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Forestry

– A Subjective Guide for


IFS Aspirants
About the Authors
Dr. K.T. Parthiban is a Professor of Forestry and is currently heading the Department of
Agroforestry, Forest College and Research Institute, TNAU, Mettupalayam. He is engaged in
professional forestry teaching, research and extension for the past 20 years. He has vast
experience in teaching UG, PG and Ph.D Programme in Forestry and has guided several M.Sc and
Ph.D students. He has been identified as resource person for over 100 organizations for
transferring forestry science and technologies to professional foresters, researchers, wood based
industries and farmers. He is pioneering in conceiving the value chain models for Industrial
Agroforestry and promoted industrial wood plantation establishment in association with pulp,
paper, match, plywood and biomass power generation industries. He is also pioneer in
development of varieties in trees particularly in Casuarina and Melia and transferred these
varieties to farm lands through Consortia mode Tree Farming. He has handled numerous projects
funded by DST, DBT, ICAR, NOVOD Board and several wood based industries. He has published 7
books and over 100 research papers in forestry research. He has travelled widely in UK, France,
Germany, Holland, Republic of Ireland, Austria, Philippines, Malaysia, Denmark, Hungary, Italy,
Brazil and other countries and acted as a resource person for academic and industrial institutions.
Dr. R. Jude Sudhagar is an Assistant Professor of Forestry currently working in the Department
of Agroforestry at Forest College and Research Institute, TNAU, Mettupalayam. He has 11 years
of experience in teaching undergraduate and postgraduate students in Forestry and Agricultural
Sciences. He was actively involved in biofuel research and has contributed in the development of
high yielding hybrids in Jatropha. He is presently the Officer in charge of the All India
Coordinated Research Project on Agroforestry of Mettupalayam centre. He has 15 research
articles, 2 books and 7 popular articles to his credit.

Dr. S. Umesh Kanna is an Assistant Professor (Forestry) at Forest College and Research
Institute, TNAU, Mettupalayam. He has over 10 years of teaching, research and extension
experience and guided more than 15 research scholars. He had more than 85 peer reviewed papers,
12 books and 7 book chapters at his credit. He is specialized in dendrology, tree improvement and
biotechnology.

Dr. S. Vennila is borne at the faculty of forestry and currently working as a Assistant Professor at
Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam. She
has got 3 books, and more than 25 research papers at her credits which were published in the
various peer reviewed national and international journals.

Dr. I. Sekar is a Professor of Forestry at Forest College and Research Institute, TNAU,
Mettupalayam. He is involved in teaching, research and extension for the past 20 years. He is
specialized in wood science and technology coupled with wood seasoning and had higher level
training at the University of Melbourne, Australia. He has published more than 5 books and over
70 research papers in forestry research.

Dr. K. Baranidharan is an Assistant Professor at Forest College and Research Institute, TNAU
and has 15 years of experience in teaching, research and extension activities. He has specialized in
mangroves, community forestry and wild life management and handled wild life courses to B.Sc
and M.Sc forestry students. He has undertaken several wildlife projects in western ghats and
published 3 books and 16 research papers in various national and international journals.
Forestry
– A Subjective Guide
for IFS Aspirants

K.T. Parthiban
R. Jude Sudhagar
S. Umesh Kanna
S. Vennila
I. Sekar
K. Baranidharan

An imprint of Scientific Publishers (India)


Published by:
Competition Tutor
5-B, New Pali Road, P.O. Box 91
Jodhpur 342 001 (India)

E-mail: competitiontutor@gmail.com
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An imprint of Scientific Publishers (India)

© 2016, Authors

All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced,
adapted, abridged, translated, stored in a retrieval system, computer system, photographic or other
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Disclaimer: Whereas every effort has been made to avoid errors and omissions, this publication is being
sold on the understanding that neither the editors (or authors of chapters in edited volumes) nor the
publishers nor the printers would be liable in any manner to any person either for an error or for an
omission in this publication, or for any action to be taken on the basis of this work. Any inadvertent
discrepancy noted may be brought to the attention of the publishers, for rectifying it in future editions,
if published.

ISBN: 978-81-7233-971-5 (PB)


eISBN: 978-93-86102-09-6

Printed in India
PREFACE

Forests and Forestry have generated immense interest in the Professional Forestry
Education offered across the country by the State Agricultural Universities, ICFRE
Institutes and other conventional universities. Professional Forestry education in India
incorporates all the facets of forestry viz., Fundamental aspects, managerial concepts,
technology developments and applied aspects of Forestry science. The success of
Forestry education is well reflected in the employment of Forestry graduates in
Government and private sectors. Of late, increasing demand for Forestry professionals
from multifarious organizations has created significant competition for Forestry oriented
jobs among the graduates of various disciplines. Paucity of a comprehensive text book
encompassing various aspects of Forestry science has been felt to be a major bottleneck
for graduates to be successful in competitive examinations.
Graduating students of Forestry and other graduates aspiring for competitive
examinations like the Indian Forest Service have to refer a wide range of books to cover
the entire syllabus. The authors being academicians of Forestry involved in teaching the
undergraduate and post graduate students in Forestry have long felt that the
graduating students and other graduates who select Forestry as a subject for
competitive examinations experience immense difficulties in referring to a wide range of
books. All the more, students of Forestry, officers from State Forest Departments and
Forestry academicians across the country have demanded a comprehensive book
covering all subjects of forestry in a simple and lucid language to learn the art and
science of forestry.
This necessitated conceptualization of a comprehensive text book on subjective
forestry which is titled as Forestry - A Subjective Guide for IFS Aspirants to cater
the needs of graduates of Forestry and other science and engineering graduates aspiring
for the Indian Forest Service. This book has 32 chapters viz., Introductory Forestry,
Regeneration of Trees, Tree Nursery, Silvicultural System, Mangroves, Cold Deserts,
Silviculture of Economic trees, Agroforestry & Social forestry, Joint Forest Management
(JFM), Tribology, Forest Soils, Soil Conservation, Watershed Management,
Environmental Conservation, Biodiversity, Tree Breeding and Improvement, Seed
Technology, Forest Management, Forest Working Plan, Forest Mensuration, Remote
Sensing, Surveying and Forest Engineering, Forest Ecology, Dendrology, Herbaria and
vi Forestry - A Subjective Guide for IFS Aspirants

Ethnobotany, Forest Utilisation, Non Wood Forest Products, Wood Seasoning, Wood
technology, Forest protection, Wildlife management, Forest economics and Forest policy
The text is prepared in a form which is easy to follow and the main focus is on enabling
the reader to understand and conceptualize the various aspects of Forestry to succeed in
competitive examinations.
The authors having been associated with teaching Forestry Education over years
have taken pains to refer several books to collect information and present in a simple
and readable form to meet the examination needs of the students and graduates alike.
The authors are indebted to acknowledge the authors of the books, journals, websites,
government documents like policy and acts from various sources as appended in the
reference section from which the needed information for the current book has been
referred and included.
The authors are thankful to Dr. S. Balaji, IFS, Principal Chief Conservator of
Forests (Research and Education), Tamil Nadu Forest Department for writing the
foreword besides providing critical suggestions for improving the book.
Thanks are also due to Mrs. R.D. Sharmila, Office Assistant who has patiently and
excellently carried out the compilation of the book. The senior author acknowledges the
help rendered by the undergraduate and postgraduate students of Forest College and
Research Institute, Mettupalayam in the process of collection of study materials. The
authors would like to thank Mr. Tanay Sharma, Scientific Publishers (India), Jodhpur
for inviting the authors to write this comprehensive subjective guide which we believe
will help all the graduates aspiring for IFS and State Forest Service Examinations.
This being a maiden attempt, there are chances of errors and omissions in the
contents. The readers of the book are most welcome to suggest corrections and additions
in the chapter contents which will enable us to improve in future editions.

Authors
CONTENTS

Section I

1. Introductory Forestry 1-8

General Forestry and Forests - Definition - Objectives - Importance - Classification of


Forests - Age - Composition - Objects of management - Ownership and legal status -
Growing stock- Role of Forests-productive and protective.

2. Regeneration of Trees 9-20

General Principles - Regeneration - Natural Regeneration - Artificial Regeneration -


Seed Propagation - Vegetative Propagation - Cutting - Grafting - Layering - Micro
Propagation - Advantages - Disadvantages.

3. Tree Nursery 21-35

Forest Nursery - Plantation establishment - Tending operations - Weeding - Thinning -


Nutrient management.

4. Silvicultural System 36-64

Clear felling - Uniform shelter wood selection - Coppice and conversion systems -
Management of silvicultural systems of temperate, subtropical, humid tropical, dry
tropical and coastal tropical forests - Enrichment methods - technical constraints -
intensive mechanized methods - aerial seeding.

5. Mangroves 65-75

Mangrove - habitat and characteristics - Plantation establishment and rehabilitation of


degraded mangrove formations - silvicultural systems for mangrove - protection of
habitats against natural disasters.

6. Cold Deserts 76-82

Cold desert - Characteristics - identification and management of species.


viii Forestry - A Subjective Guide for IFS Aspirants

7. Silviculture of Trees 83-134


Acacia catechu, Acacia nilotica, Acacia auriculiformis, Albizia lebbeck, Albizia procera,
Anthocephalus Cadamba, Anogeissus latifolia, Azadirachta indica, Bamboo spp, Butea
monosperma, Cassia siamea, Casuarina equisetifolia, Cedrus deodara, Chukrasia
tabularis, Dalbergia sissoo, Dipterocarpus spp., Emblica officinalis, Eucalyptus spp,
Gmelina arborea, Hardwickia binata, Lagerstroemia Lanceolata, Pinus roxburghii,
Populus spp., Pterocarpus marsupium, Prosopis juliflora, Santalum album, Semecarpus
anacardium, Shorea robusta, Salmalia malabaricum, Tectona grandis, Terminalia
tomentosa, Tamarindus indica.

Section II

8. Agroforestry and Social Forestry 135-148

Definition - Scope - Importance - Types of Agroforestry - Role of MPT and NTFP - Food,
Fodder, Fuel and Fibre security - Research and extension - Social Forestry - Scope and
objectives.

9. Join Forest Management (JFM) 149-161

Principles - Objectives - Methods - Benefits - Role of NGO.

10. Tribology 162-164

Tribal scene in India - Tribes - Concept of races - Principles of social grouping, stages of
tribal economy - Education - Cultural Tradition - Customs - Ethos and participation in
forestry programmes.

11. Forest Soils 165-187

Forests Soils - Classification - factors affecting soil formation - Physical, chemical and
biological properties.

12. Soil Conservation 188-199

Definition - Causes for erosion - Types - Wind and water erosion - Conservation and
management of eroded soils/areas - Wind breaks - shelter belts; sand dunes -
Reclamation of saline and alkaline soils, water logged and other waste lands - Role of
forests in conserving soils. Maintenance and buildup of soil organic matter - Provision
of loppings for green leaf manuring - Forest leaf litter and composting - Role of
microorganisms in ameliorating soils - N and C cycles, VAM.

13. Watershed Management 200-209


Watershed Management - Concepts of watershed - Role of mini-forests and forest trees
in overall resource management - forest hydrology- watershed development in respect
of torrent control - river channel stabilization - avalanche and landslide controls -
rehabilitation of degraded areas - Hilly and mountain areas - Watershed management
and environmental functions of forests - Water-harvesting and conservation - Ground
water recharge and watershed management - Role of integrating forest trees
- Horticultural crops - Field crops - Grass and fodders.
Contents ix

14. Environmental Conservation 210-223

Environment: Components and importance - Principles of conservation -Impact of


deforestation - Forest fires and various human activities like mining - Construction and
developmental projects - Population growth on environment.

Pollution- types - global warming - green house effects - ozone layer depletion - acid rain
- impact and control measures - environmental monitoring - concept of sustainable
development - Role of trees and forests in environmental conservation - control and
prevention of air - water and noise pollution - Environmental policy and legislation in
India - Environmental Impact Assessment - Economics assessment of watershed
development vis-a-vis ecological and environmental protection.

15. Biodiversity 224-253

Definition - Objective -components of modeling biodiversity- Ecological role of


biodiversity- Diversity and niche structure - Endemism - Rarity of species - biodiversity
conservation -conservation measures.

16. Tree Breeding and Improvement 254-272

General concept of tree improvement - methods and techniques - variation and its use -
provenance - seed source - exotics - quantitative aspects of forest tree improvement -
seed production and seed orchards - progeny tests - use of tree improvement in natural
forest and stand improvement - genetic testing programming - selection and breeding
for resistance to diseases - insects - adverse environment - the genetic base - forest
genetic resources and gene conservation in situ and ex-situ. Cost benefit ratio -
economic evaluation.

17. Seed Technology 273-296

Seed and its importance - assessing harvestable maturity - seed dormancy- seed
germination - seed treatment - seed certification- seed act - rules - legislation - New
seed policy.

Section III

18. Forest Management 297-320

Objective - Principles - Techniques - Stand structure and dynamics - sustained yield


relation - Rotation- Types - Normal forest - Growing stock - Regulation of yield -
Management of forest plantations.

19. Forest Working Plan 321-330


Definition - Objective - Content of Working Plan - Preparation of Working Plan.

20. Forest Mensuration 331-362


Methods of measuring - Diameter - Girth - Height - Volume of trees - Form-factor -
Volume estimation of stand - current annual increment - mean annual increment -
Sampling methods - sample plots - Yield calculation - Yield table - stand tables.
x Forestry - A Subjective Guide for IFS Aspirants

21. Remote Sensing 363-373


Forest cover monitoring through Remote Sensing - Geographic Information Systems for
Management - Modeling.

22. Surveying and Forest Engineering 374-393

Forest surveying - Different methods of surveying - Maps and map reading - Basic
principles of forest engineering - Building materials and construction- Roads and
bridges - general principles - objects - types - simple design and construction of timber
bridges.

Section IV

23. Forest Ecology 394-415

Biotic and abiotic components - Forest eco-systems - Forest community concepts -


Vegetation concepts - Ecological succession and climax - Primary productivity -
Nutrient cycling - Water relations - Physiology in stress environments (drought, water
logging salinity and alkalinity) - Forest types in India .

24. Dendrology, Herbaria and Ethnobotany 416-441

Identification of species - Composition and associations - Dendrology- Taxonomic


classification - Principles - Establishment of herbaria and arboreta - Conservation of
forest ecosystems - Clonal parks - Role of Ethnobotany in Indian systems of Medicine -
Ayurveda and Unani - Introduction - Nomenclature - Habitat distribution and botanical
features of medicinal - Aromatic plants - Factors affecting action and toxicity of drug
plants and their chemical constituents.

25. Forest Utilization 442-469

Timber harvesting and extraction - Transportation - Storage and Sales.

26 Non Timber Forest Products 470-497

Definition - Scope - Types - Gums, Resins.

27. Wood seasoning 498-511

Definition - Definition - Need and importance - General Principle - Air - Kiln Seasoning
- Seasoning defects.

28. Wood Technology 512-527


Definition - Properties of wood - Anatomical - Physical- Chemical - Timber
Identification

29. Forest Protection 528-556


Definition - Injuries to forests - Biotic and abiotic factors - Nature of damage -
Preventive and remedial measures.
Contents xi

30. Wild Life Management 557-576


Introduction to wild life biology - inter and intra species interaction - animal behaviour
- methods of communication - adaptations - wildlife management - values, resources
and conservation approaches to wildlife management - Wild life policy and legislation -
National Park and Sanctuary - Biosphere Reserves - Agencies in wild life conservation.

31. Forest Economics 577-588

Forest economics - Fundamental principles - Cost-benefit analyses - Estimation of


demand and supply - Analysis of trends in the national and international market -
Changes in production and consumption patters - assessment and projection of market
structures - Role of private sector and Co-operatives - Role of corporate financing -
Socio-economic analyses of forest productivity - attitudes - Valuation of forest goods and
service.

32. Forest Policy 589-618

1894 - 1952- 1988 - National Forest Policies - National Agroforestry Policy 2014

References 619-621

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