L2 Overview of Java pt2 PDF

Overview of the Java
Programming Language
Abstraction
OOP
Polymorphism Inheritance
See www.stroustrup.com/whatis.pdf
Abstraction
OOP
Abstraction makes it easier to develop

robust apps that can evolve flexibly
Abstraction
OOP
Abstraction
Abstraction
Abstraction
Learning Objectives
• Understand what these
advanced object-oriented
(OO) concepts mean
• Know the benefits they
provide developers of Java
apps in Android
• Identify Java features that
implement these OO
concepts
Learning Objectives
(OO) concepts mean
apps in Android
implement these OO
concepts
Learning Objectives
(OO) concepts mean
apps in Android
implement these OO
concepts
Learning Objectives
(OO) concepts mean
apps in Android
implement these OO
concepts
Other lessons examine Java

inheritance & polymorphism in detail
Overview of Java’s
Support for
Inheritance (Part 1)
1
Overview of Java’s Support for Inheritance
• OO languages enhance reuse by allowing classes to inherit commonly used
state & behavior from other classes
Abstraction
OOP
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)
2
• Inheritance in Java is specified via its ClassA
extends keyword Class1 mField1
...
void foo()
...
<<extends>>
ClassB
Class2 mFieldA
...
void bar()
...
See docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/subclasses.html
3
• Allows a subclass to inherit all ...
non-private fields & methods void foo()
from a super class ...
<<extends>>
ClassB
Class2 mFieldA
...
void bar()
...
See docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/subclasses.html
4
<<extends>>
ClassB
ClassB inherits mField1 Class2 mFieldA
& foo() from ClassA ...
void bar()
...
5
<<extends>>
ClassB
void bar()
...
6
<<extends>>
ClassB
void bar()
...
7
<<extends>>
Class B b = new ClassB();
ClassB
b.foo(); Class2 mFieldA
b.bar(); ...
void bar()
...
8
<<extends>>
ClassB
b.bar(); ...
void bar()
...
9
<<extends>>
ClassB
b.bar(); ...
void bar()
...
10
• Java Collections Framework demonstrates capabilities & benefits of inheritance
See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/collections
11
These classes &

interfaces are
organized
hierarchically
See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/collections
12
See the module on “Structured Data” for

13more on the Java Collections Framework
• The List hierarchy are collections
that maintain an ordering for
their elements
See developer.android.com/reference/java/util/List.html
14
their elements
See developer.android.com/reference/java/util/AbstractCollection.html
15
their elements
See See
developer.android.com/reference/java/util/AbstractList.html
developer.android.com/reference/java/util/List.html
16
their elements
See
Seedeveloper.android.com/reference/java/util/Vector.html
developer.android.com/reference/java/util/List.html
17
their elements
See developer.android.com/reference/java/util/ArrayList.html
18
their elements
This inheritance hierarchy enhances systematic
19 reuse of data fields & methods
Support for
Inheritance (Part 2)
20
• All Java classes inherit from the package java.lang;
java.lang.Object super class in
public class Object {
...
public int hashCode();
public boolean equals
(Object o);
...
public final void wait();
public final void notify();
public final void notifyAll();
...
See developer.android.com/reference/java/lang/Object.html
21
• Defines methods that can be ...
used by all non-primitive types public int hashCode();
(Object o);
...
...
See developer.android.com/reference/java/lang/Object.html
22
(Object o);
...
...
See developer.android.com/reference/java/lang/Object.html#hashCode()
23
(Object o);
...
...
See developer.android.com/reference/java/lang/Object.html#equals(java.lang.Object)
24
(Object o);
...
...
See docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/concurrency/guardmeth.html
25
• Subclasses that don’t explicitly package java.lang;
extend a super class implicitly in
inherit from java.lang.Object public abstract class Process {
...
public abstract int waitFor()
...;
...
26
• Subclasses that don’t explicitly package java.lang;
extend a super class implicitly in
inherit from java.lang.Object, e.g. public abstract class Process {
...
• java.lang.Process implicitly public abstract int waitFor()
extends java.lang.Object ...;
...
See developer.android.com/reference/java/lang/Process.html
27
• Subclasses that don’t explicitly Object
extend a super class implicitly
inherit from java.lang.Object, e.g. hashCode();
equals();
• java.lang.Process implicitly wait()
extends java.lang.Object notify();
• All instances of java.lang.Process notifyAll();
therefore also provide clients access …
to inherited java.lang.Object methods
Process
waitFor()
…
28
• java.lang.Object is the most general
of all classes Object
29
• It serves as the root of a
hierarchy of classes available … …
to Java apps
… …
… …
… …
30
hierarchy of classes available … …
to Java apps
• Classes towards the bottom of
the inheritance hierarchy are … …
more specialized
… …
… …
31
hierarchy of classes available Abstract
…
to Java apps Collection
• Classes towards the bottom of

the inheritance hierarchy are Abstract
…
List
more specialized
• e.g., List-related subclasses
override methods inherited Vector ArrayList
from super classes
LinkedList …
32
• Subclass methods inherited from a public class Stack<E> {
super class are used for 3 purposes extends Vector<E> {
33
Extends Vector to define a

last-in/first-out data structure
that enables apps to pop &
push items to/from a stack
See developer.android.com/reference/java/util/Stack.html
34
Extends Vector to define a

last-in/first-out data structure
that enables apps to pop &
push items to/from a stack
See developer.android.com/reference/java/util/Vector.html
35
1. To augment the subclass API
36
• e.g., Stack subclass inherits fields
& methods from Vector super class
37
e.g.,
• e.g., Stack subclass inherits fields
& methods from Vector super class Stack<Integer> s =
new Stack<>();
...
if(!s.isEmpty())
s.pop();
isEmpty() method inherited from Vector

can be invoked on a Stack instance
38
...
public Object push(E e){
2. To implement subclass methods addElement(e);
return e;
}
...
39
...
• e.g., Stack’s push() method is return e;
implemented via addElement() }
...
method inherited from Vector
40
...
• e.g., Stack’s push() method is return e;
implemented via addElement() }
...
method inherited from Vector
41
• Subclass methods inherited from a public abstract class
super class are used for 3 purposes AbstractMap<K,V> ...
public abstract
Set<Entry<K,V>> entrySet();
2. To implement subclass methods public V put(K key, V value)
3. To override super class methods { ... }
in subclass with same signatures ...
public HashMap<K,V> extends

AbstractMap<K,V> ...
public Set<Entry<K,V>>
entrySet() { ... }
public V put(K key, V value)
{ ... }
...
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_signature#Java_2
42
public abstract
• e.g., the HashMap subclass public HashMap<K,V> extends

overrides AbstractMap super AbstractMap<K,V> ...
class methods public Set<Entry<K,V>>
entrySet() { ... }
{ ... }
...
See docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/override.html
43
public abstract

entrySet() { ... }
{ ... }
...
See docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/override.html
44
public abstract

entrySet() { ... }
{ ... }
...
Method overriding is covered next in45our discussion of Java Polymorphism

Support for
Polymorphism (Part 1)
46
Overview of Java’s Support for Polymorphism
• Inheritance is nearly always used in
conjunction with polymorphism
Abstraction
OOP
47
• Inheritance is nearly always used in
conjunction with polymorphism
Abstraction
48
• Polymorphism enables transparent
customization of methods inherited
Abstraction
from a super class
OOP
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(computer_science)
49
• Polymorphism & inheritance are essential to the “open/closed principle”
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open/closed_principle
50
• “A class should be open for extension,
but closed for modification”
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open/closed_principle
51
• “A class should be open for extension,
but closed for modification”
• Insulating a class from modifications
helps make the class more robust,
flexible, & reusable
See www.dre.vanderbilt.edu/~schmidt/OCP.pdf
52
• The “open/closed principle” can be applied in conjunction with patterns to
enable extensions without modifying existing classes or apps
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_method_pattern
53
54
55
56
57
58
• Subclasses defined in accordance with the open/closed
principle can define their own custom behaviors that
are more suitable for a particular use case
<<extends>> <<extends>>
59
• While still reusing structure
& functionality from super class
60
• e.g., Vector & ArrayList both
inherit AbstractList methods
61
62
Support for
Polymorphism (Part 2)
63
Methods in each subclass

emphasize different List properties
See beginnersbook.com/2013/12/difference-between-arraylist-and-vector-in-java
64
• Polymorphism in Java occurs when a AbstractMap<K,V>
reference to a super class is used to
refer to an object of a subclass …
entrySet()
put()
TreeMap<K,V> HashMap<K,V Concurrent

… … HashMap<K,V
entrySet() entrySet() …
put() put() entrySet()
put()
65
entrySet()
• Subclass methods can override
put()
super class methods

… … HashMap<K,V
put()
66
entrySet()
put()
super class methods

… … HashMap<K,V
put()
67
entrySet()
put()
super class methods

… … HashMap<K,V
put()
68
entrySet()
put()
super class methods

… … HashMap<K,V
put()
69
entrySet()
put()
super class methods

… … HashMap<K,V
put()
70
entrySet()
put()
super class methods

… … HashMap<K,V
put()
Subclasses of AbstractMap have

71different time & space tradeoffs
entrySet()
put()
super class methods

… … HashMap<K,V
put()
See developer.android.com/reference/java/util/HashMap.html
72
entrySet()
put()
super class methods

… … HashMap<K,V
put()
See developer.android.com/reference/java/util/TreeMap.html
73
// Create AbstractMap subclass
AbstractMap<K,V>
AbstractMap<Key, Value>
absMap = makeMap(mapType); …
... entrySet()
// Dispatch put() method put()
absMap.put(key, value);

… … HashMap<K,V
put()
74
AbstractMap<K,V>
... entrySet()

… … HashMap<K,V
put()
The appropriate method is dispatched75

at runtime based on the subclass object
AbstractMap<K,V>
... entrySet()

… … HashMap<K,V
put()

AbstractMap<K,V>
... entrySet()

… … HashMap<K,V
put()

AbstractMap<K,V>
... entrySet()

… … HashMap<K,V
put()
78 & en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open/closed_principle
AbstractMap<K,V>
... entrySet()

… … HashMap<K,V
put()
79 & en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open/closed_principle
Abstraction
OOP
Learning Objectives
• Understand the key object-
oriented (OO) concepts
supported by Java
• Know the benefits that OO
concepts provide developers
of Java apps in Android
implement these OO
concepts
Learning Objectives
supported by Java
implement these OO
concepts
Learning Objectives
supported by Java
implement these OO
concepts
Learning Objectives
supported by Java
implement these OO
concepts
Other lessons examine Java in detail…

…to learn to program Java for Android

See download.oracle.com/javase/tutorial
See developer.android.com/
reference/packages.html

L2 Overview of Java pt2 PDF

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Overview of the Java

Abstraction makes it easier to develop

Other lessons examine Java

These classes &

See the module on “Structured Data” for

• Classes towards the bottom of

Extends Vector to define a

Extends Vector to define a

isEmpty() method inherited from Vector

public HashMap<K,V> extends

• e.g., the HashMap subclass public HashMap<K,V> extends

• e.g., the HashMap subclass public HashMap<K,V> extends

• e.g., the HashMap subclass public HashMap<K,V> extends

Method overriding is covered next in45our discussion of Java Polymorphism

Methods in each subclass

TreeMap<K,V> HashMap<K,V Concurrent

TreeMap<K,V> HashMap<K,V Concurrent

TreeMap<K,V> HashMap<K,V Concurrent

TreeMap<K,V> HashMap<K,V Concurrent

TreeMap<K,V> HashMap<K,V Concurrent

TreeMap<K,V> HashMap<K,V Concurrent

TreeMap<K,V> HashMap<K,V Concurrent

Subclasses of AbstractMap have

TreeMap<K,V> HashMap<K,V Concurrent

TreeMap<K,V> HashMap<K,V Concurrent

TreeMap<K,V> HashMap<K,V Concurrent

TreeMap<K,V> HashMap<K,V Concurrent

The appropriate method is dispatched75

TreeMap<K,V> HashMap<K,V Concurrent

The appropriate method is dispatched76

TreeMap<K,V> HashMap<K,V Concurrent

The appropriate method is dispatched77

TreeMap<K,V> HashMap<K,V Concurrent

TreeMap<K,V> HashMap<K,V Concurrent

Other lessons examine Java in detail…

…to learn to program Java for Android

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