EXERCISE NO.5 1.

Misuse of food additives like

FOOD POISONING a. Sodium nitrite and nitrate in meat /meat
products,
Food poisoning b. Caffeine in cola drinks
 is caused by ingesting food or drink that has been c. Sulfur dioxide in dried fruits
contaminated with either
 Chemicals such as 2. Use of non-permissible food additives like
o insecticides a. Borax in noodles , snack foods and sago,
o food toxins including fungi(e.g. poisonous mushrooms) b. Potassium bromate in flour,
 Gastrointestinal infections of c. Sodium cyclamate in juice drinks and ready to mix
o Bacteria powder drinks
o viruses
o parasites 3. Use of non-permissible food colors such as
 Understanding the cause should be the first priority, a. Rhodamine B in candies and biscuits
verifying the diagnosis of such poisoning.
4. Presence of food contaminants such as
Food -related poisonings are more prevalent in the warmer a. Aflatoxins in peanut butter
months and during the holidays than at other times. b. Corn base snacks
c. 3-MPCD in soy sauce
These are several forms of food poisoning. d. Histamine in marine products
 Bacteria food poisoning
 Is often caused by bacteria in food that has 5. Existence of heavy metals in herbal food
been poorly prepared. supplements
o Salmonella is one of the most common
culprits and is found in many farm products 6. Presence of
such as eggs and chickens. a. Allergens in hot cake mix
 Toxic food poisoning b. Cyanide in milk powder
 Such as botulism can be due to poisons caused c. Filth in bottled alcoholic and non-alcoholic
by bacteria in certain types of foods, including beverages
honey and fish.
 Some foods are entirely poisonous or have 7. Defective canned products
components that are poisonous if not properly
prepared (crab and some fish are among the 8. Expired food products
most common culprits )
9. Presence of microorganism like
Recognition of some factors that cause food contamination a. Salmonella in noodles,
should be the next step. b. Staphylococcus aureus in hotdog and noodles
This includes the knowledge of c. Escherichia coli in assorted products
d. Coliforms in taho
 Where the food was grown
e. Molds and yeast in cakes
 its environment
(food and nutrition research institute, dost, 2008).
 handling
 storing
When faced with suspected food poisoning ask what food
 preparing food has been eaten in the last 48hours.
Are the most important areas to tackle in order to reduce the
possibility of food contamination. Food poisoning can take some time to show however, toxic
food poisoning tends to act much more quickly.
In developing countries, food borne or water borne
diarrhea is noted by the WHO as responsible for about 1.8 Be alert to the possibility of food poisoning if there is any
million deaths each year, in the Philippines. combination of the following
1. Strange tasting food
Diarrhea ranked second among the leading causes of 2. Food has been left out in heat
morbidity in 2002. 3. Several people with the same symptoms
4. Undercooked or reheated food
A very large portion of diarrhea among the Filipinos is
thought to be food or water borne, and bacterial, viral or Mechanism of action:
protozoal in origin. ENTEROTOXEMIA
 Causes altered gastrointestinal biochemical pathways
For example there were 47 deaths out of 4,403
 activation of autocoids
gastroenteritis cases in 2004.
o prostaglandins
o kinins
One suspected E.coli 0157H7 woman -victim in 2005.
 that leads to altered motility
 permeability
Other food poisoning reports suggested cassava and
mushrooms as culprits because of contamination with  CNS interactions
chemical toxins or known poisonous varieties.
In 2005 there were 25 children died after eating cassava One of the dangers of food poisoning is loss of body fluids.
contaminated with pesticides (Food and Nutrition Research
Institute, DOST, 2008) The dehydration that cause by this fluid loss can be serious if
the fluid cannot be replaced quickly enough.
At the processor level, violations was registered on the Dehydration

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  is specially serious in the very young and the very old
 in some cases treatment may be required in hospital
 Severe dehydration involves such manifestation:
o dry mouth
o decreased urination
o dizziness
o fatigue
o increase heart rate
o breathing rate
 Drink clear fluids, starting with small sips and gradually
drinking more
 If vomiting and diarrhea last more than 24hrs, drink an
oral rehydration solution
Treatment:
Food Intoxications can mimic serious problems such as
gastric in intestinal torsions and foreign bodies.
A thorough work-up including radiographs is warranted to
ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.
In cases where vomiting has occurred, the patient may have
purged himself , thus requiring only supportive care with
fluids , activated charcoal with a cathartic
If vomiting has failed to purged the stomach treatment is by
gastric lavage, repeated doses of activated charcoal, and
perhaps use of cathartic.
7. First aid instructions , when necessary or
appropriate: i.e., If swallowed; feed milk
Prevention of poisoning from household substance will
start from the
1. Selection of right product during the time of
purchase;
2. Second, how to use the product safely matters.
Handle the product carefully to avoid spills and
splashing.
a. To avoid inhaling the fumes, the product
should be well ventilated areas.
b. If pregnant, avoid toxic chemical exposure as
much as possible.
c. Many toxic products have not been tested for
their effect on unborn infants.
3. Third, proper storage and conditions of household
products should observed.
a. Following simply what is indicated in its label
will ensure safety.
b. Generally hazardous products should be
stored on high shelves or in locked cabinets
out of reach of children and animals and
never stored in food or beverage containers.
Statistics show that poisoning from household products is the
most common cause of nonfatal accidents in the home. In
fact according to the American of Poisoning Control Centers,
93% of possible poisonings take place at home.

Common sources of household poison include:

 Lead
 Pesticides
 Prescription Medications
EXERCISE NO. 6
The ten most dangerous household products are:
POISONING FROM HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS
II. Discussion: 1. Antifreeze
2. Bleach
Household products
3. Drain Cleaner
 Defined as those products found in the home 4. Furniture Polish
environment, not of a medicinal nature. 5. Gasoline
 These substances are potentially poisonous if not 6. Insecticide
used properly. 7. Iron-Containing Vitamins
 Some of the hospital admission are the result of the 8. Medicine
children household chemicals while playing. 9. Nail Polish Remover
 Inside the home, cleaning materials are often the 10. Windshield Wiper Fluid
biggest risk, while in the garden herbicides, Symptoms of poisoning vary depending on several factors,
pesticides, and paint strippers are the common including the type and severity of the case and condition of
culprits. the individual.
 Most household chemicals cause problems
especially when they are swallowed. Some general symptoms include:
 These become hazardous if they are ignitable,
corrosive, explosive, toxic or radioactive.  burns around the mouth
 general pain in the body
As a consumer, the habit of reading hazardous product  loss of consciousness
labels is necessary.  trouble breathing
 vomiting
The listed information below should emphasized.
EXERCISE NO 7
1. Common name or chemical name:
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY
i.e., sodium hypochlorite or bleach.
II. Discussions:
2. Amount or volume of contents:
i.e. 250ml Global warming
3. Signal word
i.e. danger, poisoning, warning or caution.  One of the major environmental problems that the
4. Instructions for safe handling and use, world is facing.
i.e. recommended amount to use.
The drastic change in the environmental conditions greatly
5. Name and address of manufacturer, distributor,
effects both living and non-living systems, such as plants,
packer or seller.
animals, humans, different bodies of water, land and
6. Description of hazard and precautions: i.e. irritant
atmosphere.
to skin and eyes, harmful if swallowed.

2
Different contributory factors leads to the occurrence of the
so-called Global warming.
One of important factors considered is pollution.
The reasons of pollution:
 Improper waste management
 Kaingin system
 dynamite fishing
 smoke belching
 few environmental pollutions controls
Climate change
 was brought by pollution, and when it comes to
connecting the dots between climate change and
health, lines are clear.
 The large arrays of pollutants are the major
determinants for the different health effects
associated to be detrimental or harmful to living
systems, especially to humans, upon exposure
(acute) or for a long period of time (chronic).
Pollutants can be categorized as air, land and water
pollutants.
General categories of pollutants:
1. Air pollutants
A. Ozone
Ground level or bad ozone is not emitted directly into the
air, but is created by chemical reactions between oxides of
nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the
presence of sunlight. Emissions from industrial facilities and
electric utilities , motor vehicle exhaust, gasoline vapors , and
chemical solvent are some of the major sources of NOx and
VOC
Ozone in the air we breathe can harm our health-typically
on hot , sunny days when ozone can reach unhealthy levels.
Even relatively low levels of ozone can cause health effects .
people with lung disease , children , older adults , and people
who are active outdoors may be particularly sensitive to
ozone .(EPA)
B. Particulate Matter(PM)
Particulate matter also known as particle pollution or PM,
is a complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid
droplets. Particle pollution is made up of a number of
components , including acids (such as nitrates and sulfates),
organic chemicals , metals and soil or dust particles .
The size of particles is directly linked to their potential for
causing health problems . EPA is concerned about particles
that are 10 micrometers in diameters or smaller because
those are the particles that generally pass through the throat
and nose and enter the lungs. Once inhaled ,these particles
can affect the heart and lungs and cause serous health effects
(EPA)
C. Carbon Monoxide (CO)
CO is classed toxicologically as a chemical asphyxiant. It
can cause harmful health effects by reducing oxygen delivery
to the body’s organs (like the heart and brain) and tissues. At
extremely high levels, CO can cause death.
Exposure to CO can reduce the oxygen -carrying capacity
of the blood. People with several types of heart disease
already have a reduced capacity for pumping oxygenated
blood to the heart, which can cause them to experience
myocardial ischemia(reduced oxygen to the heart), often
accompanied by chest pain(angina ), when exercising or
under increased stress.
For these people, short- term CO exposure further effects
their body’s already compromised ability to respond to
increased oxygen demands of exercise or exertion (EPA)
D. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Nitrogen dioxide, like ozone is a deep lung irritant that
can produce serious health effects if it is inhaled at high
concentrations . Potential life -threatening exposure is a real
world problem for framers, as sufficient amounts of NO2 can
be liberated from fermenting fresh silage. NO2 exposure
concentrations near roadways are of particular concern for
susceptible individuals, including people with asthma ,
asthmatic children and elderly.
The sum of nitric oxide (NO) and NO2 is commonly called
nitrogen oxides or NOx .Other oxides of nitrogen including
nitrous acid and nitric acid are part of the nitrogen oxide
family. NOx react with ammonia , moisture and other
compounds to form small particles. These small particles
penetrate deeply into sensitive parts of the lungs and can
cause or worsen respiratory disease. Ozone is formed when
NOx and volatile organic compounds treat in the presence of
heat and sunlight. (EPA).
E. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Sulfur dioxide is one of a group of highly reactive gasses
known as oxides of sulfur (SOx). It is water -soluble irretant
gas that is absorbed predominantly in the upper airways and
stimulates bronchocontrictions and mucus secretions in a
number of species , including humans.
The largest sources of SO2 emissions are from fossil fuel
combustion at power plants (73%) and other industrial
facilities (20%). Smaller sources of SO2 emissions include
industrial processes such as extracting metal from ore . and
the burning of high sulfur containing fuels by locomotives,
large ships and non road equipment. SO2 is linked with a
number of adverse effects on the respiratory system(EPA)
2. Land Pollutants
Land pollutants can be in the form of :
A. Agriculture Waste -pesticides or insecticides,
fertilizers dead animals or animal wastes and land conversion
.
B. Industrial Wastes- waste from demoliton and
construction process , toxic industrial chemicals , mining and
landfill.
C. Human Actions - deforestation or kaingin system,
desertification and inadequate waste treatment or
disposal.
D. Others -urbanizations , metals productions , nuclear
reserach and soil pollutions
3. Water Pollutants
A. Microorganisms
Common water -borne pathogens such as :
 Gardia lamblia
 Vibrio cholera
 Entamoeba histolytica
 Escherichia coli
 Entero viruses
B. Water disinfectants
3
  Chlorine and chloriinated compounds (chlorites  Poisoning with industrial chemicals occurs most
,chloramine , chlorine dioxide ) often either percutaneous or inhalation routes.
 Bromate
 Haloacetic acid (HAAS) Toxic industrial chemicals (TIC’s)
 Trihalomethanes (THMS)
 industrial chemicals that are manufactured, stored,
C. Organic chemicals
transported and used throughout the world.
 Benzene  TIC’s can be in gas, liquid, or solid state.
 Carbon tetrachloride  They can be chemical hazards e.g. carcinogens,
 Chlorbenzene reproductive hazards, corrosives or agents that
D. Inorganic chemicals affect the lungs or blood ; or physical hazards e.g.
flammable , combustible , explosives or reactive.
 Arsenic
 Asbestos Many TIC’s are highly toxic and may rapidly affect
 Beryllium exposed individuals. TIC’s enter the body through inhalation,
 Cadmium through the skin, or through digestion. The time that it takes
 Cyanide for TIC’s to begin working is dependent mainly on the route
 Mercury that the agents enters the body.

EXERCISE NO.8 Generally poisoning occurs more quickly if a chemical enters

POISONOUS PLANTS the lungs. Information related to how chemicals affect
II. Discussion: humans and symptoms to exposure to specific chemicals can
In general plants considered poisonous to humans are be found in Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) or chemical
considered to be poisonous to animals. However, there have information cards.
been specific cases where animals have been poisoned by
The common industrial hazards include the following:
plants considered safe to humans. Also keep in mind that
animals tend to larger amounts of plant materials than Ammonia Fluoride Thallium
humans and that may account for the problem seen in
animals. Arsine Formaldehyde Toluene/ Xylene

Even if a plant is listed as having major toxicity, a very Asbestos Freon and Halons Antimony
small amount ingested may not result in symptoms. Call the
poison center before initiating any treatment. A plant listed Benzene Hydrocarbons Arsenic
as being non-toxic may still cause problems: if a child bites off Carbon Disulfide Hydrogen Sulfide Beryllium
a piece of the plant and it sticks in the throat, choking or
gagging may result. Carbon Isopropyl Alcohol Cadmium
Monoxide

Carbon Methanol Chromium

EXERCISE NO. 9
Tetrachloride
POISONOUS ANIMALS
II. Discussion : Chloroform Methyl Bromide Copper
Venomous animals are capable of producing a poison in Caustic Methylene Lead
a highly developed exocrine gland or group of cells and they /Corrosive Chloride
can deliver their toxin during a biting or stinging act.
Poisonous animals have no mechanism or structure for Chlorates Napthalene/Para Manganese
dichloroben-zene
delivery of their poisons and poisoning usually takes place
through ingestion. Cyanides Nitrogen Oxide Mercury
Venoms are very complex polypeptides, high and low - Ethanol Oxalic Acid Phosporus
molecular weight proteins , amines ,lipids , steroids ,
glucosides ,aminopolysaccharides, quinolones , and free Ethylene Phosgene Selenium
Dibromide
amino acids as well as serotonin, histamine , and other
substances. Ethylene Glycol Polychlorinated Sodium Azide
Biphenyls
Poisonous animals can be found from the family of
arthropods , Arachnida, Chiropody , Diplopodia, Insecta, Ethylene Oxide Sulfur Dioxide
Mollusca and Reptiles.

EXERCISE NO.10
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXERCISE NO. 11
II. Discussion: DRUG OF ABUSE
II. Discussion:
Industrial chemicals
Drug of abuse
 refer to chemicals used neither in agriculture nor as
drugs.  is a disorder that is characterized by a destructive pattern
of using a substance that leads to significant problems or
 Therefore, it includes chemicals used in industry, as
distress.
well as chemicals found in or near household.

4
 Drug abuse is unfortunately quite common, affecting 7%
of people of some point in their lives.
 Virtually a substance whose ingestion can results in a
euphoric (‘high”) feeling can be abused.
While the specific physical and physiological effects of drug
abuse tend to vary based on the particular substance
involved, the general effects of abused to any drug can be
devastating. Although drug abused has no single cause, there
are number of biological, physiological and social risk factors
that can increase a person likelihood of developing a chemical
abuse.
Symptoms of drug abuse include:
 recurrent drug use that result in legal problems
 occurs in potentially dangerous situations
 Interfere with important obligations or results in
social or relationship problems.
Since there is no one test that definitely indicates that
someone has chemical/ substance abuse, health care
professionals provide a diagnosis by gathering comprehensive
medical, family and mental health information , as well as
securing a physical examination , and laboratory tests to
assess the sufferer’s medical state.
The primary goals of recovery are abstinence, relapse
prevention and rehabilitation.
The following are the type of drugs that are commonly abuse
resulting in dependence:
Alcohol Hallucinogens (LSD And
Mescaline )
Amphetamines Inhalants (Ammonia And Bleach)
Anabolic Steroids Nicotine
Caffeine Opiates
Cannabis Phencyclidine (PCP)
Cocaine Sedatives ,Hypnotics And
Anxiolytics
Ecstasy (MDMA)
EXERCISE NO. 12
CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS
II. Discussion:
Cardiovascular drugs encompass a large number of
prescription medications that are used to control heart
disease. It is a complicated group of drugs with many being
used for multiple heart conditions.
Types of cardiovascular drugs
1. Cardiac glycosides
Cardiac glycosides are commonly used in the treatment of
congestive heart failure (CHF). An example is Digoxin
(lanoxin)
2. Antiarryhtmic agents
Antiarrhythmic agents are used in the treatment of
arrhythmia of abnormal rhythms of the heart.it include
procainamide, flecainide, acebutalol, propranolo,
amiodarone, verapamil.
3. Antianginal agents
Nitroglycerin compounds were initially the only drugs
capable of relieving symptoms of angina, but now other
classes of drugs like the Beta Blockers and Calcium -channel
Blockers are equally effective.
4. Antihypertensive Agents
Anrtihypertensive agents are medications that control
blood pressure by several mechanism. In any cases , several
different classes of antihypertensive drugs are used to
maintain adequate control of the person’s blood pressure. It
includes the diuretics, Beta-blockers . ACE inhibitors, Calcium
blockers and Alpha adrenergic blockers
Intoxication from cardiovascular drugs usually result from
overdose.
EXERCISE NO. 13
RESPIRATORY DRUGS
II. Discussion:
Respiratory drugs are prescription drugs and medicines
for conditions and diseases relating to lungs and /or
breathing. They are the drugs intended for treatment and
prevention of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
allergy, asthma , bronchitis , cystic fibrosis .emphysema , lung
disease , pneumonia , sinus infections , smoking cessation
and others.
Types of Respiratory Drugs:
1. Antihistamines
Drugs that counteract the effects of histamines ,
they usually provide relief from allergy.
2. Antitussives
Drugs that control cough by its direct action on the
brain,
3. Bronchodilators
Agents that open airways In the lungs and
medications that relax smooth muscle tissues to improve
breathing.
4. Decongestants
Agents that constrict blood vessels in the nose and
sinuses to open air passages. They are available in different
forms: as oral preparation, nose drops or nasal sprays .
5. Expectorants
Agents that are used to change a dry nonproductive
cough into a productive one by increasing the amount of
mucus that is produced
Recognition of drug -induced lung disease , however , is
difficult because the clinical , radiological and histological
findings are nonspecific. Because no diagnostic studies are
available to confirm the presence of a drug -induced lung
reaction, health care providers can make a correct diagnosis
only if they are aware of the drugs that have been identified
to cause pulmonary reactions and their specific
manifestations.
5

EXERCISE NO. 14
ANALGESICS
II. Discussion :
Analgesic or “pain killers” is the number of one leading
cause of poisoning in adult; and number two in children,
according to the National Capitol Poison Center in the year
2011 in the U.S. Acetaminophen , Aspirin , and Opiates
accounts for the majority of analgesic poisoning in developed
countries .
Acetaminophen , also called paracetamol , has been
available as an over the counter analgesic and antipyretic for
over 50 years. More than 100million people use
acetaminophen each year in the US. Alone although the safe
dose of acetaminophen is up 4 grams daily , chronic daily
ingestion of this dose has been shown to cause elevation of
liver enzymes , even in healthy people. SInce especially when
consumed chronically, augments the toxic potential of
acetaminophen, many people unknowingly put themselves at
risk of significant liver damage by consuming acetaminophen
and alcohol together. Acetaminophen overdose is the leading
cause of acute liver failure in the developed world.
Accounting for more than 56,000 emergency room visits,
26,000 hospitalization, and 450 deaths per year in the US.
Acetaminophen is toxic to liver and kidneys primarily through
its ability to overwhelm the liver innate detoxification
systems
NSAIDs such as the COX-1 inhibitors (aspirin, ibuprofen,
naproxen, ketorolac ,etc.)
And the COX2 inhibitors (celecoxib and rofeconxib) are
among the most widely use of all drugs with 20 to 30 billion
tablets sold each year in the US alone. The prototypical
member, aspirin, is one of the oldest analgesic, in use as an
anti-inflammatory therapy long before the molecular
mechanics of inflammation has been discovered.
Anti-infectives are drugs used for treatment of infections
caused by different microorganisms such as bacteria, virus
and fungus.
Anti-infectives for discussion in this exercise including the
following:
A. Antibacterial
B. Antifungal
C. Anti-Parasitic and Anti-Malarial
D. Anti- Viral Drugs
Antibacterial are available in the market as follows:
1. AMINOGLYCOSIDES
2. BETA-LACTAMS
3. MACROLIDES
4. QUINOLONES AND FLUOROQUINOLONES
5. TRIMETHOPRIM AND SULFAMETHOXAZOLE
6. LEPROSTATIC DRUGS
7. ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS DRUGS
Most of the antibacterial ate either broad or narrow
spectrum antibiotic.
Taken at right dose for the right causative organism,
antibacterial are very effective in controlling the infections.
However, if use improperly, each one elicit different adverse
effect that can be injurious to the patient.
Antifungals are drugs that are used to treat fungal infections.
There are 3 groups :
1. The polyene antifungal drug groups (amphoterecin B
natamycin and nystatin)
2. The cytosine is a synthetic nucleotides and the only
member of 2nd group.
3. Imidazoles are the third major groups (Clotrimazole,
Miconazole, Econazole, Isoconazole, Trioconazole,
Ketoconazole, Itraconazole)

Aspirin and NSAIDs usage has been associated with Most are the topically while some are active systematically
gastrointestinal toxicity including bleeding ulcer. after oral administration. However Amphotericin B and
Miconazole are administered parenterally.
Certain NSAIDs (e.g. selective COX-2 inhibitors ) have been
linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular events , in Antiparasitic and Antimalarial drugs can be classified as
particular heart attack. In addition , chronic use of some types follows:
of NSAIDs has been associated with kidney damage that may
1) 4-aminoquinolones
persist even after drug withdrawal in some cases . (chloroquine hydroxychloroquine and amodiaquine
Another class of analgesic is the opiates. This class of 2) 8-aminoquinolones
(primaquine )
drugs is more potent than those of NSAIDs , especially the
3) Cinchona alkaloids
opiates use for severe pain, such as morphine ,
(quinine )
oxymorphone, propoxyphene and methadone. Opioid 4) Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors plus a
analgesic -related deaths are among the fastest increasing sulfonamide or sulfone
drug poisoning deaths. Poisoning death rates involved opioid (pyrine thiamine plus sulfodoxin and plus dapsone )
analgesic have more than tripled in the United States since 5) Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors
1999. And among the opioid analgesic , codeine is the most (proquanil and pyrimethamine )
common cause of poisoning , followed by methadone . 6) Antibiotics
(tetracycline and erythromycine )
The imporatance of analgesic in the management of pain 7) Quinolone methanol
is unquestioned. However ,increasing analgesic -related (mefloquine )
poisoning deaths pose a serious public health risk.

EXERCISE NO 15 Most drugs can cause severe poisoning in over dosage that
ANTI-INFECTIVES may be rapidly fatal without therapeutic intervention.
II. Discussion :

6
Antiviral drugs are drugs used in the treatment of viral
infections. Overdose with fatalities has been reported for
acyclovir and amantadine.