when glass rod dipped in NH4OH 1. Sodium hydroxide test: Salt + is brought near mouth of test NaOH = pungent smelling gas; tube gives white fumes when a glass 1. Silver nitrate test: WE + rod dipped in conc HCl is brought AgNO3 = white ppt soluble in near mouth of test tube NH4OH 2. Nessler's reagent(K2Hgl4) 8 test: OS 9 + NaOH + Nessler's reagent = Nitrate: Brown fumes with Brown / yellow ppt pungent smell, which intensify on adding paper pellets (may need Group I – Pb2+ (lead): heating) OS + dil HCl = white ppt; add water, 1. Brown ring test: WE + freshly boil, and divide into three parts prepared FeSO4 sol + 1 drop 1. Leave OS undisturbed = white conc HNO3 added along side crystals formed on cooling of test tube = brown ring 2. Potassium iodide test: OS + KI = formed at junction of sol and yellow ppt acid Group II – Cu2+ (copper): Acetate: Pungent vapour with OS + dil HCl + H2S = black ppt vinegar-like smell 1. Throw off extra sol, retain ppt, Ferric chloride test: WE + and dissolve in a few drops of FeCl3 (aq) = brick red colour conc HNO3 = bluish green sol, ppt dissolves; divide into two 1. Add dil HCl = red colour parts disappears 1. Part 1 + excess NH4OH = blue 2. Add water and boil = coloured sol reddish brown ppt Group III – Fe2+, Fe3+ (iron), Al3+ (aluminium): Group III anions (special group) – OS + Heat + solid NH4Cl+Heat+cool+ excess No NH4OH group reagent 2. Al3+: Gelatinous white ppt Sulphate: 1. Blue lake test: Retain ppt + dil 1. Barium chloride test: WE + HCl = clear sol BaCl2 (aq) = white ppt 1. Sol + blue litmus and insoluble in conc HCl NH4OH (drop-by-drop) = 2. Lead acetate test: WE + lead blue colour layer ('lake') acetate (aq) + acetic acid = floats over colourless sol white ppt soluble in CH3COONH (ammonium acetate)
Critical Evaluation of Equilibrium Constants Involving 8-Hydroxyquinoline and Its Metal Chelates: Critical Evaluation of Equilibrium Constants in Solution: Part B: Equilibrium Constants of Liquid-Liquid Distribution Systems