Nitinol Word

Nickel titanium alloys
1. ALLOYSALLOYS && NEWER ORTHODONTICNEWER

ORTHODONTIC WIRESWIRES INDIAN DENTALINDIAN DENTAL
ACADEMYACADEMY Leader in continuing dental education
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2. www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. NICKEL TITANIUM WIRES “ To obtain fairly rapid tooth movement,
HYALINISED ZONES were to be avoided or kept to a minimum.” -
REITAN www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. NICKEL TITANIUM WIRES Ideally orthodontic wires are designed to
move teeth with light, continuous forces. Stainless steel Co-cr alloys
Beta titanium Nickel titanium www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. NICKEL TITANIUM ALLOYS Conventional - Nitinol Superelastic
- Pseudoelastic – Japanese NiTi -Thermoelastic – Cu NiTi
www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. TITANIUM Titanium was discovered by GREGOR ( England 1790 )
BOTHE et al implanted titanium in lab. animals (1940) A light weight
metal Atomic weight – 47.9 Non magnetic
7. TITANIUM Corrosion resistant Biocompatibility High strength
Ductility Two phages Alpha Beta www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. TITANIUM Alpha phase – Hexagonal unit cells At room temperature
Beta phase – Body centered cubic cells At temperatures above 16200 F or
8820 C www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. TITANIUM Alpha type – ALPHA TITANIUM (A.J. Wilcock) Beta
type – Beta II or ORMCO’ TMA Titanium-Niobium wires Both alpha &
beta phases – Ti-Al-Fe & Ti-Al-V www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. TITANIUM SUPERIOR CORROSION RESISTANCE A thin complex
film Tio2 gives Ti affinity, a self adherence that may cause friction.
Titanium is not esthetic Lacer aided depositions Implantation of
nitrogen ( IONGUARD ) www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS 2 forms of NiTi alloys 1. Martensite -
Body centered cubic/tetragonal lattice 2. Austenite – Face centered (close
packed hexagonal) ‘R’ phase – Rhombohedral “SMART MATERIALS”
12. NICKEL-TITANIUM TRANSITION TEMPERATURE RANGE TTR
above the body temperature renders the alloy austenitic which is more rigid
TTR below the body temperature renders it martensitic that is super elastic
Austenite wires - 2% of the strain range Martensitic wires - 8%.
13. NICKEL-TITANIUM HYSTERESIS The range for most binary alloys
is 400 – 600 Above the TTR the alloy is fully austenitic (Af),by lowering the
temperature martensite will form (Ms) The temperature at which all the
austenite is converted to martensite is designated as martensite finish (Mf)
14. PROPERTY AUSTENITE AUSTENITE YIELD STRENGTH 560 MPa
100 MPa ELASTIC MODULUS 75 GPa 28 GPa NICKEL-TITANIUM
15. NICKEL-TITANIUM Martensitic transformation of NiTi FIDUCIARY
LINE www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATION ADDDITIONS and
IMPURITIES Third metal can lower the TTR to as low as –3300 F or lower
the Hysteresis Thermally activated alloys contain third metal (Cu,Co) Small
amounts of Al, Zr, Cr, or Fe will improve the strength of the martensitic
form www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. NICKEL-TITANIUM Smaller atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, and
carbon can not substitute for larger ones,but disrupt the matrices Ti4Ni2O4
inclusion, which lowers the alloy elasticity (memory changes) interstitial
oxygen causes NiTi alloys to become susceptible to corrosion
18. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Pseudoelasticity and thermoelasticity of
nickel titanium alloys: A clinically oriented review.Part I:Temparature
transitional changes – SANTORO et al (AJODO June 2001) SHAPE
MEMORY PSEUDOELASICITY SUPERELASTICITY
19. NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS The crystal structure of the alloy will
be confirmed by means of RADIOGRAPHIC DEFRACTION or
DIFFERENCIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY STUDY OF
RESISTIVITY www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS RESISTIVITY
21. NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS SHAPE MEMORY ‘The ability of
material to remember its original shape after being plastically deformed’ A
certain shape is set at elevated temperatures (above the TTR).When the alloy
is cooled below the TTR, it can be plastically deformed but when it is heated
again the original shape is restored. www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS THERMOELASTICITY Through
deflection and repeated temperature cycles the wire in the austenitic phase is
able to memorise the preformed shape Ex; An orthodontic archform By
lowering the temperature the alloy is transformed into martensite and
becomes pliable and easily deformed www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS PSEUDO ELASTICITY A small
percentage of martensite ( Intermediate Phase R ) is present in the grain
structure. Under the conditions of stress “Stress induced martensite ( SIM ) ”
will be formed. A LOCALISED STRESS RELATED SUPERELASTIC
PHENOMENON www.indiandentalacademy.com
24. NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS SIM is unstable In orthodontic clinical
applications, SIM forms where the wire is tied to brackets on malalligned
teeth so that the wire becomes pliable in deflected areas. In those areas the
wire will be super elastic untill tooth movement occurs.
25. NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS SUPERELASTICITY The stress value
remains fairly constant up to a certain point of wire deformation. At the
same time deformation rebounds, the stress value remains again constant. It
is determined by the typical crystallographic characteristics of NiTi
26. NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS STRESS-STRAIN CURVE A-B
shows elastic deformation of the austenitic phase B is the stress at which
martensite will form C-D elastic deformation of martensite
27. NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS LOAD- DEFLECTION CURVE
28. NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS The unique force deflection curve for
A-NiTi wire occurs because of a phase transition in grain structure from
austenite to martensite , in response not to a temperature change but to
applied force. This transformation is a mechanical analogue to the thermally
induced shape memory effect. www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS CLASSIFICATION NiTi orthodontic
wires are generally classified as NON SUPER ELASTIC ( M –NiTi )
Nitinol SUPER ELASTIC ( A-NiTi ) Japanese NiTi ( Sentinol )
30. NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS WATERS ( 1992 ) divided the
compounds into 3 groups based on their TTRs 1) Group I – Alloys with TTR
between room temperature and body temperature. ( Mart active alloys ) 2)
Group II - TTR below room temperature. (austenitic) 3) GROUP III –
Alloys with TTR close to body temperature which by virtue of the shape
memory effect spring back to their original shape when activated by body
heat. www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS III) EVANS and DURNING
introduced a even more comprehensive classification of orthodontic alloys
dividing into 5 groups. 1) Phase 1 – Including alloys like gold and ss. 2)
Phase II – Stabilised 3) Phase III – Super elastic active austhentic 4) Phase
IV – Thermodynamic active martensitic 5) Phase V - Graded
thermodynamic. www.indiandentalacademy.com
32. NITINOL Laboratory and clinical Analysis Of Nitinol Wire - G F.
Andreasen, R E. Morrow ( AJO Feb 1978 ) Introduction of stainless steel
wire appliances. (1930- 1940) Nitional ( Early 1960s) - William.F.Buehler, a
research metallurgist at the Naval Ordinance Laboratory in Silver Springs,
Maryland ( Now called the Naval Surface Weapons Center ).
33. NITINOL Ni – Nickel Ti – Titanium Nol - Naval ordinance laboratory It
was marketed by Unitek Clinical use of Nitinol wire started in May 1972 by
G.F.ANDREASEN et al. www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. NITINOL SHAPE MEMORY WIRE Nitinol has the characteristic of
being able to return to a previously manufactured shape when it is heated to
a transition temperature range. ELASTIC ORTHODONTIC WIRE
Compared with stainless steel Nitinol wire has an out standing elasticity
which is useful for orthodontic applications. www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. NITINOL In orthodontic applications 1 . Requires fewer arch wire
changes. 2 . Requires less chair time. 3 . Shortens the time required to
accomplish the rotations and leveling 4 . Produces less patient discomfort.
36. NITINOL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. Material property Nitinol
Stainless steel Alloy Nickel, Titanium Iron, Chrome,Nickel Ultimate
strength 230,000 to 250,000 p.s.i 280,000 to 300,000 p.s.i Modulus of
elasticity 4.8 x106 p.s.i 28.5 x 106 p.s.i www.indiandentalacademy.com
37. NITINOL BEND TEST A series of bend and torsion test have been
performed in accordance with the new ADA Specification no.32 on
orthodontic wires . www.indiandentalacademy.com
38. NITINOL www.indiandentalacademy.com
39. NITINOL TORSION TEST A comparison between nitinol and stainless
steel wires. www.indiandentalacademy.com
40. NITINOL STORED ENERGY COMPARISONS Stored energy of
Nitinol wire is significantly greater than an equivalent SS wire.this
comparison was based upon the wires being bent 90 degrees
42. NITINOL CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Class I ,II,III malocclusions in
both extraction and non extraction cases www.indiandentalacademy.com
43. NITINOL The most important benefits from Nitinol wire are realised
when a rectangular wire is inserted early in the treatment. Simultaneous
rotation, leveling, tipping,and torquing can be accomplished earlier with a
resilient rectangular wire, Cross bite correction Uprighting impacted canines
Opening the bite www.indiandentalacademy.com
45. NITINOL LIMITATIONS 1.Nitinol cannot be bent with sharp –
cornered instruments. 2. It will readily break when bent over a sharp edge.
3.The bending of loops or omega bends are not recommended. ( especially
closing loops ). www.indiandentalacademy.com
46. NITINOL 4 . Nitinol cannot be soldered or successfully welded to it self
with out annealing the wire, because the bending of tieback hooks entails a
high risk of failure. 5 . Cinch – backs distal to the buccal tubes are easily
accomplished by flame annealing .Care should be taken not to over heat the
wire. www.indiandentalacademy.com
47. JAPANESE NITI The super - elastic property of the Japanese NiTi alloy
wire for use in orthodontics. - Fujio Miura et al ( AJODO July 1986 ) In
1978 Furukawa electric co.ltd of Japan produced a new type of alloy 1. High
spring back. 2. Shape memory. 3. Super elasticity.
48. JAPANESE NITI TESTS 1. Examination of mechanical property of the
wire. 1. Tensile test 2. Bending test 2. Measurements of the influence of
specific treatment on the wire. www.indiandentalacademy.com
49. JAPANESE NITI 1. Tensile test Tensile testing was performed first
because it is the most acceptable method. Co-Cr-Ni, Nitinol , Ss and
Japanese NiTi. www.indiandentalacademy.com
50. JAPANESE NITI www.indiandentalacademy.com
51. JAPANESE NITI Bending test 3 point bending test was conducted in a
specially designed situation similar to the conditions involved in moving
teeth in the oral cavity. www.indiandentalacademy.com
52. JAPANESE NITI Measurement of the influence of special heat
treatment on the wire. A comparative analysis was conducted for this
property before and after being subjected to heat using a .016 inch Japanese
NiTi alloy wire. Nitrate salt bath . 2000 c , 3000 c, 4000 c, 5000 c, and 6000
c. 5, 10, 60, and 120 min. 20 different variations.
53. JAPANESE NITI RESULTS The effects of temperature were negligible
up to 5000 c . Super elasticity can be influenced by temperature and time. It
is possible to modify the amount of orthodontic force in an individualised
segment of the arch wire. www.indiandentalacademy.com
54. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 0.016” medium preformed arch wire was
tied into the lateral incisor and canine bracket. INITIAL TWO MONTHS
LATER www.indiandentalacademy.com
55. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS NITI COIL SPRINGS TOOTH
MOVEMENT RANGE- 0.5 mm per week . Force range 75 to 100 gms. NiTi
coil springs . The concept of NiTi coil springs was suggested in 1975. 1.
Open coil springs. 2. Closed coil springs. www.indiandentalacademy.com
56. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS STUDIES ON THE JAPANESE NiTi
ALLOY COIL SPRINGS -F.Miura et al ( AJODO AUGUST 1988 ) study
conducted to evaluate the efficiency and mechanical properties of closed &
open coils as well as stainless steel coil springs. 10 mm Closed coil springs-
tensile test . 50 mm Open coil spring- compression test.
57. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SPRINGS. 1. Diameter of the wires α
super elastic activity. 2. Size of the lumen 1/α super elastic activity. 3.
Martensite transformation temperature α super elastic activity. 4. Pitch of the
open coil spring – when it is changed from fine to coarse, the load value of
super elastic activity remains same but range increases.
58. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Closed coil spring After 5 months
59. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Open coil spring After 3 months
60. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS MOLAR DISTALIZATION WITH
SUPER ELASTIC NiTi WIRE. - R.LOCATLLI et al ( JCO 1992 MAY ) .
100gms neosentalloy wire . Markings 1. Distal wing of first pre molar
bracket. 2. 5 to 7mm distal to the anterior opening of the molar tube. 3.
Between the lateral incisors and canines. www.indiandentalacademy.com
61. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Crimp a stop to the wire at each mark
Insert the wire into the molar tube until the stop abuts the tube
62. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS INITIAL AFTER 4 MONTHS
63. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS NICKEL TITANIUM DOUBLE LOOP
SYSTEM - GIANCOTTI ( JCO APRIL 1998 ) After second molar erupts
80g Neosentalloy arch wire 2 sectional arch wires
64. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS New application of superelastic NiTi
rectangular wires F.Miura, Mogi, Y.Okamoto ( JCO sept 1990 ) FINISHING
WIRES NEOSENTALLOY can be used in the initial phases It has 3
dimensional tooth control. www.indiandentalacademy.com
65. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS FACTORS CONTROLLING FORCE
LEVEL HEAT TREATMENT – Changes force levels,and memory
properties COMPOSITION OF THE ALLOY – Lowering the ratio of the
nickel decrease the force level www.indiandentalacademy.com
66. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS INDIVIDUALISED PRESURGICAL
ARCH FORMS - MIURA et al www.indiandentalacademy.com
67. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS www.indiandentalacademy.com
69. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Before surgery After surgery
70. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS ADVANTAGES Provides 3 dimensional
control Effective in surgical orthodontic cases Eliminates need to change
arch wires frequently DISADVANTAGES Bracket friction will be more
when large wires are used www.indiandentalacademy.com
71. BIOEFFICIENT THERAPY ANTHONY.D.VIAZIS ( JCO Sept 1995 )
Superelasticity –Llight constant force levels Shape memory – Easy arch wire
placement REFRIGERENT SPRAY – ENDO ICE CLINICAL
IMPLICATIONS www.indiandentalacademy.com
73. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS SENTALLOY INTER ARCH COIL
SPRINGS www.indiandentalacademy.com
74. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS WIRE SELECTION Wire flexibility will
be more in vertical direction than horizontal direction
75. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS ORIGINAL SUPERELASTIC WIRES (
ROUND SENTALLOY ) Light, medium, & heavy force levels
RECTANGULAR NEOSENTALLOY I generation: 1OOg, 200g, & 300g
force levels II generation: 80g force in the central incisor region(alignment)
320g force in the molar region (posterior leveling)
76. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS BIOFORCE IONGUARD WIRES 3-
micron nitrogen coating that is produced by ion bombardment of the wire
surface. Reduce 1.Friction 2. Breakage 3.Release of nickel into the mouth .
77. DIRECT ELECTIC RESISTANCE HEAT TREATMENT METHOD
(DERHT) ARCHMATE www.indiandentalacademy.com
(DERHT) www.indiandentalacademy.com
(DERHT) www.indiandentalacademy.com
80. COPPER NiTi VARIABLE TRANSFORMATION TEMPERATURE
ORTHODONTICS - ROHIT C. L. SACHDEVA. “Variable cross sectional
orthodontics”. “Variable modulus concept” - BURSTONE
81. COPPER NiTi “VARIABLE TRANSFORMATION TEMPERATURE
THERMO MECHANICS” Stress induced martensite Martensite
transformation is also temperature dependent
82. COPPER NiTi AUSTENITIC FINISH TEMPERATURE ( Af ) should
be lesser then body temperature.This difference determines the force
generated by nickel titanium alloys. Af can be controlled by affecting the
composition , thermo mechanical treatment &manufacturing process of the
alloy. www.indiandentalacademy.com
83. COPPER NiTi COPPER NiTi Introduced by Rohit sachdeva It has the
advantage of generating more constant forces than any other super elastic
nickel titanium alloys. More resistant to deformation. Smaller mechanical
hysteresis www.indiandentalacademy.com
84. COPPER NiTi QUATERNARY METAL – Nickel, Titanium, Copper,
Chromium CLASSIFICATION Type I Af – 150 c Type II Af - 270 c Type
III Af - 350 c Type IV Af - 400 c www.indiandentalacademy.com
85. COPPER NiTi Type II wire 1. Generates the highest forces . 2. Average
or higher pain threshold. 3. Normal periodontal health. 4. Rapid tooth
movement is required. www.indiandentalacademy.com
86. COPPER NiTi TYPE III WIRE 1. Low to normal pain threshold. 2.
Slightly compromised periodontium. 3. When relatively low forces are
desired. www.indiandentalacademy.com
87. COPPER NiTi III CORRECTION AFTER WEEKS
88. COPPER NiTi IV TYPE IV WIRE 1. Intermittent forces . 2. Patients
who are sensitive to pain. 3. Compromised periodontal conditions. 4.
Patients co operation is very less. 5. Beneficial as an initial rectangular wire
89. COPPER NiTi IV CORRECTION AFTER 6 WEEKS
90. COPPER NiTi OPTIMAL TOOTH MOVEMENT FORCE. The ideal
arch wire would not exhibit any hysteresis, thus providing equal loading (
engaging ) & unloading ( tooth driving forces ). Copper enhances thermal
reactive properties and creates a consistent unloading force.
91. COPPER NiTi Earlier shape memory wires have partially met these
goals. eg : a partially corrected rotation . A major cause of this deficiency is
the hysteresis that severly limits the working range of super elastic arch
wires. Difficulty in setting constant TT while manufacturing .
92. COPPER NiTi ADVANTAGES OF COPPER NiTi ALLOYS OVER
OTHER NiTi WIRES 1. Smaller loading force for the same degree of
deformation.( 20% less ) 2. Reduced hysteresis makes to exert consistent
tooth movement and reduced trauma. 3. Consistent TT has ensured
consistency of force from batch to batch of arch wires results in affective
tooth movement. www.indiandentalacademy.com
93. CHINESE NITI WIRE CHINESE NiTi wire - A new orthodontic wire -
C. J. BURSTONE ( AJO JUNE 1985 ) Dr. TIEN HUA CHENG et al at the
General Research Institute for Non- Ferrous Metals in Beijing China ( Late
1980s ). Chinese NiTi wire has much lower transitional temperature than
NiTi wire. www.indiandentalacademy.com
94. CHINESE NITI WIRE CANTILEVER APPARATUS 0.016 SS, Nitinol
and A-NiTi were submitted to a flexural test
95. CHINESE NITI WIRE 3 Characteristics 1. The spring back. 2. Stiffness
3. Maximum movement. www.indiandentalacademy.com
96. CHINESE NITI WIRE SPRING BACK The range of action of the wire.
For 800 activation SS – 160 Nitinol – 520 Chinese NiTi - 730
97. CHINESE NITI WIRE STIFFNESS The force or movement produced
for each unit Activation www.indiandentalacademy.com
98. CHINESE NITI WIRE The magnitude of force increases if the wire is
retied into a bracket. 1500 1000 500 0 20 40 60
80www.indiandentalacademy.com
99. CHINESE NITI WIRE THE MAXIMUM MOVEMENT. . WIRE
MOVEMENT SPRING BACK %RECOVER Y SS 3,067 16 20 NITINOL
2,112 52 65 NITI 1,233 73 91 www.indiandentalacademy.com
100. CHINESE NITI WIRE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT CHANGES
101. CHINESE NITI WIRE TIME DEPENDANT CHANGES. The wires
remained tied between 3 brackets for periods of 1 minute,1 hour and 72
hours. www.indiandentalacademy.com
102. CHINESE NITI WIRE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE 1. Applicable in
situations where large deflections are required. 2. When tooth are badly
malpositoned. . 3. Nitinol wire deformation is not time dependent 4.Middle
range of deactivation forces are useful in designing an appliance with
constant forces. www.indiandentalacademy.com
103. Effects Of Cold Disinfectants On The Mechanical Properties And The
Surface Topography Of Nickel Titanium Arch Wires. - J.E.BUCKTHAL &
R.P.KUSY ( AJODO 1988 ) 1. High cost 2. Super elasticity Heat
sterilisation is the most reliable method of destroying pathogens.
104. Nitinol is susceptible to a pitting type of corrosion attack. Sterilant
solutions; 1. 2% acidic gluteraldehyde ( Banicide ) 2. Chlorine dioxide (
Exspor 4:1:1 ) Disinfectant solution; 3. Iodophor ( Wescodyne ) Wires
tested; 12 Straight 1 inch length of rectangular 0.017 X 0.025” Nitinol and
Titanol www.indiandentalacademy.com
105. 4 GROUPS; 0 ( Control ) 1 ( Group 1 ) 2 ( Group 2 ) 3 ( Group 3 )
BEND, TENSILE and LASER SPECTROSCOPY
106. SUMMERY No significant changes were detected . The results
supported the use of cold disinfectant procedures.
107. NICKEL HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION Strong biologic
sensitizer SYMPTOMS; Contact dermatitis contact stomatitis Angular
chelitis Severe gingivitis Mild erythema with or without edema
108. Nickel hyper sensitivity reaction before, during, and after orthodontic
therapy. -G.R.P.JANSON et al ( AJODO JUNE 1998 ) .170 patients of both
sexes were examined . 3 groups A - Before B - During C - After 5% Nickel
Sulfate in white petrolium www.indiandentalacademy.com
109. RESULTS Orthodontic treatment with SS does not induce a nickel
hypersensitivity reaction. Frequency in females is 4 times more than in
males Association between personal history of allergic reaction & nickel
hypersensitivity www.indiandentalacademy.com
110. BETA - TITANIUM Beta titanium: A new orthodontic alloy
C.J.BURSTONE& A.J.GOLDBERG ( AJO Feb 1980) ORMCO
CORPORATION 3 characteristics 1. Spring back - High 2. Stiffness - Low
3. Formability - High www.indiandentalacademy.com
111. BETA - TITANIUM Beta titanium was introduced by Dr. CHARLES
BURSTONE and JON GOLDBERG in the university of CONNECTICUT (
Early 1980s ) Composition Titanium - 73.5% Molybdenum - 11.5%
Zirconium - 6% Tin - 4.5 % www.indiandentalacademy.com
112. BETA - TITANIUM At temperatures below 16250 F – hexagonal
Closed packed crystal form. Yield strength - 55 X 103 p.s.i Modulus of
elasticity - 15.5 X 106 p.s.i Spring back - YS = 0.35 X 10–2 E SS - 1.1 X
10–2 www.indiandentalacademy.com
113. BETA - TITANIUM At temperatures above 16250 F pure titanium
rearranges into body centered cubic lattice - BETA PHASE BETA
STABILISED ALLOYS ( molybdenum or columbium ) Yield strength –
1,70,000 p.s.i Modulus of elasticity – 9,400.000 p.s.i YS/E -1.8X10-2
114. BETA - TITANIUM TEST FOR SPRING BACK TINIUS OLSEN
STIFFNESS TESTER ¼ inch span of wire A. Straight wires B. Wires with
350 bend C. Wires which are over bent to 900 and then bent back to 350
115. BETA - TITANIUM MODE STAINLESS STEEL BETA TITANIUM
PERCENT INCREASE A 16.0 32.8 105% B 16.5 31.3 90% C 17.5 37.3
113% www.indiandentalacademy.com
116. BETA - TITANIUM ADVANTAGES: Low stiffness Good
formability High spring back Weldable Ductile Corrosion
resistance www.indiandentalacademy.com
117. BETA - TITANIUM CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Ideal edgewise
arches can be deflected twice than SS allows greater range of action and
useful for • Initial tooth alignment • Finishing arches Forces - 0.4% of SS
Eg; 0.018 x 0.025 TMA = 0.014 x 0.020 SS www.indiandentalacademy.com
118. BETA - TITANIUM CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Highly ductile
Tieback loops Complicated bends www.indiandentalacademy.com
119. BETA - TITANIUM LOOPS ‘ T’ Vertical Helical ‘ L’ loop
120. BETA - TITANIUM ROTATION INTRUSION
121. BETA - TITANIUM www.indiandentalacademy.com
122. BETA - TITANIUM Direct welding of auxillaries Helical finger spring
123. BETA - TITANIUM Welding of TMA wire - C.J.BURSTONE ( JCO
Sept 1987 ) 5 basic principles; 1. Proper positioning 2. Minimum voltage 3.
Small contact area 4. Single short pulse 5. Pressure
124. ROCKY MOUNTAIN DIAL-A-WELD 506A
125. 1. POSITIONING SET DOWN OF 80% 25 - 60 %
126. 2. VOLTAGE 3. SMALLER CONTACT AREA 4. SINGLE PULSE 5.
PRESSURE www.indiandentalacademy.com
127. Improper welding Low voltage - The parts may delaminate High
voltage - Wire become brittle Cracks Melting
128. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS PASSIVE APPLICATIONS ACTIVE
APPLICATIONS SPACE CLOSURE www.indiandentalacademy.com
129. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS To gain space in The anterior Segment
130. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS ROTATIONAL CORRECTION
131. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS TO INCLUDE SECOND MOLARS
132. ALPHA TITANIUM - WILCOCK company TITANIUM - 90%
ALUMINIUM - 6% VANADIUM – 4% Close packed hexagonal lattice
ALPHA stabilising elements – Aluminum, Gallium, Germanium, Carbon,
Oxygen and Nitrogen ‘ NEAR ALPHA ALLOY ’
133. ALPHA – BETA PHASE www.indiandentalacademy.com
134. ALPHA TITANIUM PROPERTIES; Heat treated to improve strength
Satisfactory creep properties – Finishing & breaking arches wire becomes
hard in the oral environment due to hydrogen absorption TITANIUM
HYDRIDE Less ductile – one slip plane Nickel free
135. TITANIUM-NIOBIUM A new finishing wire alloy M. Dalstra et al (
COR 2000 July ) Nickel free Titanium alloy (SYBRON DENTAL
SPECIALITIES. CALIFORNIA ) Ti - 82% Ti - 74% Mo - 15% ( or) Nb -
13% Nb - 3% Zr - 13% www.indiandentalacademy.com
136. TITANIUM-NIOBIUM PROPERTIES Easy to bend, fomability is
less than TMA When lower forces are used than TMA Stiffness – ¾ of
SS, - ¼ of TMA Load deflection rate is lower than TMA Yield strength
is lower than SS www.indiandentalacademy.com
137. TITANIUM-NIOBIUM ADVANTAGES; Substitute for SS No
leaching of nickel CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS; Finishing wire with
multiple bends Fixed retainers ( Biocompatible )
138. COMPOSITE WIRES The future of orthodontic materials
ROBERT.P.KUSY (AJODO Jan 1998) Metals Polymers Ceramics
Advantages are realised Disadvantages are minimised
139. METAL- CERAMIC METAL- POLYMER CERAMIC- COMPOSIRE
POLYMERS METALS CERAMICS SEMI CONDUCTORS
140. COMPOSITE WIRES In orthodontics composite prototypes of arch
wires, ligatures, brackets - S-2 glass fibers ( ceramic ) - Acrylic resins (
polymer ) Esthetically pleasing because they tend to transmit the colour of
host teeth Strong & Springy www.indiandentalacademy.com
141. COMPOSITE WIRES PULTRUSION The process of manufacturing
components of continuous lengths & a constant cross sectional shape Eg;
Arch wires Bundles of continuous fibers are impregnated with a polymeric
resin pulled through a sizing die Then passed through a curing die that
imparts a precise shape ( Electro magnetic radiation )
142. COMPOSITE WIRES The characteristics of the arch wires can be
changed by - PULTRUSION Round Rectangular Ligature wires –
Polyethylene fiber + Acrylic resin 2 ½ times stronger than SS Lose most of
their tying force in less than 3 hrs www.indiandentalacademy.com
143. Comparison of unidirectional fiber reinforced polymeric composites to
NITI alloys in bending www.indiandentalacademy.com
144. COMPOSITE WIRES ADVANTAGES; patients with allergic
reactions with nickel Esthetic than previous wires Better strength &
springiness DISADVANTAGES; Shape can not be changed
145. COMPOSITE WIRES OPTIFLEX WIRES A composite ceramic fiber-
plastic-nylon ( ORMCO ) Dr.TALASS www.indiandentalacademy.com
146. COMPOSITE WIRES Structure – Clear optical fiber made of 3 Layers
A. Silicon dioxide core - Force B. Silicon resin middle layer - Protection
from moisture C. Nylon layer - Prevents from damage
147. COMPOSITE WIRES The wire can be ROUND or RECTANGULAR
• Wide range of action • Light continuous force • Sharp bend must be
avoided • Highly resilient - Effective in the alignment of crowded teeth
148. TIMOLIUM WIRES Improved titanium wires 1. FRICTION 2.
RESISTANCE TO BREAKAGE 1. FRICTION Smooth surface texture Less
friction Accelerate treatment time www.indiandentalacademy.com
149. TIMOLIUM WIRES 2. RESISTANCE TO BREAKAGE Surface
defects Yield strength Compressive strength
150. BETA –III WIRES Introduced by RAVINDRA NANDA Bendable
High force Low deflection rate Co-efficient of friction is more
Nickel free titanium wire with memory Ideal for multilooping, cantilever,
utility arches First choice of wire for finishing stages where tip & torque
corrections fully accomplished during initial stages.
151. NICKEL TITANIUM PALATAL EXPANDER CORRECTION OF
POSTERIOR CROSS BITES - Skeletal expansion - Dental expansion The
goal of palatal expansion is to maximise skeletal movement and minimise
dental movement. EXPANSION APPLIANCES - Rapid palatal expansion
appliances - Slow expansion appliances www.indiandentalacademy.com
152. NICKEL TITANIUM PALATAL EXPANDER RAPID PALATAL
EXPANSION APPLIANCES ( RPE) - Produce large forces at the suture site
over a short period. Conventional RPE appliances 1. Uncomfortable 2.
Require patient co- operation 3. Laborious 4. Inefficient because of the
intermittent nature of their force application www.indiandentalacademy.com
153. NICKEL TITANIUM PALATAL EXPANDER Slow expansion
appliances - Light , continuous forces - Best physiologic changes ( Both
orthopedic and orthodontic ) - Produce a widening rather than an actual
separation of the suture. www.indiandentalacademy.com
154. NICKEL TITANIUM PALATAL EXPANDER NICKEL TITANIUM
PALATAL EXPANDER W.V.ARNDT ( JCO 1993 ) Tandem loop, nickel
titanium , temperature activated palatal expander. - Light continuous
pressure on the mid palatal suture . ( Simultaneous uprighting , rotating , and
distalising the maxillary first molars ) www.indiandentalacademy.com
155. NICKEL TITANIUM PALATAL EXPANDER
156. NICKEL TITANIUM PALATAL EXPANDER THE ACTION OF
THE APPLIANCE - A consequence of nickel titanium’ s shape memory and
transition temperature effects. The nickel titanium expander has a transition
temperature of 940 F. Below TTR – Metal is flexible Above TTR –
Metal stiffen www.indiandentalacademy.com
157. BELOW 200 C AT TTR www.indiandentalacademy.com
158. 8 Different intermolar widths ( 26mm – 47mm ) Forces ranging
from 180 – 300gms 26 – 32mm - Softer wires that produce lower force
levels for younger patients 3mm will be added for overcorrection
159. Passive appliance Initial activation After expansion
160. “ COMPLETE MAXILLARY RIGHT CROSSBITE”
161. A comparison of dental and dento- alveolar changes between rapid
palatal expansion and nickel titanium expansion appliances. - C.
CIAMBOTTI et al ( AJODO JAN 2001 ) The objectives; To compare –
Amount of mid palatal suture separation - Alveolar process tipping -
Maxillary first molar tipping - Maxillary first molar rotation - Palatal depth
changes www.indiandentalacademy.com
162. Mixed or early permanent dentition. 12 patients treated with RPE
appliances ( 6 males, 6 females with an average age of 11.1 yrs ) Duration
127 days 13 patients treated with NiTi palatal expansion appliances. ( 3
males, 10 females with an average of 9.4 yrs ) Duration 153 days
163. RPE APPLIANCE – A tooth borne appliance Mid palatal jack screw
Activation 0.5mm, 2 times per day Expansion – Occlusal aspect of lingual
cusp of maxillary first molar contacted the occlusal aspect of buccal cusp of
mandibular first molar. www.indiandentalacademy.com
164. NiTi EXPANDER A tandem loop temperature activated appliance (
GAC International ) designed by ARNDT The proper size was selected by
measuring the inter molar width and then adding 3 to 4mm
Tetrafluoroethane refrigerant www.indiandentalacademy.com
165. NiTi expander RME www.indiandentalacademy.com
166. RESULTS 1. Palatal width change - RPE group is 28 % - In NiTi group
16 %. 2. Buccal tipping of the alveolar process - RPE group – 5.080 . - NiTi
group – 6.610 3. Molar rotation - RPE group 1.580 - NiTi group 26.610
167. 4. Radiographic evidence shows that mid palatal suture separation is
less obvious in the NiTi group than RPE group. 5. No correlation between
age and amount of dento- alveolar expansion. 6. RPE appliance widened the
palate more reliably, NiTi appliance tipped the molars buccally.
168. A review of contemporary arch wires: Their properties and
characteristics - ROBERT KUSY ( AO JUNE 1997 ) CHARACTERSTICS
OF THE IDEAL ARCH WIRE Ideally archwires are designed to move teeth
with light continuous forces No one wire is best for all stages
169. CRITERIA OF AN IDEAL ARCH WIRE Esthetic Good range Poor
Biohost Tough Good Spring back Low friction Weldable Springy Formable
Biocompatible Resilient Strong www.indiandentalacademy.com
170. APPLYING ARCH WIRES During initial stages - great range and light
forces VARIABLE CROSS SECTION ORTHODONTICS - Multistranded
stainless steel wire Variable modulus orthodontics - NiTi alloy wire
171. Intermediate stages of treatment Beta titanium alloys Larger sizes
of Nitinol ( under sized stainless steel wire if sliding mechanics are required
) www.indiandentalacademy.com
172. FINAL STAGES OF TREATMENT More arch stability and less tooth
movements - Large gauges of beta titanium or - Stainless steel wires
173. A comparative study of metallurgical and working properties of two
new titanium based alloy wires (TiMolium and Beta III ) with the earlier
introduced titanium wires ( TMA ), and also alpha titanium wires - Jiku
Abraham TiMolium – T.P.Orthodontics Beta III - Ortho organizers TMA -
Ormco corp. Alpha Titanium – A.J. WILLCOCK
174. Straight rectangular wires GROUP I 4 wires in 16”x 22” dimension
GROUP II 4 wires in 17”x 25” dimension GROUP III 4 wires in 19”x 25”
dimension www.indiandentalacademy.com
175. Properties studied are 1. Yield, tensile strength & elastic modulus 2.
Maximum load via 3-point bending test 3. Frictional resistance 4. Welding
characteristics 5. Stress relaxation 6. Working range / spring back 7. Surface
topography 8. Micro hardness 9. Elemental analysis
176. INSTRON MODEL NO.1193 Expr. Setup for Yield strength &
ultimate tensile strength www.indiandentalacademy.com
177. Manufacturers claim that; TiMolium is superior to TMA wires in the
following; 1. Friction and surface smoothness 2. Compressive strength 3.
Yield strength & breakage resistance Beta III is bendable , high force low
deflection, nickel free arch wire with memory.
178. Results of the study showed that The coefficient of friction, surface
smoothness,yield strength & ultimate tensile strength of TiMolium was
superior to that of TMA . However TMA has low load deflection rate and
high spring back than TiMolium . Yield strength of Beta III was lower
than TMA and TiMolium Formability is good but resiliency is low.
179. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THIS STUDY; 1. Correction of
crowding or alignment of teeth - TMA > Beta III 2. Intrusion - TMA shows
a better stress relaxation TMA > TiMolium .
180. 3. Space closure Sliding mechanics - TiMolium shows lowest values
of coefficient of friction in both static as well as kinetic friction. TiMolium >
Alpha titanium Frictionless mechanics – Formability - Beta III > TMA >
TiMolium Resilience - TiMolium > TMA > Beta III
181. WELDABILITY TiMolium > Beta III FINISHING STAGES
Incomplete tip, torque correction Beta III > TMA > TiMolium
182. Thank you For more details please visit

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