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Coils & Accessories
Operating Manual
3802-23-00
Magstim 2nd Generation Coils & Accessories
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Numbers
Guarantee: 1
GUARANTEE
The Magstim Company's obligations under this guarantee are limited to repairs or at the
company's option, replacement of any defective parts of our equipment, except batteries, without
charge if said defects occur during normal service.
Claims for damages during shipment must be filed promptly with the transportation company.
All correspondence concerning the equipment must specify both model name and/ or number
and serial number, as it appears on the invoice for said equipment.
Improper use, mishandling, tampering with, or operation of the equipment without following
specific operating instructions will void this guarantee and release the Magstim Company from
any further guarantee obligations.
The Magstim Company will only accept responsibility for the effects on safety, reliability and
performance of the equipment if:
i. modifications or repairs are carried out by The Magstim Company Service Department only.
ii the electrical installation of the relevant room complies with local regulations, and
iii the equipment is used in accordance with the instructions for use.
NB - If the Double 70mm Air-Cooled Coil is used without filters fitted the warranty will be
invalidated.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
This manual is written for users of Magstim 2nd Generation Stimulating Coils and Accessories –
The 2nd Generation Stimulating Coils and Accessories are designed to be used in conjunction
with the Magstim Model 2002, BiStim2 and Rapid2 Magnetic Stimulators for the magnetic
stimulation of neuromuscular tissue.
The discharge current through the stimulating coil generates a high intensity magnetic pulse.
When the coil is applied to a conductive medium, such as the human body, eddy currents are
produced by electromagnetic induction, which causes stimulation to the tissue.
This method of stimulation enables deep, and otherwise inaccessible, nerves to be stimulated
easily and relatively painlessly. In addition, no skin preparation is required and stimulation can
be achieved through clothing.
The Magstim 2nd Generation Coils and accessories are designed for use with
the Magstim 2002, BiStim2 and Rapid2 for the stimulation of neuromuscular
tissue. The Magstim systems are for use by, or under the supervision of, a
medical practitioner only.
The Magstim 2nd Generation Coils and accessories are designed for use with
the Magstim 2002, BiStim2 and Rapid2 and are intended for the stimulation
of peripheral nerves for diagnostic purposes.
Note - Magnetic Stimulators have not been cleared by the FDA for cortical
stimulation. Investigational human uses require that the user complies with
the FDA regulations regarding Investigational Devices.
1.3 CAUTION
1.4 CONTRAINDICATIONS
The Magstim 2nd Generation Coils and accessories should not be used on or
in the vicinity of patients or users with cardiac demand pacemakers,
implanted defibrillators and/or implanted neurostimulators.
Correct coil positioning is essential to allow accurate measurements of the important parameters
such as conduction latency, threshold of stimulation, response size and waveform morphology.
In the Magstim Model 2002 the discharge current in the stimulating coil and the resulting
magnetic pulse is mono-phasic, giving unidirectional current from the Magstim unit through the
coil, allowing for mono-hemispheric stimulation. Therefore, the direction of the current relative
to the stimulated tissue is dependent on the orientation of the coil.
Circular Coils
These have their faces labelled A and B respectively. With Side A visible and Side B facing the
area to be stimulated, the coil current flows in an anticlockwise direction and the induced tissue
current flows in the clockwise direction.
The 90mm coil is primarily designed to easily stimulate the motor cortex to obtain responses
from muscles in the arms and hands. When the centre of the coil is positioned over the vertex the
mean diameter of the windings sit over the motor strip of both hemispheres. In the case of all
circular coils, stimulation takes place under the winding and not the coil centre. When recording
from muscles in the lower limbs, move the stimulating coil forward from the vertex and contra
lateral to the target muscle by approximately 2 inches (50mm) each way, such that the mean
diameter of the coil winding lies over the central fissure.
Double Coil
These coils have their coil heads labelled with blue arrows, which, as in the single coils,
represent the direction of the coil discharge current. The virtual cathode for these coils is
approximate to the valley or trough formed by the conjunction of the two coils, directly opposite
the handle towards the leading edge of the coil. In the case of the 2nd Generation Air-Cooled
Coil, in addition to the discharge current directional arrows, the coil also has, moulded into the
plastic top cover, a minus symbol near the front and three arrows pointing towards it from the
handle. These marks are intended to show the virtual cathode and the evoked current flow
respectively. The evoked (induced) current is in the opposite direction to the coil discharge
current, indicated by the turquoise arrows fitted to the coil.
COIL SELECTION
The Double 70mm Coil is more localised in its area of stimulation. Stimulating the motor cortex
using the Double 70mm Coils produces responses which can be recorded from the majority of
muscles in the body, allowing for the functional assessment of motor pathways. For
reproducible results from cortical stimulation, the most effective site of stimulation should
established and marked upon a lightweight, close fitting cap. For peripheral sites, the stimulation
site can be marked with a suitable pen.
When recording from muscles in the arms and hands, position the coil centrally on the vertex.
Optimum stimulation takes place under the mid-point of the coil. When recording from muscles
in the lower limbs, move the coil forward from the vertex and contra lateral to the target muscle
by approximately 2 inches each way, such that part of the coil winding lies over the central
fissure.
The Magstim Rapid2 is bi-phasic, resulting in current flow through the coil in both directions.
All Magstim 2nd Generation and Remote Control Stimulating Coils, with the exception of the 2nd
Generation double 70mm Air-Cooled Coil, are fitted with 2m connecting cables. In some
instances it is necessary for the Magstim Stimulator to be greater than 2m away from the coil
head. The 2nd Generation Coil Extension Cable, which is also fitted with a 2m interconnecting
cable, allows the user to increase the Stimulator to Coil - head distance to a total of 4m. This
allows increased flexibility of use, without introducing any significant reduction in stimulation.
If, for specific cases, a total length of greater than 4m is required, the Magstim Company Ltd.
should be contacted. Individual requirements can then be assessed to determine whether a
viable solution is possible.
The Magstim Coil Adapter is for use with the Magstim Model 2002, BiStim2 and Rapid2 only.
It has been developed to allow the use of the Magstim Original, and Custom, range of
stimulating coils on the Magstim Model 2002 and the Rapid2. It should not be used with the
Magstim 2nd Generation stimulating coils, as they have been designed specifically for use with
the Magstim 2002 , BiStim2 and Rapid2 and do not need an adapter. If a Magstim 2nd
Generation Coil is connected via the Coil Adapter, the Stimulator will display an error message
and will not arm.
CAUTION: Magnetic Stimulators have not been cleared by the FDA for
cortical stimulation. Investigational human uses require that the user complies
with the FDA regulations regarding Investigational Devices. Please visit
USA Only www.fda.gov/cdrh or www.magstim-us.com for more information.
CAUTION: The Stimulating Coils and Accessories must not be used on, or in
the vicinity of, patients or subjects with cardiac demand pacemakers, implanted
defibrillators, or other electronic implants.
The Stimulating Coils generates high intensity magnetic pulses. The induced
eddy current is of sufficient magnitude to stimulate nerves and muscle.
The strong magnetic pulses generated by the Stimulating Coils induce eddy
currents in any conductive medium such as the human body, nearby metallic
objects or electronic devices.
NB Particular care must be taken to ensure that leads connected directly to the
patient, or other equipment, are not in a position where the Stimulating Coils
and Accessories can couple resulting in currents being induced in them.
Do not discharge the Magstim Magnetic Stimulator with the Stimulating Coils
in the vicinity of metallic objects or these may be projected, moved and/or
damaged.
Where possible avoid the use of the Stimulating Coil near the ears. The use of
ear plugs is recommended.
High voltages are present within the Stimulating Coils and Accessories during
operation. Do not remove covers. Refer servicing to qualified personnel.
The Stimulating Coils and Accessories must not be used if there are any signs
of external damage or if any parts are damp or wet.
The 90mm Coil is intended for transient use, the surface temperature limits for
which, being 50oC. If it is intended that the coil be used for more prolonged
contact, the proposed protocol must be run, prior to its application on a patient,
to ensure that the surface temperature does not rise above 41oC during
operation.
Coils and Accessories must not be immersed in water, put in an ice bucket, or
refrigerated. Not even if placed within a plastic bag. The Coils and Accessories
do not have any specialised protection against the ingress of liquids, therefore
conditions where ingress of liquid, or the forming of condensation within the
coils, can occur must be avoided as the electrical insulation will be
compromised. Cooling must only be performed by using a flow of cool air
from a fan or air conditioning unit.
Due to thermal lag, the surface temperature of the Stimulating Coils will
continue to rise following the coil over-temp activating and forcing the main
unit into a standby condition. Therefore, the Coil must be removed from the
patient as soon as the replace coil symbol is illuminated.
There are currently few medical papers available regarding the effects of
magnetic stimulation on the unborn child/ foetus or the expectant mother. As a
result of this, we are unable to verify the safety of the Coils’ use on, or by,
pregnant women. We recommend that anyone wishing to use the Coils on a
pregnant woman, or use it whilst pregnant, should contact the Magstim
Company Ltd. for more information as new medical papers become available.
On no account must the Stimulating Coils and Accessories be used
in environmental conditions outside those specified in this
operating manual.
Do not allow the air inlets to become restricted or blocked, as this will cause
the vacuum motor to overheat. With continuous use under these conditions,
permanent damage may be caused to the vacuum unit.
The Double 70mm Air-Cooled Coil must not be used without the filters fitted,
as dust and debris could be drawn into the coil, causing possible impairment of
function or a breach of the electrical insulation.
The Vacuum Unit, with which the system is designed to operate, is a non-
medical device and should therefore be located outside the Patient Environment
during operation. The Patient Environment being the area enclosed within a
distance of 1.5m from the patient.
3.1 General
(For more detailed operating instructions see the Operating Manual for the Magstim Magnetic
Stimulator).
IMPORTANT • To avoid interference problems the Stimulating Coils should not be used
in the vicinity of any equipment that does not comply with EMC Standard
EN 60601-1-2, including mobile phones.
• At the start of each session the Operator must check the plastic casing of
the Stimulating Coil and/or Accessory for any signs of external damage.
If any cracks are visible in the housing, or there is damage to the cable
insulation, the item must not be used and should be returned for servicing
and repairs. In addition, when using the Double 70mm Air-Cooled Coil,
the cooling system tubing must be checked for signs of damage/ breached
insulation and the filters must be checked to ensure that they are not
soiled. If the coil is used with soiled filters the cooling performance will
be reduced.
• Care must be taken to connect the Stimulating Coil/ Accessory Plug to the
Coil Socket correctly – see diagram below. Failure to do so can cause
internal arcing, resulting in damage to the connection pins, and in severe
cases, internal damage to the coil/ accessory and Magnetic Stimulator.
3.2 2nd Generation Coil Operation (instructions relate to use with a Magstim 2002)
1. Connect the Coil to the main Magstim unit. Go through the set-up procedure
detailed in the main Magstim unit Operating Manual, select the desired
stimulating power by using the OUTPUT POWER knob, and press the RUN
switch on the Control Unit of the Magstim to arm the unit. The Magstim will
charge and the READY indicator will be illuminated.
2. Position the Stimulating Coil on the desired area to be stimulated. Hold the
stimulating coil and press one of the Trigger Enable switches located on
either side of the coil handle. Press and hold the TRIGGER key on the front
panel, or depress and hold the footswitch. There should be a clicking noise
emanating from both the stimulating coil and the Magstim, each time the
Magstim is discharged, indicating that a magnetic pulse is being delivered by
the Stimulating Coil, stimulating the nerves beneath it.
4. When the stimulations have been completed, press the STOP switch on the
Control Unit of the Magstim.
Note 1. A magnetic pulse will only be produced if one or both of the safety
switches at the base of the stimulating coil are pressed.
On no account must the trigger and enable buttons on the stimulating
coil be permanently activated, by taping down, or any other method of
fixing. They are designed as a safety interlock, to disable them could
result in a serious injury as a result of an inadvertent discharge of the
coil.
2. If the instrument has not been triggered for over 1 minute after the
READY symbol is illuminated the unit will automatically select the default
mode and discharge internally.
3.3 Remote Control Coil Operation (instructions relate to use with a Magstim 2002)
1. Connect the Coil to the main Magstim unit. Go through stages 2 to 5 of the
set-up procedure detailed in the main Magstim unit Operating Manual -
Section 5 – Preparations For Use. All LEDs and symbols on the Remote
Control Coil will then illuminate within a period of 3 seconds. At the end of
the 3 second period, the OUTPUT % DISPLAY will indicate an output
power level of 30% (item 5 shown in Section 4 of this Operating Manual).
Ensure that all indicator LEDs are functioning properly before proceeding; if
not, contact The Magstim Company Service Department.
2. Select the desired stimulating power by using the power up and power down
buttons (items 4 and 6 respectively, shown in Section 4 of this Operating
Manual). Individual presses of the buttons will either increment, or
decrement the power level by 1%. If the button is pressed and held, the
power level will continue to increase, or decrease, in 1% steps until the button
is released, or the power level reaches 100%, or 0%. When the button has
been depressed for a period of 3 counts, the rate of change of power level will
approximately double.
3. Press, and hold, one of the Arm/Trigger buttons on the coil (button No. 1
shown in Section 4 of this Operating Manual) to arm the Magstim. The
yellow LED indicator on the front of the Magstim will illuminate. The
Magstim will then charge to the power level that you have selected. When
the Magstim has completed charging the READY indicator (See item 7
shown in Section 4 of this Operating Manual) will illuminate.
4. Position the Stimulating Coil on the desired area to be stimulated. When you
are ready to energise the coil, press the second Arm/Trigger button on the coil
(whilst continuing to hold the first). There should be a clicking noise
emanating from both the stimulating coil and the Magstim, each time the
Magstim is discharged, indicating that a magnetic pulse is being delivered by
the Stimulating Coil, stimulating the nerves beneath it.
6. When the stimulations have been completed, press the STOP switch on the
Remote Control Coil (item No. 2 shown in Section 4 of this Operating
Manual). The Magstim will then discharge itself internally and remain in the
default mode until it is required for use.
Note 1. On no account must the Arm/Trigger buttons on the stimulating coil
be permanently activated, by taping down, or any other method of fixing.
They are designed as a safety interlock, to disable them could result in a
serious injury as a result of an inadvertent discharge of the coil.
2. If the Magstim has not been triggered for over 1 minute after the READY
symbol is illuminated the unit will automatically select the default mode and
discharge internally.
4. As soon as the coil surface temperature rises to greater than 41oC, in the
case of the double 70mm Coil, or 50oC in the case of the 90mm Coil, the
stimulator will automatically select the default mode and discharge internally
and the over-temp indicator ( item 3, shown in Section 4 of this Operating
Manual) will illuminate. The stimulator cannot be re-armed until either the
coil has cooled down, or is replaced with another cooler coil.
3.4 Double 70mm Air-Cooled Coil Operation (instructions relate to use with a Magstim
Rapid2)
1. Connect the Coil to the main Rapid2 Unit, and the Vacuum Unit – NB the
Vacuum Unit requires its own individual 10A - 115V, 5A - 230V power outlet.
Switch on both units. The system status window will display ARMED and the
instrument will charge to the level displayed on the POWER DISPLAY
WINDOW.
2. Position the Stimulating Coil in the Coil Stand (or other clamping device), away
from any objects that may be repelled or damaged by the coil discharge and
away from any sources of dust or debris that may clog the coil filters. Adjust
coil orientation, as necessary, to achieve stimulation of desired area. Ensure that
the air-extraction tubing is not in a position where it could be tripped over.
3. Press and hold down one or both of the safety switches located on the handle of
the Stimulating Coil. Triggering the Rapid2 results in a magnetic pulse being
delivered by the Stimulating Coil, stimulating the nerves beneath it. The safety
switches are fitted to prevent accidental energisation of the coil. The Magstim
Rapid2 will not trigger if the switch/es are not pressed, unless the coil switch
over-ride option has been selected – see Magstim Rapid2 Operating Manual for
further details.
Safety Switch
4. When necessary, reposition the Stimulating Coil and/or modify the stimulating
power level (or frequency, where applicable) to suit the requirements for the
next stimulus. The Rapid2 can be triggered once again in the normal manner.
5. When the tests have been completed, press the STOP switch on the UI of the
Magstim Rapid2. The Rapid2 will then revert to STANDBY mode and cannot
be triggered until it is armed once more.
IMPORTANT On no account must the safety interlock switches and the enable button on
the stimulator be permanently activated, by taping down, or any other
method of fixing. They are designed as safety interlock switches, to disable
them could result in a serious injury as a result of an inadvertent discharge
of the coil.
The Vacuum Unit is supplied as a dedicated unit. On no account should it be
used for anything other than the cooling of the coil. To do so would clog the
internal filters of the unit and result in impaired airflow through the coil.
The Cooled Coil has been designed for use in conjunction with the Vacuum
Unit. Therefore it must not be used without the Vacuum Unit in operation.
3.5 2nd Generation Coil Extension Cable Operation (instructions relate to use with a
Magstim 2002, BiStim2 and Rapid2).
Ensure that the locating spot on the coil plug is correctly lined up with the COIL OUTPUT
SOCKET, located on the front panel of the Magstim Magnetic Stimulator. Insert the connector
of the stimulating coil into the output socket. When the coil plug is fully engaged in the socket,
lock the plug in place by turning the black locking ring clockwise until it clicks into place.
It is important that the plug is connected correctly, with all sections of the locking ring mated. If
the coil connector is connected at an angle, with one of the sections not correctly mated,
permanent damage can be caused to the both the Cable and the Stimulator.
3.6 Coil Adapter Operation (instructions relate to use with a Magstim 2002, BiStim2 and
Rapid2)
2. Connect the plug section of the Coil Adapter to the main Magstim unit as
follows:
Ensure that the locating spot on the Coil Adapter plug is correctly lined up
with the COIL OUTPUT SOCKET, located on the front panel of the
Magstim Model 2002/Rapid2. Insert the plug of the Coil Adapter into the
output socket. When the plug is fully engaged in the socket, lock it in place
by turning the black locking ring clockwise until it clicks into place. Go
through the set-up procedure detailed in the main Magstim unit Operating
Manual, select the desired stimulating power by using the OUTPUT POWER
knob, and press the RUN switch on the Control Unit of the Magstim to arm
the unit. The Magstim will charge and the READY indicator will be
illuminated.
both, of the Trigger Enable switches on the Stimulating Coil. Press and hold
the TRIGGER key on the Control Unit of the Magstim. There should be a
clicking noise emanating from both the stimulating coil and the Magstim,
each time the Magstim is discharged, indicating that a magnetic pulse is being
delivered by the Stimulating Coil, stimulating the nerves beneath it.
5. When the stimulations have been completed, press the STOP switch on the
Control Unit of the Magstim.
Note 1. A magnetic pulse will only be produced if one or both of the safety
switches at the base of the stimulating coil are pressed.
On no account must the trigger and enable buttons on the stimulating
coil be permanently activated, by taping down, or any other method of
fixing. They are designed as a safety interlock, to disable them could
result in a serious injury as a result of an inadvertent discharge of the
coil.
2. If the instrument has not been triggered for over 1 minute after the
READY symbol is illuminated the unit will automatically select the default
mode and discharge internally.
3. Ensure the Coil Adapter, and Stimulating Coil are functioning properly
before proceeding.
Error Codes
The Magstim Model 2002/Rapid2 will display the appropriate error code on its
display. The faults, and associated error codes, relating to the operation of
the Coil Adapter are listed below. The error codes for faults relating directly
to the operation of the stimulating coil are listed in section 6 of the Magstim
Model 2002 Operating Manual and in section 8 of the Magstim Rapid2
Operating Manual.
3.
3.
There is a COIL TRIGGER ENABLE button located on each side of the coil in
the position indicated by the above photograph. The button is a safety feature,
designed to prevent the stimulating coil from being inadvertently discharged.
NB All controls shown above are duplicated on the reverse side of the coil.
The Magstim 2nd Generation Air-Cooled Double 70mm Coil System - 3380-00 - comprises:-
Air-Cooled Double 70mm Stimulating Coil - 3530-00, Coil Stand - 1261-00 and Vacuum Unit -
1618-00.
Screw connector
here
Position the coil
handle into the hook
of the coil stand
1.
There is a COIL TRIGGER ENABLE button located on each side of the coil in the position
indicated by the above photograph. The button is a safety feature, designed to prevent the
stimulating coil from being inadvertently discharged. To enable the Magstim to be triggered,
one, of both, of the trigger enable buttons must be depressed.
SECTION 5: MAINTENANCE
The filters (two of) should be replaced only with Magstim Double 70mm
Cooled-Coil Filters – Part No. 1886/10/00. The Magstim Company will not be
held responsible for any related damage sustained to the coil, or for any
reduction in system performance, if anything other than the correct Magstim
filters are used.
IMPORTANT
Before commencing filter change, ensure that:-
1. The coil is disconnected from the Magstim Rapid.
2. The filter change is to be performed by technical personnel only.
Check that the coil filter cover is securely in place before allowing the coil to be used.
The filters may be disposed of in the general waste disposal unit. There are no special
conditions of disposal required. See Appendix for Coil Filter Change Record.
Note: The coils cannot be sterilised. Do not allow the coils, or Vacuum
Unit, to become contaminated with bodily fluids.
5.4 SERVICING
The Stimulating Coils must be returned immediately to the Magstim
Company Ltd., if there are any signs of external damage. All coil
Servicing must be carried out by the Magstim Company Service
Department only. It is also advisable that the coil is returned for
servicing after two years of use. For servicing information contact the
Magstim Company Limited at:
5.6 DISPOSAL
When a Magstim Stimulating Coil, or Accessory, reaches the end of its
serviceable life, the Magstim Company Limited should be contacted, at
the above address, to arrange for its disposal in compliance with the
appropriate environmental regulations.
SECTION 6: SPECIFICATIONS
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
When used with a Magstim Magnetic Stimulator, the whole system is classified
as Class 1. The Stimulating Coils and Accessories are classified as type BF
applied parts when used with the Magnetic Stimulator. This means that their
external surfaces are electrically isolated from the other parts of the equipment
as required by safety standards of BSEN60601-1, with the exception of the
Vacuum Unit, which is a non-medical device and should therefore be located
outside the Patient Environment during operation. The Patient Environment
being the area enclosed within a distance of 1.5m from the patient.
The Stimulating Coils and Accessories comply with the requirements of the
Safety Standard EN60601-1 (90), including amendment 1 (91) and amendment 2
(95), and EMC Standard EN 60601-1-2, with the exception of the Vacuum Unit,
see above.
EMC Susceptibility
To avoid interference problems the Magstim Magnetic Stimulators, Stimulating
Coils and Accessories, should not be used in the vicinity of any equipment that
does not comply with EMC Standard EN 60601-1-2, including mobile phones.
The following relates to the Double 70mm Air-Cooled Coil (3530-00) only.
a. If exposed to Radiated RF Immunity EN61000-4-3 80MHz – 2.5GHz 2Hz
80% amplitude modulation the Cooled Coil System may produce system errors
setting system into safe mode between 80MHz and 100MHz .
b. If subjected to Conducted RF Immunity EN61000-4-6 0.15MHz – 80MHz
2Hz 80% amplitude modulation the Cooled Coil System may produce system
errors setting system into safe mode between 30MHz and 80MHz. For full
information on EMC Emissions and Immunity in relation to the use of the 2nd
Generation Double 70mm Air-Cooled Coil System with the Rapid2 System, see
section 13 of the Rapid2 Operating Manual.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Coil Average Max. rate of Max. No. of Max. No. of Max. No. of Weight
Inductance change of Stimulations Stimulations Stimulations
magnetic field at 50% at 80% at 100%
Power Power Power
90mm Coils –
3192-00 & 23.47µH 22.5 x 103 T/s 505 260 145 1.75kg
3193-00
Double 70mm
Coils–3190-00 15.50µH 25 x 103 T/s 340 110 60 1.8kg
& 3191-00
Double 70mm Max. magnetic
Air-Cooled 15.50µH field See tables See tables See tables 3.9kg
Coil – 3530-00 0.93T below below below
Coil Adapter – - - - - - 0.74kg
3110-00
The above Coils are fitted with a 2m cable as standard, with the exception of the Double 70mm
Air-Cooled Coil, whose overall length is 4.5m and the Coil Adapter, whose length is 1m. The
"maximum number of stimulations" columns relate to the number of stimulations that can be
achieved with a Magstim 2002, at an ambient temperature of 20oC, before the coil exceeds its
permitted operating temperature.
The following data for the Double 70mm Air-Cooled Coil was obtained at an ambient
temperature of 26oC.
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
APPENDIX A
Error Description
Codes
E61 Power fail
E62 Stack underflow
E63 Stack overflow
E64 RTS overrun
E65 WD Timeout
E66 Unexpected reset
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