a specific steel specification, then added another mixture as the alloy
material. This pouring result can be directly followed by rolling process to get
the desired shape / profile.
b. Open Steel Kitchen (Siemens Martin)
As with the Oxygen Steel Kitchen, the open steel kitchen (Siemens
Martin) is also a kitchen used to process rough iron into steel. This kitchen can
accommodate more than 100 tons of molten steel with a process of reaching a
temperature of +1600oC; large containers and very strong and gently walled
walls.
The process of making with this kitchen is a process of oxidation of
dirt found in iron ore to become slag that floats on the surface of molten steel.
Oxygen is directly channeled into the metal liquid through the top lid. When
finished each process, the top cover is opened and the steel liquid is supplied to
the next process to be made into various types of steel.
c. Electric Steel Kitchen
The heat required for melting steel is an electric current that is
supplied with three carbon electrodes and inserted / lowered near the bottom of
the kitchen. The use of electric current for heating will not affect or contaminate
metal fluids, so the process with an electric steel kitchen is one of the best
processes for producing high quality steel and stainless steels. In the
manufacturing process, the ingredients included are absolutely necessary
materials and scrap metal. After the materials are inserted, the electrical
electrodes will heat the material with very high heat (+ 7000oC), so the scrap
metal and other ingredients that are inserted quickly can melt.
The other mixtures (eg for making stainless steels) are inserted after
the ingredients become liquid and ready to be poured.
 ROUGH IRON

Convertor Furnance Electric Furnance

Siemens-Martin

Acid Substances High Gas Kitchen

Incoming Air The air out

Steel Steel Construction and Steel Tooling

Construction Engine Parts

7. Process For Production of Steel Products

a. Initial Rolling Process

This process is by passing the bar steel between rotating rolls so that the steel
bar becomes thinner and longer.
This initial rolling process is intended to allow the metal structure (steel) to
be evenly distributed, stronger and tough, in addition to forming the desired size,
such as a bloom, billet or slab.
b. Advanced Rolling Process
This process is to change the basic shape of thick plate, bar to sheet shape,
construction iron (profile), canal or rail.
There are three types of advanced rolling:
1. Rolling of structures / construction
2. Rolling of concrete, strip and profile shapes
3. Rolling shapes (plates)
8. Steel Profiles

a. Wide Flange (WF)

WF commonly used for: beams, columns, piles, top & bottom
chord member on truss, composite beam or column, cantilever
canopy, and others.
Other terms: IWF, WF, H-Beam, UB, UC, H beam, beam I, W
beam.

b. UNP
The use of UNP is almost the same as WF, except for rarely
used columns because it is relatively easier to buckle.
Other terms: U-channel, U-channel, U profile

c. Equal Angle (Hot Rolled)

Usually used for: member on truss, bracing, beam, and
other light structure.
Other terms: elbow profile, L profile, L-shape.

d. Unequal Angle (Hot Rolled)

Usage and other terms are similar to Equal Angle.
e. Lipped Channel
Commonly used for: purlin (roof cover beam), girts
(elements holding a wall cover eg metal sheet, etc.),
member on truss, frame of architectural component.
Other terms: Purlin beam, C channel, C-channel,C
profile

f. Equal Angle (Cold Formed)

Commonly used for: lightweight structural bracing
(small), frame architectural components, support
components ME.
Another term: almost the same as hot rolled EA.

g. Unequal Angle (Cold Formed)

Use and other terms almost equal to Equal Angle.

h. RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) - cold formed

Use: architectural framework components (ceiling, gypsum
partition, etc.), frame and support non structural ornaments.
Other terms:iron hollow (market term),square profile,
profile[]
 i. SHS (Square Hollow Section) - cold formed
Usage and other terms are almost identical to RHS.

j. Steel Pipe
Usage: bracing (horizontal and vertical), secondary
beam (usually on the roof truss), architectural
columns, architectural component support (usually
exposed, since the cylindrical shape has artistic
value)
Other terms: steel tube, pipe
k. T-Beam (Hot Rolled)
Use: floor beam, cantilever beam (canopy)
Other terms: T beam

9. Type Of Steel Structure Which Is Overcomed As A Building Structure

a. Frame Type or frame structure

By arranging steel rods with certain structural shapes, steel rods can
strengthen each other. It is widely applied to the roof structure, factory buildings,
warehouses, bridges as well as BTS towers (Base Transceiver Station) mobile
operators. The most popular in the world, is the Eiffel Tower, most of which use
structurally structured steel rods that can stand magnificently today.
b. Type of shell or shell-type structure
Shell steel structures are applied to stadium, gelora, or other buildings that
require a dome / dome above it. One example is the roof structure at Sapporo Dome,
one of the stadiums used in the 2002 World Cup.
c. Type of suspension or suspension-type structure
 Suspension can also be called a pull. Steel in this structural system holds the
load with its tensile strength. For example, commonly used as a steel cable on the
bridge.

10 Excess And Steel Weaving As A Building Structure

a. Advantages:
1. It has a high strength although the size is more concise than concrete. So as
to reduce the size of the structure, as well as reduce its own load structure.
Steel is very suitable to be applied to the bridge structure. Concrete is much
heavier than steel.
2. High homogeneity. Steel is homogeneous, so its strength is evenly
distributed. Different with concrete that is a mixture of some constituent
materials, not easy to arrange for gravel and sand can be evenly distributed
to all parts of the concrete.
3. High durability. Steel will last longer if the treatment is very good. For
example, regular painted steel surface to avoid corrosion.
4. Elastic. Steel behaves elastically to a sufficiently high level of voltage. Steel
will return to its original shape provided that the force does not exceed the
limit of steel elasticity.
5. Ductility of steel is quite high. In addition to being able to withstand a high
enough tensile stress, the steel will also experience a considerable tensile
stretch before collapsing. As I explained above.
6. Ease of installation and workmanship. Steel section can be formed as needed.
Connection between elements on the steel structure is also easy, just put a
pair of bolts or can use welding, which will accelerate the project activities.
b. Weakness:
1. Regular maintenance. Steel requires special care so that its quality is not
reduced. Steel construction that is directly related to air or water must be
periodically painted.
2. Steel will experience drastic degradation of quality even direct damage due
to high temperature. For example when a fire occurs.
3. Steel has a weakness bend in the slim section.
 KESIMPULAN

Baja adalah logam paduan, logam besi sebagai unsur dasar dengan karbon sebagai
unsur paduan utamanya. Kandungan unsur karbon dalam baja berkisar antara 0.2% hingga
2.1% berat sesuai gradenya. Secara garis besar terdapat 2 jenis baja yaitu baja karbon dan
baja paduan. Sedangkan klasifikasi baja dapat ditentukan dari komposisi, struktur, serta
penggunaannya. Baja juga memiliki sifat-sifat khusus seperti baja yang tahan dengan karat,
baja tahan panas, dan baja yang tahan terhadap suhu yang sangat tinggi. Bajapun memiliki
sifat-sifat fisik dan mekanis. Pembuatan baja juga ada beberapa macam disesuaikan dengan
kebutuhannya, ada yang menggunakan Dapur Baja Oksigen, Dapur Baja Terbuka, Dapur
Baja Listrik. Baja dibentuk menjadi profil-profil baja sesuai kegunaan seperti Wide Flange,
UNP, SHS, Steel Pipe, T-Beam, RHS, dll. Struktur baja pada umumnya atau yang sering
diterapkan sebagai struktur bangunan yaitu Tipe Rangka, Cangkang, dan Suspense. Dalam
hal ini struktur baja memiliki kekurangan dan kelebihan tersendiri sesuai yang telah
dijelaskan diatas.