CHAPTER – 2

Review of Literature

A literature review is a body of text aims to review the critical

points of current knowledge including substatontine findings as the
radical and methodological contributions to la particular topic.
Literature reviews are secondary source, and as such, do not report
any new or original experimental work. We have attempted to review
the literature with the objective to establish the theoretical roots of our
study; clarify ideas and develop our methodology, to enhance and
consolidate our knowledge base and to integrate our findings with
existing body of knowledge.

Socio Economic status and Health:-

Socio-economic conditions of the people determine their health

states in terms of longevity, morbidity and mortality. Linkage
between socio-economic factors like education, income, health
facilities and standard of living and infant mortality rate has been
documented is number of studies. Several authors. (

) have discussed the mechanism of

education influence on in the mechanism of education influence on
infant survival.
1. Rajnish Kumar, et. Al., (2009) in their study found that even
within the slums, which are often taken to represent a
homogeneous lot, variations across social groups in terms of
certain important indicators like education, occupation and
incomes are evident. The vulnerability conceptualized in terms
of several socio-economic and demographic indicators exists
among most of the social categories despite variations in the
relative size of deprivation. Futher, they found that probability
of experiencing well-being beyond a threshold limit terms' out
to be lower for the socially backward classes than the others.
They opined that in the deprived areas, particularly in the urban
space where vulnerability has political lineages as well, caste-
based schemes hold the possibility of igniting caste-war or
communal tensions instead of smoothing the contours of
inequalities.

2. Biradar and Jayasheela (2007) in their study opined that

educational status in respect of scheduled castes and scheduled
Tribes is significantly lower as compared to others. Although
the rate of literacy increased significantly, a greater illiteracy
continued to exist in respect of scheduled castes / scheduled
Tribes as compared to that of mon-SCs / STs. The educational
status among social groups is found to be highly unequal. In
India, even after more than five decades of developmental
struggle. The educational status in respect of SCs / STs vis – a-
vis won SCs / STs is for from satisfactory, In spite of several
 programmer implemented towards provision of compulsory
education especially for SCs/STs, the illiteracy rates centime to
be quite significant among them. This unequal distribution of
education among social group has an adverse impact on the
society such as unequal access to better job options, meager
earnings, incidence of poverty, health hazards and thereby
resulting in powerlessness.

3. Sukhadeo Thorat and chittgaranjan semapati (2007) in their

study opined that over time, there has been considerable
improvement in the share of SC/ST reservation and
representation in government cmployment and educational
institutions. The reservation in legislative bodies has also
ensured the SC/ST some space in the executive and decision
making process. The impact of formal reservation policy in
government sector and informal affirmative action policy in
private sector and informal affirmative action policy in private
sector has led to some improvement in the human development
of SC/STs. How ever, as compared to mon SC/ST population of
the country, the rate of improvement has been rather slow. And
as result, despite positive improvements, the disparities in
human development between SC/STs and mon SC/ST continue
even today.

4. Noor Mohammad (2006) in his study analyzed the socio-

economic trams formation of scheduled castes. He found that
 there are rural-urban uariations in the educational level of the
schedvled castes. The rural schedvled castes are less educated
than that of urban counterpart. Various programmes and policies
of rural development in general and agricultural development in
particular have resulted into economic prosperity of thek masses
including the scheduled castes. Further, he sound that scheduled
castes have adopted more than one occupation.

5. Rabindra Kumar (2002) in his study stated that most of social

and economic indicators among scheduled castes have shown a
trend of slow progress in rural as compared with urbon areas and
a tendency of maintaining the gap between the rich and the poor.
He found from his study that though the practice of
untovchability, among the schedvled caste and between the
scheduled castes and the mon-scs has been abolished legally but
it continued to be a practice as obserued by the respondents at
social occasions. There is such a wide cultural gap is existing
even today between these castes, particularly the scheduled
castes and the mon-sec. The scheduled castes in general are
forbidden even today.

To touch and use the utensils of the mon scheduled castes or

caste Hindus. Majority of them are land less. Majority of the
scheduled castes have taken loan from traditional sources, i.c.,
the farmer, landlord and business men. Those castes who are in
government job and have money to give bribe to authority, have
 taken loan form government sources. The oceupational mobility
and diversification of occupation are quite megligible among the
scheduled castes in spite of various developmental programmes
for their upliftment. These programmes have not improved their
economic states. Majority of the respondents are aware of
programmes for their development but they are not aware of the
procedures of obtaining these schemes.

6. Sudha pai (2000) in his study found that scheduled castes

constitute disadvantaged, economically poor and socially
backward group. Owining little land, with low levels of literacy,
they suffer form low levels of urbanization, employment and
wages due to lack of rapid industrial development.

7. Chakrabarty (1999) in his study found that the efforts of the

government to improve the socio-economic conditions of those
belonging to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes seem to have
failed to make any major impact on their welfare. The
magnitude of the impact falls for short of the requirement.

8. Raju (1992) in his study found that scheduled castes are placed
at a much lower level both socially and economically when
compared to the won-scheduled castes.

9. Shanti swarup Gupta (1991) in his study stated that more than
80 percent scheduled caste people reside in villages and are
mainly or partly attached with agriculture.
10. Kamble (1989) in his study stated that even after 33 years of
independence, scheduled castes have very low level of education
and consequently they are engaged in menial jobs which are
looked down upon and have low income.

11. Claude (2003) shows that while the main drive for men in
forming is money, women focus more on household food crops
and can easily plant up to 10 different crops in a given growing
season. The attitudes exhibited by men confine the available
labour to uneconomic forming leading to inadequate production
of household food crops. This has had adverse effects on family
consumption and mutrition.

Health and scheduled caste:-

12. Nagda, (2001) reported that more then two thirds of the tribal
women were abused by their husband, having fights regularly in
mening and being insulted, taunted and criticised. Despite of
this the majority of wines who suffered in domestic violence are
also suffering in many health hazards like reproductive tract
infection / StD, depression anaemia, blood pressure, somatic
disorders and broken family.

13. K.S. Jacob, (2009) mentian that the poor, a majority from the
lower castes, migrate to different parts of the country in search
of work. Their migrant states means they lose mony benefits
generally offered to the poorer sections as their below poverty
line and ration carbs are not validk across the state borders. The
 migrant find it difficult to register with the Notional tuberculosis
programme (NTP) at their place of work, resulting in out Poket
expenditwe for treatment, discontinuation and relapse of the
disease, and death.

Ref. B.L. Nagda, "Demographic determinants of tribal Health in

Rajasthan", in on aditted book "Health Dynamics and
marginalized communities", by Mohammad Akram, Rawat
Publicaticatims, PP-135-137, India (2007)

Ref. K.S. Jacob, India-caste and inequalities in health, P.1, (2009);

online Available: http; spoonfeedin. Word press. Com 20090822
India-caste-and-inequalitio-in-heath.

14. Chatterjee and sheoran (2007) find in his study on vulnerable

groups there is a large proportion of children in India who are
living with HIV/AIDS. The most common sources of infection
among children is the Mother-to-child transmission (MCTC),
sexual abuse, blood transfusion, unsterilized. Syringes,
including injectable drug use.

15. Chatterjee and Sheoran, (2007) and Nagda (2007) mentions in

his study that in Indian societies women face double
discrimination being members of specific caste, class or ethnic
group apart from experiencing gendered vulncrabilites. Women
have low status as compared to med and on important decisions
related to their lives. The early marriage and childbearing,
 miscarriages, multiple pregnancies create seriovs health hazards
for women's.

Ref. Chandrima chatterjee and Gunjan sheoran in theis paper

"vulnerable groups in India". The centre for enquiry into Health
and Allied Themes (CEHAT), Mumbai, PP. (i), 1-21, 2007

Ref. B.L. Nagda, "Demographic decterminants of Tribal Health in

Rajasthan", in an edited book" Health Dynamics and
Marginalized communites," by Mohammad Akram, Rawat
Publications, PP. 135-137, India, (2007)

16. Chatterjee and sheoran (2007) and Lal and Byword (2005) assre
find in their study about 28 percent of girls in India get married
below the legal age and experience pregnancy. (Ref.)

These have serious repercussions on the health of women. It has

been noted earlier that women in India who are uneducated and
poor are the most uvlnesable to disease and ill health during
their lifetime. Ref. ( )

17. In 1992, world Health organization2 global estimates of anemia

prevalence averaged 56%, with a range of 35-75% depending on
geographic location, prevalence of anemia is south Asia is
among the highest in the world, mirroring overall hish rates of
Malnutrition.

18. Mostly amemic women belong to poor socioeconomic group,

poor mutrition which is the leading causke of anemia, other
 important ones being worm infestation, frequent pregnancies at
short intervals etc. In case of severe anemia the women may
develop complications like cardiac failure, pre-cleampsia,
accidental hemorrhage prematurely sill birth, neonatal deaths
and congenital malformations are the complications seen in
babies (Ali and satyanarayan 1985).

16. Ref. Pranay G. Lal and Byword, "Report of the National

commission on macroceonomics and Health", Ministry of
Health and family welfare, Government of India, PP. 24-25.
Aug, 2005.

17. Ref. World health organization (1992). The preualence of

Anemia in women: a tabulation of available information, WHO,
Geneva, Switzerland.
18. Ref. Ali, R, satyanarayanam m., (1985). Amenia complicating
pregnancy, J. of obstct. 97 necoi, vol. 35, PP. 335-338
19. National family Health survey 2015-16(NFHS-4): states fact
sheets.
More than half of the children in 10 out of 15 states are still
anaemic shows National family Health survey (NFHS-4) for
2015-16 released by the union Health Ministry today said. It
also showed that more than half of women were anemic in
eleven states.
The Ministry of Health and family welfare released the results
from the first phase of the National family telepath survey
 (NHFS-4) 2015-16. Findings for the 13 states of Andhra
Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar
Pradesh, west Bengal and two union Territories of Andaman and
Nicobar 15 and Pudvcherry show promising improvements in
maternal and child health and Nutrition. The results from
NFHS-4 in 15 states union Territories indicate that fewer
children are dying in in fancy and early childhood. After the last
round of National family survey in 2005-06, infant mortality has
declined in all first phase states / union Territories have rates
below 51 deaths per 1000 live births, although there is
considerable variation among the states / union Territories.
Infant mortality rates range from a low of 10 in Andaman and
Nicobar Islands to a bigh of 51 deaths per 1000 live births in
Madhya Pradesh.
20. The percentage of children age 12-23 months who have received
all basic vaccinations increased from 44 percent in 2005-06 to
62 percent in 2015-16 (figure 9.2). Between 2005-06 and 2015-
16, this percentage increased more in rural areas (from 39% to
61%) than in urban areas (from 58% to 64%). The proportion of
children who received no vaccinations remained low in both
surveys (5-6%).
21. Ajit K. Dalal and subha Ray (2009) find in his study that socio-
economic conditions of the people determine their health states
in terms of longevity, infant mortality and morbidity people low
 on socio-economic ladder are not only more vulnerable to
infectioin and respiratory diseases but also have lower access to
health services (WHO, 1998). In general, people below poverty
line, children, women, aged and displaced ones suffer more
from health problems than other strata of the society.
Ref. Ajit K. Dalal and subha Ray (2009), "Social Diamensions of
Health', PP-04 Rawat publications, New Delhi.
22. In the last decade, India has made some unprovements in
tackling malnutrition. For unstance stunting his declined from
48% in 2005-06 to 38.4% in 2015-16. Similarly, underweight
prevalence has reduced by 0.68 percentage points from NFHS-3
to NFHS-4. However, gaps remain According to the national
family health survey-4 (NFHS-4) over one-third of all under-
five children are stunted (low height for age), and more than
50% children are anaemic. Further, half of women in the
reprodvctive age-group are anaemic and only 10% of children
between the ages of 6 and 23 months are receiving an adequate
dict.
Ref. Kurukshetra, November 2018, Vol. 67 urvashi prasad, vedeika
shekhar poshan Abhiyan: Towards Holistic Nutrition.
23. There are several underlying determinants of malnvtrition
including lack of access to health services, safe drinking water,
sanitation and household food security as well as unhealthy
behavioural fractices. As a result, both direct and indirect
interventions in areas like agriculture, education, drinking water,
 sanitation and gender equality, impact outcomes in nutrition. For
instance, several studies have highlighted the link between
inadequate sanitation, diarrhea and stunting in children.
Similarly, a greater influence of women in household decisions
plays a major role in the nutritional choices made by
households. This means that implementing programs in a
fragmented member can contribute significantly to the
persistence of malnutrition. A comprehensive and coordinated
approach is therefore necessary for addressing the multiple and
inter-related determinants of malnutrition across the life cycle of
an individual.
Acknowledging malnovrishment as a major challenge,
POSHAN Abhiyan was lqunched by the prime minister in
March, 2018 with the aim of improving nutritioinal outcomes
for children, pregmant women and lactating mothers. It is an
ambitious Mission that targets prevention and reduction of
undermutrition across the life cycle-as early as possible,
especially during the first two years of life. Through a targeted
approach, technological interventions and convergence, the
program strives to address malnutrition holistically.
Ref. Urvashi Prasad, vedeika shekhar, "Poshan Ahiyan: Towards
holistic Nutrition. Kuruksheta Nov-2018 vol-67.
24. Because of high illiteracy, poor educational level and
insufficient exposure to the external world tribal could not
identify what is good or what is bad for them They can't follow
 the preventive measurres adequately due to misconception
existed among them on disease transmission and thus remain
vulnerable to many preventable diseases. The breath scrvices
reamin grossly undervtilized among the tribal populations
(NFHS-4 , saha etal. 2013) without awaremess of health issues,
most tribal populations tend to fall ill more frequently and wait
too long before seeking medical help, or are referred too late by
untrained village practitiones.
Ref. Dr. Uma c, saha a Dr. Valyan B. Saha "Health care for India's
Remote Tribes Kurukshtna, November- 2018, vol. – 67.

Reference.
Pai, sudha, zooz. "Dalit Asscrtion and the unfinished
Democratic Revalution: The Bahujan samaj party in uttar
Pradesh", sage publications, New Delhi.
 Like John Dewey, he viewed education as al means to change
the world and not merely to understand it. According to him
education should be capable of creating such valves which many
have universal applications for realizing his practical ideas, he
established people education society in 1945 in order to raise the
educational level of depressed and oppressed classes who were
not laving any worthwhile cultural heritage. Dewey's ideas
provided him the basis for the systematic analysis of problems
related to education, polilics, economics, society, religion and
history. He observed a common thread running through these
problems and therefore, he calls for an integral approach to
solve these problems. His approach convinced him that the
society is equally, if not more, aggressive and tyramnical as the
government. A good man according to him is that who treats his
fellows as his friends and equal. He has said, "To a slave his
master may be better or worse. But there cannot be a good
master. A good man cannot be a master and a master cannot be a
good man."

Ref: Ambedkar, B.R. Babasaheb Ambedkar: writing all speeches

published by Education department Govt. of Maharashtra, 1979,
Vol-1, P. 89.

Education as a sub-social system acts as a conservative social

agency and transmits the valves, ideals, skills, knowledge etc. to
the youmger generation. Modification in thinking feelings and
action are attempted in education so that one many develop
human personality and take his proper. Place in society.
Ambedkar maintained the importauce of high ideals in life and
said, "What is important is high ideals and not noble birth".
These high ideals may be developed in man through education
so there should be equal provision of education for every human
being. He maintained, "Everyone has a right to learn. Learning
is as necessary for man to live as food is learning without
character is dangerous."2 Like food education is essential for the
survival of man. Unlike other contemporary philosophers he
does not narrow down the concept of education as merely a
means of drawing out certain valves and ideals.
According to M.K. Gandhi, "Real education has to draw
out the best from the boys and girls to be educated. This can
never be done by packing ill assorted and unwanted information
into the heads of the pupils. It becomes a dead weight crushing
all originality in them and turning them into mere outomata."3
Shri Aurboindo believed that, "The chief aim of education
should be to help the growing soul to draw out that in itself
which is best and make it perfect for a noble use."4
According to swami Vivekanand, "Education is the
manifestation of all perfection in man."5
Reference –
(1) Ambedkar, B.R. Baba saheb Ambedkar: writing and
speeches, Published by Education Department Gove. Of
Maharashtra, 1987, Vol. -3, P. 442.

(2) Ibid, 1987, vol. -3, P. 442.

(3) Gandhi, M.K. 'Harizen', 1 December (C.W. 56, P. 295).

(4) Shri Avrobindo, 1972, Vol. 17. P. 204

(5) Swami Vivekanand.