Cellular Respiration

Subtitle
• Energy from sunlight is transformed to chemical energy
stored in macromolecules such as sugars through the
process of photosynthesis.
What process is require to support life of the
animal in the picture?
 Cellular Respiration
• Living things depend on carbohydrates
• However, before food can be used to perform work, its energy
must be released
• Done process called cellular respiration
• First result is the formation of ATP molecules
• Energy released when the bonds in ATP are broken and then
used to power the chemical reactions of the cell.
• Three stages: glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and electron transport
chain.
 Cellular Respiration
• Cellular respiration takes place in mitochondria:

• Equation for the breakdown of glucose by cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 25 ATP

 Stage 1: Glycolysis
• Occurs in cytoplasm and does not require oxygen.
• Involves splitting of glucose molecules into 2 molecules called
pyruvates
• It uses 2 ATP for every 1molecule of glucose that enters
• 1 glucose molecule breaks down into 2 pyruvate acid
molecules, producing 2 molecules of nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (NAD+) and 4 molecules of ATP
• Glycolysis is followed by either fermentation or respiration
• C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2O + ATP
 Stage 1: Glycolysis
• Pyruvate produced by glycolysis are oxidized in
the mitochondria, freeing high energy electron &
a carbon in the form of CO2.
• Freed electron is donated to NAD+ forming
NADH
• When oxygen is not present, anaerobic
respiration or fermentation occurs.
• Glycolysis produce 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH
 Stage 1: Glycolysis (Fermentation)
• During fermentation, organic compounds break down.
• Hydrogen from NADH attaches to pyruvate, forming
lactic acid or ethyl alcohol (ethanol).
• Pyruvate loses a molecule of CO2 as it accepts an
electron from NADH.
• This generates NAD+, w/c enables glycolysis to
continue.
• Microorganisms uses fermentation to produce small
amounts of ATP in the absence of O2.
 Stage 1: Glycolysis (Fermentation)
• Without oxygen, fermentation can produce lactic acid
or ethanol and carbon dioxide gas.
• This happens in your muscles during workouts when
there is not enough oxygen.
2 ATP

glucose glycolysis
Lactic acid or
fermentation
ethyl alcohol

pyruvates

Cellular ATP or energy

respiration
 Stage 2: Krebs Cycle
• When O2 is available, glycolysis is followed by the
Krebs Cycle and the electron transport chain (ETC)
• 2-carbon fragment left over after oxidation of
pyruvates, joins with a four carbon sugar (oxaloacetate)
• 2-carbon fragment is used up, its 2 carbon atoms are
expelled as 2 molecules of CO2
• e- is donated to NAD+, forming NADH
• One ATP molecule has been made & four more
energetic electrons have been created
 Stage 2: Krebs Cycle
• All that remains is the original four-carbon sugar free
to join another carbon fragment.
• NADPH formed during the Krebs cycle transports
hydrogen atoms & and electrons to the electron
transport chain.
• ATP is generated & the hydrogen atoms join w/ O2 to
form water.
• Named after Hans Krebs, the biochemist whose work
in the 1930s revealed how these reactions work.
Stage 2: Krebs Cycle
 Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain
• The energetic electrons in the molecules of NADH formed
during the Krebs cycle are used to make ATP in series of
reaction known as electron transport chain.
• Membranes of mitochondrion contains proteins that serve as
proton pumps.
• Mitochondrion pumps protons outward
• Driven by diffusion, the protons then pass back into interior of
the mitochondrion.
• The energy of the reentering protons is used by the
mitochondrion to attach a phosphate group onto ADP to ATP
Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain
Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain
Connecting Photosynthesis
and Respiration
 Photosynthesis & Respiration
• Trees releases oxygen as a by-product of
photosynthesis and that you need oxygen to
breath.
• Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are
connected through an important relationship that
enables life as we know it to survive.
• The products of one process are the reactants of
the other.
 Photosynthesis & Respiration
• Thus, photosynthesis and cellular respiration are
opposites
–Cellular Respiration:
–C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
–Photosynthesis :
–6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6CO2
• Photosynthesis produces the glucose that is used in
cellular respiration to make ATP. The glucose is then
turned back into carbon dioxide and water, w/c are
used in photosynthesis
Photosynthesis & Respiration
 Photosynthesis & Respiration
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
It takes place in a chloroplast It takes place in a
mitochondrion
Carbon dioxide and water Glucose and oxygen react to
react, using light energy to produce carbon dioxide, water,
produce glucose and oxygen and energy (ATP)
Light energy is transformed Chemical energy in glucose is
into chemical energy in glucose converted into chemical energy
in ATP