ISGT14 1569885965
Synchronous Reference Frame Based Control
Technique for Shunt Hybrid Active Power Filter
under Non-ideal Voltage
Papan Dey
Power Electronics &Renewable Energy Research
Laboratory (PEARL)
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
University of Malaya
Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
papantec@siswa.um.edu.my
Abstract— A hybrid compensator which is a combination of
a three phase four wire shunt active power filter and a parallel
passive filter has been presented in this paper. The dominant
lower order harmonics as well as reactive power can be
compensated by passive elements whereas the active part
mitigates remaining distortions and improves the power quality.
Modified phase lock loop based synchronous reference frame
control strategy is adopted here for active filtering system. The
proposed three phase hybrid line conditioning system can be
quite effective for recompensing harmonics, reactive power &
neutral current under unbalanced grid conditions. The
simulated results obtained by MATLAB/SIMULINK power
system block set are examined in detail for the validity of
suggested approach. A laboratory prototype has been built on
dSPACE1104 platform to verify the feasibility of the suggested
SHAPF controller.
Index Terms — Active power filter (APF); phase locked loop
(PLL); harmonics; power quality; synchronous reference frame
(SRF)
I. INTRODUCTION
Owing to the wide application of power electronic
converter continuity of power flow become polluted due to
the burden of high reactive power, contaminated
harmonically and unbalancing load currents. Hence to deliver
clean power several methods were proposed by the
researchers [1].
Passive filters whose work as least impedance path to
tuned harmonic frequencies Though simple and less
expensive but for several drawbacks like fixed compensation,
bulky devices and resonance problem of those L-C filters
APF has been developed for complete compensation of
distortions [2]. The APFs use power electronics converters
whose insert harmonic components to the electrical network
The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support from university of
Malaya HIR-MOHE project UM.C/HIR/MOHE/ENG/24.
1
Saad Mekhilef
Power Electronics &Renewable Energy Research
Laboratory (PEARL)
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
University of Malaya
Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
saad@um.edu.my
as cancelling out nonlinear load harmonic currents. Added
with harmonics compensating ability, APFs are also capable
for reactive power reduction and load balancing [3]. Due to
no resonance problems in the system, APF draws a
significant attention over those tuned passive filters. But it is
restricted by high cost and low capacity of switching devices.
If we use hybrid configuration it brings down the cost of the
active filter significantly and be more practicable in industry
applications [4].Because of avoiding complexity and
unreliability of series hybrid filtering, a shunt active filter
base hybrid filter topology has been considered in this paper
for its capability of attenuation and effective operation [5, 6].
Generations of current references using the harmonic
extraction method, feedback current controlling technique
and the APF inverter circuit behavior in dynamic
environment are considered as indispensable role for the APF
performance. So, for varying loads, it is essential in active
power filters to detect components of harmonics in current
with quickly and accurately. Many harmonic revealing
approaches were suggested and their dynamic performances
were also assessed in papers that can be established in the
literature. Among those, control scheme based on SRF is one
of the utmost conventional and the most practically
applicable method [6]. It performs an excellent job but it
requires a PLL circuit for synchronization.
In this paper a new technique constructed on SRF using the
adapted PLL algorithm is demonstrated and analyzed its
performances for unbalance source condition. Here,
Hysteresis current regulator is used to generate switching
signals of APF and for maintaining the dc link capacitor
voltage a proportion-integral (PI) controller is introduced.
Simulation and technical analysis of those result shows the [9]. In this study, the improved PLL developed in fig.2 is put
validation of proposed strategy. forward for determination of positive sequence components
with stability and rapidity.
The structure of this paper is as following: The hybrid
active power filter is discussed in section II. Section III
describes the control algorithm of APF .Simulation results
and their brief analyses are presented in section IV.
Experimental results are presented in section V. Conclusions
are drawn finally in section VI.
Figure 2. PLL circuit block diagram

Figure 1. Basic structure pattern of SHAPF
II. HYBRID ACTIVE POWER FILTER TOPOLOGY
A. Circuit topology
Fig. 1 presents the basic structure of SHAPF. The
proposed hybrid filter structure comprises of shunt passive
filter and shunt active filter. A 3-leg inverter with split
capacitor works as APF. It is designed to be associated in
parallel with the single phase and three phase loads that’s
considered as a non-linear and unbalance load for a 3-phase
The modified PLL circuit use Clarke and park transform for
identifying the peak of positive sequence voltage. The three
phase unbalance voltages are converted to stationary
coordinate system. Through the measured phase angle, the
voltages in stationary co-ordination are transformed to DQ.
A PI controller forced D-axis component Vd to zero in order
to align the mains voltage space vector with Q-axis [10]. The
estimated phase angle θ which is attained by integrating the
proportion-integral (PI) controller output is in turn used for
coordinate transformation process. Here, a second order
resonant filter is used for suppress the double fundamental
frequency which is created for unbalancing and the gain
adaptation block shows convergence of any value of system
voltages and creates normalized templates of fundamental
[11]. The rate limiter block works as an attenuator against
ripple. The reformed PLL can go satisfactorily as long as the
gains of PI are adjusted accordingly under highly inaccurate
and disturbed system voltages.
For non-ideal mains voltage
⎡V a ⎤ ⎡V a ⎤ ⎡V a − ⎤ ⎡V ⎤
+

4-wire distribution system [7] while its complex control ⎢ + ⎥ ⎢ − ⎥ ⎢ a0 ⎥ (1)

circuitry and massive dc link capacitors are necessary for Vsabc = ⎢V b ⎥ = ⎢V b ⎥ + ⎢V b ⎥ + ⎢V b 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
perfect operation. The inner point of every branch is attached ⎢⎣V c ⎥⎦ ⎢V c + ⎥ ⎢ _ ⎥ ⎢V ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢V c ⎦⎥ ⎣ c 0 ⎦
to the power network through an inductor which is used to
filter the ripples of inverter current. The considered LC
⎡Sinθ ⎤ ⎡ Sinθ ⎤ ⎡Sinθ ⎤
passive filter at 5th harmonic tuned frequency is connected in (2)
= V + ⎢⎢Sin(θ − 2π / 3)⎥⎥ + V − ⎢⎢ Sin(θ − 2π / 3)⎥⎥ + Vo⎢⎢Sin(θ − 2π / 3)⎥⎥
shunt to the power line before the load. It provides low
⎢⎣Sin(θ + 2π / 3)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ Sin(θ + 2π / 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣Sin(θ + 2π / 3)⎥⎦
impedance trap to harmonic to which the filter is tuned and
correspondingly aids in reduction in active filter power Using transform, the voltage vectors are:
rating.
⎡V α ⎤
III. CONTROL ALGORITHM V αβ = ⎢ ⎥ = [Tαβ ]V abc (3)
⎣V β ⎦
A.PLL Operation Where,
In order to safe and consistent operation of active power ⎡ −1 −1⎤
filter under unbalance and distorted grid voltage situation ⎢1 2 2 ⎥
[Tαβ ] = 2 ⎢ ⎥
phase and frequency extraction of positive sequence 3 3 3⎥
⎢0
fundamental component of voltage should obtain quickly and ⎣ 2 2 ⎦
accurately[8]. Because of dynamic behavior SRF-PLL
performance is dissatisfactory under non ideal voltage mains

2
So The system under observation is three phase-four wire
⎡Vα ⎤ ⎡ V + Sin θ + + V + Sin θ − ⎤ (4) wherever active component id and oscillating part iq are
Vαβ =⎢ ⎥=⎢ −⎥
⎣V β ⎦ ⎣ − V Cos θ + V Cos θ ⎦
+ + − reflected. After the load currents id and iq are found, they are
Performing d-q transform allowable to pass over a low pass filter to separate ac and dc
⎡V d ⎤ part where the active and reactive fundamental current
V dq = ⎢ ⎥ = [T dq ]V αβ components (id-DC, iq-DC) are obtained. The both currents
⎣V q ⎦
(id-AC, iq-AC) ac parts are related with the responsibility for
= ⎡ Cos θ ^
Sin θ ^
⎤ ⎡ V + Sin θ + + V + Sin θ − ⎤ active and non-active harmonic components. The filters used
⎢
⎣ − Sin θ
^
Cos θ ^ ⎥⎢ + + −
⎦ ⎣ − V Cos θ + V Cos θ
− ⎥
⎦
in the circuit are the 2nd order butter worth type and their cut
off frequency is identical to one half of the fundamental
= ⎡ V + Sin (θ + − θ ^ ) + V − Sin (θ − + θ ^ ) ⎤ (5) frequency. With consideration of the reactive current,
⎢ ⎥ Passive filter provides its DC value while VSI delivers an
⎣ − V Cos (θ + θ ^ ) + V − Cos (θ + θ ^ )⎦
+ + −

The estimated phase angle= θ ^ ; assuming θ ^ ≈ ω t . PLL AC voltage to sink the harmonics [12]. The filtered active
successfully tracks the phase at θ ^ = θ + = θ − and non-active currents from eqn.2 are used for generation of
So, the accurate references to the modulator
⎡V d ⎤ ⎡ V − Sin ( 2θ ^ ) ⎤ (6)
⎢V ⎥ ⎢≈ ^ ⎥ ⎡ id ⎤
− V −
+ V +
Cos ( 2 θ ) ⎡ i dAC ⎤ ⎡ i dDC ⎤ (8)
⎣ ⎦ ⎣
q ⎦ ⎢i ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ − ⎢i ⎥
Here 2θ ^ is the double frequency to be eliminated. It is the ⎣ qAC ⎦ ⎣ iq ⎦ ⎣ qDC ⎦
basic concept of the modified PLL structure. It can provide
the positive sequence component by cancellation of 2ω As well as providing harmonic currents, the dc voltage of
oscillations PWM VSI should be maintained for accurate operation. The
voltage of capacitor is controlled by regulating the reactive
current as shown in fig 3.Then the abc frame reference
B. Reference Current Generation
currents are
The three phase load currents are measured using hall-
effect current sensor and converted into d-q-0 by means of a ⎡ ⎤ (9)
rotational frame synchronous with the system voltage ⎡ i CA ⎤ ⎢ sin( ω s t ) cos( ω s t ) ⎥
⎢i ⎥ = ⎢ sin( ω t − 2π ) 2π ⎥ ⎡i d *⎤
positive sequence in eqn.1. ⎢ CB ⎥ ⎢ s cos( ω s t − )⎥ ⎢
* ⎥⎦
⎢⎣ i CC ⎥⎦ ⎢
3 3 ⎥ ⎣i q
⎢ sin( ω t + 2π ) cos( ω s t +
2π
)⎥
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
s
⎡ 2π 2π ⎤ 3 3
⎢ sin(ω s t ) sin( ω s t − 3 ) sin(ω s t + 3 ) ⎥ (7)
⎡i d ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡i A ⎤
⎢ i ⎥ = 2 ⎢cos( ω t ) cos(ω t − 2π ) cos(ω t + 2π )⎥ ⎢i ⎥ C. DC Link Capacitor Voltage Control
⎢ ⎥ 3⎢
q s s
3
s
3 ⎥⎢ ⎥
B

⎣⎢ i 0 ⎦⎥ ⎢ 1 1 1 ⎥ ⎣⎢i C ⎦⎥ The dc voltage can be build up in APF and regulate across

⎢ ⎥ dc capacitors by itself. The capacitance is designated such
⎣ 2 2 2 ⎦
that the voltage ripple is less than 1%. Selection of dc value
ωst is considered here as the transformation-angle of positive confirms that the current time derivatives of converter supply
sequence source voltage and it is delivered by the proposed must be required for the compensation of selected harmonics
[13]. Using this concept the capacitor voltage is chosen from:
phase lock loop.
πI f (10)
C dc =
3 .. ω .V dc ( p − p ) max

In order to control inverter current actively the nominal dc

bus voltage Vdc should be larger than or identical to line-line
peak voltage [13]. The value of voltage is preferred for a
specific non-linear load which is function of rated load
power and the compensated maximum distortion. According
to the capacity of the system it can be selected
as V S < V dc ≤ 2V S .
Figure 3. SRF based control block diagram

3

Figure 4. DC voltage optimization with PI approach
A proportional–integral controller is used to regulate the
voltage of DC link and added to active part of the
fundamental load current. The obtained capacitor voltage is
matched with a set reference value. The loss component is
then handled concluded a PI controller which contributes to
the zero steady error in tracking the reference current signal
and it is shown in fig 4. The supply current peak value is
calculated using the output component of PI controller.
D. Harmonic current generator
For generation of commanded compensating current
switching strategy is developed widely. A hysteresis
comparator is used here for quick response and appropriate
no.sinusoidal current tracking capability. Moreover it is easy
for implementation than other switching methods. The active
filter switching patterns are decided by the current controller
[13]. The desired current, Ila (t), and the injected inverter
current, Ila*(t) are compared with one another. The logic of
switching is as followed:
If Ila < (Ila*-hb) upper switch S1 is OFF & lower switch S2 is
ON in leg of ‘a’ of active power filter.
If Ila > (Ila*-hb) upper switchS1 is ON & lower switch S2 is
OFF in leg of ‘a’ of active power filter.
Correspondingly in the legs’b’ & ‘c’ the switches are
initiated. Here ‘hb’ is hysteresis band and determine the
a b
d
g
4
variation of load current harmonics and switching frequency
of the devices.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
Performance of 3 legs- 4 wire Hybrid active power filter
for filtering current distortions, compensation of neutral
current, load current balancing and reactive power mitigation
have been examined under unbalance source-unbalance load
condition. The goal of this case study is to demonstrate the
validity and evaluation of proposed approach, if the source is
greatly unbalanced. Using power system blockset in matlab-
simulink for three phases four wire power network with
shunt active and shunt passive filter the presented simulation
results are obtained. The results are specified before
compensation, compensation using only passive filter and
after the operation of hybrid filter in the following simulation
studies. Three and single phase diode rectifier nonlinear
loads are coupled in power system for producing unbalance,
reactive current and harmonics in load current as well as
neutral current. Single phase diode rectifier with RL load in
DC side is connected in ‘c’ phase for evaluation of the
dynamic performance. The widespread simulation outcomes
are discussed below.
A. Unbalance Source-Unbalance Load Condition
When 3 phase source voltages are not balanced properly,
actual values of phase voltages are not identical and negative
sequence fundamental voltage component will be present in
system voltage.
The three phase’s unbalanced voltages are considered as:
Va= 100 sin ωt,Vb= 80 sin(ωt-120) andVc= 50 sin(ωt+120)
Simulation results with passive filter and hybrid active filter
for eliminated harmonic current and load current balancing
under this condition are shown in fig.6
c
e f
h
i
 j k l

Figure 6. Simulation results for SHAPF operational performance a) Source voltage b) load current c)THD before compensation d)passive filtering load current
e)THD after passive filtering f)Load current after hybrid filtering g) THD after hybrid filtering h)injecting current i) DC link voltage j)instantaneous reactive
power k) instantaneous active power l)Source neutral current

Before filtering the non-linear load current THD level is Compensation of reactive current, neutral current elimination
21.20%. With passive filter alone the three phase obtained and dc link voltage is maintained properly with the proposed
currents are not pure sinusoidal. As mains voltage negative method. Comprehensive compensation of load currents and
sequence part is eliminated with hybrid filter, balanced and their harmonics level are shown in table1.under unbalance
sinusoidal load currents are achieved after compensation. source & unbalance load condition.
TABLE I. SIMULATION RESULTS FOR UNBALANCE SOURCE V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The performance of the power inverter is first verified
Load current Before filter Passive filter HAPF under balanced grid condition. Before turning on the inverter
THD (%) source voltage is sinusoidal but load current is highly
A-phase 21.20 14.69 1.98 nonlinear in nature and its frequency spectrum measured by
B-phase 48.24 26.59 1.83 Fluke power quality analyzer is shown and its THD is 28%
C-phase 9.87 6.17 1.14 for phase ‘a’. After using the 5th harmonic tuned passive
Neutral 61.25 - - filter the value of load current THD is reduced with 11.2%.
RMS(A)
But when APF is connected in shunt with line and passive
filter, the harmonic contains in load current is supplied by
A-phase 1.58 2.31 7.02
APF and load current approaches to sinusoidal. The THD of
B-phase 0.88 1.42 6.8 source current of phase A after compensation is reduced to
C-phase 3.12 3.43 7.05 5% which is under IEEE standard limit.
Neutral 5.23 - 0.82

a b c

d e f

g h i

Figure 7..Experimental results for unbalance source a) Supply voltage (25v/div) b) Load current before compensation (0.8A/div) c) %THD before
compensation d) Load current after passive filtering e) %THD after passive filter f) DC link voltage and load current after compensation g) %THD after
SHAPF compensation h) injected filter current i) PLL output (sinwt, coswt vector)

5
 TABLE II. SIMULATION PARAMETERS
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harmonics along with reactive power compensation,
reduction of excessive neutral current and the load current
balancing under non ideal supply and unbalance load
condition. It can also be seen that regulation of DC voltage is
stable, free from overshoot and no steady state error. The
computer simulation and experimental verification proves its
effectiveness and this will be really useful for the distribution
system. As compared to simulation results, the experimental
THD is slightly more due to accuracy limit of sensors and
sampling time limit of DSP in dSPACE.