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The thicker the copper core, the farther the cable can carry signals
Coaxial-Cable Connection Hardware
Twisted-Pair Cable
Types of twisted-pair cable
Switch to router
Switch to PC or server
Hub to PC or server
Straight through
Straight through
Cross over
Use crossover cables for the following
connections
Switch to switch
Switch to hub
Hub to hub
Router to router
PC to PC
Router to PC
Cross over
Cross over
Roll over
Roll over
Roll over
Fiber-optic cable
Wireless
Wireless
Single wire punch
PART TWO
Types of Networking
Peer-to-peer
Server based
Peer to peer versus client-server
OSI MODELS
Networking Models
Dividing the network into seven layers provides
the following advantages:
Dotted-decimal, as in 172.16.30.56
Binary, as in
10101100.00010000.00011110.00111000
Hexadecimal, as in AC.10.1E.38
Network Addressing
called the network number
uniquely identifies each network
Network Address Range: Class A
00000000 = 0
01111111 = 127
Network Address Range: Class B
10000000 = 128
10111111 = 191
Network Address Range: Class C
11000000 = 192
11011111 = 223
Network Address Ranges: Classes D and
E
Class D (224–239)
Class E (240–255
Class A
network.node.node.node
In a Class A network address, the
first byte is assigned to the network
address, and the three remaining
bytes are used for the node
addresses:
All host bits off is the network
address: 10.0.0.0.
All host bits on is the broadcast
address: 10.255.255.255
Private IP Addresses
(they’re not routable through the Internet)
Reserved IP Address Space
Address Class Reserved address
space
Class A 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255
Introduction to Network Address
Translation (NAT)
to translate your private inside addresses to a global
outside address by using NAT
There are different flavors of NAT
Static NAT
Dynamic NAT
Overloading
Classless Inter-Domain Routing
(CIDR)
What are the valid subnets? 256 – subnet mask = block size,
or increment number. An example would be 256 – 192 = 64.
The block size of a 192 mask is always 64. Start counting at
zero in blocks of 64 until you reach the subnet mask value
and these are your subnets. 0, 64, 128, 192.
What are the valid hosts? Valid hosts are the numbers
between the subnets, omitting all the 0s and all 1s.
Practice Example #1: 255.255.255.192
(/26)
Let’s use the Class C subnet mask from the
preceding example, 255.255.255.192, to see
how much simpler this method is than
writing out the binary numbers. We’re going
to subnet the network address 192.168.10.0
and subnet mask 255.255.255.192.
How many subnets? Since 192 is 2 bits on
(11000000), the answer would be 22.
How many hosts per subnet? We have 6 host
bits off (11000000), so the equation would be
26 – 2 = 62 hosts.
What are the valid subnets? 256 – 192 = 64.
Remember, we start at zero and count in our
block size, so our subnets are 0, 64, 128, and
192.
Practice Example #2: 255.255.255.224 (/27)
This time, we’ll subnet the network address
192.168.10.0 and subnet mask 255.255.255.224.
How many subnets? 224 is
11100000, so our equation would be
23 = 8.
How many hosts? 25 – 2 = 30.
What are the valid subnets? 256 –
224 = 32. We just start at zero and
count to the subnet
mask value in blocks (increments) of
32: 0, 32, 64, 96, 128, 160, 192,
224.