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1 z 11 2010-10-31 16:09
Spread Footing Flexibility http://www.scribd.com/doc/19570257/Spread-Footing-Flexibility
Abstract: Spread footings are normally used under individual columns of buildings and bridge piers. They are economical to use and are
applicable for any soil conditions where the bearing capacity for the applied loads is adequate. Structural design codes and specifications
allow a linear soil pressure distribution to be assumed for the design of spread footings. This approach is valid for infinitely rigid footings.
Past experience has shown that the assumption of a linear pressure distribution is satisfactory for most footings; however, there are some
cases in which a shallow foundation must be analyzed as a flexible structure, particularly if the footing is excessively long/wide and thin.
In this study, a relative stiffness factor, Kr , is developed that can determine whether a footing can be considered rigid for the purposes of
structural analysis and design. This factor is a modified version of an expression first proposed by Meyerhof in 1953, but takes into
account the size of the column supported on the footing. The study is based on modeling square and rectangular spread footings subjected
to concentric and eccentric loadings by finite elements. The footings are modeled using thick rectangular plate elements and the soil with
elastic springs. The results of the study showed that a footing with Kr factor greater than 1.0 indicates that it can be analyzed as a rigid
footing with reasonable accuracy. This includes determination of soil pressures, vertical footing displacements, shear forces, and bending
moments. The study also showed that maximum shear forces within a spread footing are less sensitive to changes in the stiffness of a
footing than bending moments.
DOI: 10.1061/ ASCE 1084-0680 2005 10:2 109
CE Database subject headings: Finite elements; Flexibility; Spread foundations; Shallow foundations; Soil pressure; Structural
behavior.
PRACTICE PERIODICAL ON STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION © ASCE / MAY 2005 / 109
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EIb
Kr = 2
EsB3
where E =modulus of elasticity of the structure; Es =modulus of
elasticity of the soil; B =width of the foundation; and Ib
= moment of inertia of the structure per unit length at right angles
to B.
ACI Committee 336 1988 recommends that, if Kr of a foun-
dation is equal to 0.5 or larger, then the footing can be considered
rigid and the variation of soil pressure can be determined on the
basis of simple statics. However, if the relative stiffness factor is
found to be less than 0.5, then footing should be designed as a
flexible member on elastic supports representing the effects of the
soil.
For most practical purposes, the relationship between the
modulus of elasticity and the subgrade reaction of the soil is given
Vesic 1961a,b by
Es
Fig. 1. Idealized soil pressure distribution under rigid footing: k= 2 3
B 1− s
a constant; b trapezoidal; and c triangular
where s =Poisson’s ratio of the soil. Unless triaxial tests are
available on the soils in question, values of the modulus of elas-
vative load estimates and ample factors of safety in materials and ticity of the soils are difficult to estimate. Hence, Eqs. 2 and 3
soil. However, there are some cases in which a footing must be can be combined to express the relative stiffness factor Kr inde-
analyzed as a flexible structure, particularly if the foundation is pendent of Es:
long or wide and thin.
A more accurate method for computing the soil pressure under EIb
Kr = 2 4
a footing than the straight-line distribution procedure is one in k 1− s B4
which the soil pressure distribution is governed by the modulus of
subgrade reaction. This method is particularly advantageous for
semiflexible and flexible footings. In this method, the footing is
subdivided into discrete elements on elastic supports Bowles
Significance of Study
1988 . The finite-element method using plate or shell elements is
The expression proposed by Meyerhof 1953 and presented in
superior to other discrete elements methods, such as the finite-
Eq. 2 has some shortcomings. First, it does not account for the
grid and finite-difference methods.
size and stiffness of the column from which the footing is receiv-
ing its load. Second, the load is assumed to be applied on the
footing as a point load. In reality, the applied load is usually
Background
distributed over the column’s cross-sectional area. Further, Eq. 2
considers only one dimension of the footing and neglects the
Gere and Timoshenko 1991 classify beams of finite length on
other dimension, which is perpendicular to it.
elastic supports as short beams l 0.60 , beams of medium
Based on the preceding, there is a need to develop a new
length 0.60 l 5 , or long beams l 5 , where l = length of
measure of the spread footing flexibility with respect to the soil.
the beam and is a parameter given by
Such a measure can be used to check whether a spread footing
can be treated as rigid or flexible in the structural analysis and
4 k
= 1 design of the shallow foundation.
4EI
where k = modulus of subgrade reaction; E = modulus of elasticity
of the beam; and I = moment of inertia of the beam. Method of Analysis
In the first group of classification, short beams can be analyzed
as rigid structures, because the deflection due to bending is neg- All footings in this study were analyzed in the linearly elastic
ligibly small in comparison with the deflection of the foundation. range by a finite-element software SAFE 1998 . The finite-
The characteristics of beams in the second group is that a force element model consists of subdividing the footing into small rect-
acting on one end of the beam produces a considerable effect at angular or square elements. Each element has four nodes, and
the other end; thus, such beams must be treated as beams of finite each node has 3 degrees of freedom—two rotational and one
length. Finally, in beams of the third group it can be assumed in translational. The soil is represented in the finite-element model
investigating the beam that the other end is infinitely far away; by elastic springs. The computer program is capable of analyzing
hence, the beam can be considered as infinitely long. and designing footings and mat foundations of different geom-
110 / PRACTICE PERIODICAL ON STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION © ASCE / MAY 2005
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Fig. 3. Finite-element model and deflected shape of spread footing Fig. 4. Notation used in study: a plan; and b elevation
PRACTICE PERIODICAL ON STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION © ASCE / MAY 2005 / 111
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