Course code: PHY1701

Module: 5
 Module:5
Electromagnetic Theory and its application
• Physics of Divergence, Gradient and Curl,
Qualitative understanding of surface and
volume integral, Maxwell Equations
(Qualitative), Wave Equation (Derivation), EM
Waves, Phase velocity, Group velocity, Group
index , Wave guide (Qualitative)
 Vector
• Quantities which has magnitude and direction
are called Vector
• Examples for vector quantities are
ØVelocity, Acceleration, Force, Momentum, Electric
field, Magnetic field
 Scalar
• Quantities which has only magnitude.
• Examples
Ø Mass, Density, Charge, Temperature, Time
 Position Vector
• The vector !" or $⃗
(
• !" = $⃗ = &x̂ + 'ŷ + )z
• |A| = * + + - + + . +
P (x,y,z)
 Dot product of two vectors
• If "⃗ & # are two vectors.
• "⃗ . # = |"|
⃗ |#|cos $ = AB cos $
• $ → angle between vector A and B
 Cross product of two vectors
• If "⃗ & # are two vectors.
• The cross product of two vectors are given by
• "⃗ x # = |"||#|sin
⃗ $ &%
= AB sin $ &%
• $ → angle between vector A and B
• If two vectors are parallel the angle between
them is zero
• "⃗ x # = - # x "⃗
 Triple product
Scalar triple product:
• If "⃗ , $ & %⃗ are vectors.
• "⃗ . ($ x %)
⃗ or $. (%⃗ x ")
⃗ or %.
⃗ ("⃗ x $)
• If "⃗ , $ & %⃗ vectors are the sides of a
parallel pipe, then the scalar product of
these vectors will give the volume of the
parallel pipe.
 Scalar triple product
• If the vectors "⃗ , $ & %⃗ are represents into
component form
• "⃗ = "& (' + ") *' + "+ -̂
• $ = $& (' + $) *' + $+ -̂
• %⃗ = %& (' + %) *' + %+ -̂
• Now,
"& ") "+
• "⃗ . ($ x %)
⃗ = $& $) $+
%& %) %+
 Vector triple product
• If "⃗ , $ & %⃗ are vectors, the cross product of
these vectors are
• "⃗ x ($ x %)
⃗ = $ ("⃗ . %)
⃗ - %⃗ ("⃗ . $)
• ("⃗ x $) x %⃗ = - "⃗ ($ . %)
⃗ + $ ("⃗ . %)
⃗
 Problem-1
• Prove that

["⃗ x (# x $)]
⃗ + [# x ($⃗ x ")]
⃗ + [$⃗ x ("⃗ x #)] = 0
 Problem-2
• Find the gradient of r = ! " + $ " + % " ( the
magnitude of the position vector).
• Solution:
() () ()
&' = !+ + $+ + %̂
(* (, (-
/ "* / ", / "-
= !+ + $+ + %̂
" * 0 1, 0 1- 0 " * 0 1, 0 1- 0 " * 0 1, 0 1- 0
+ ,1-
* *1, + -̂
=
* 0 1, 0 1- 0
)̂
&' = = '̂
)
 Gradient
• If we have a function !(x,y,z)
• A theorem on partial derivative states that
#$ #$ #$
• "!= ( '& + )& + ̂ (d''& + dy)& + dz,)̂
,).
#% #( #*
• "!= 0! . "2̂
#$ #$ #$
• Where 0! ≡ '& + )& + ,̂ is the
#% #( #*
gradient of !.
• !" is a vector quantity.
• The gradient !" points in the direction of
maximum increase of the function.
• The maximum !" gives the slope (rate of
increase) along this maximal direction.
 The Del operator
• The del operation is represent as !
% % %
• ! = $# + (# + +̂
%& %) %,
• It is a vector differential operator
• When applied to a function defined on a one-
dimensional domain, it denotes its standard
derivative as defined in calculus.
 Characteristic of ! operator
• The ! operator can act on a scalar function ":
!" (The gradient)
• It can operate on a vector function via dot
product: !. %⃗ ( Divergence)
• It can operate on a vector function via cross
product: ! x %⃗ (The curl)
 Second derivatives
• The gradient, the divergence and the curl are
the only first derivative we can make with !,
• By applying ! twice, we can construct five
species of second derivatives:
ØDivergence of gradient !. (!%)
ØCurl of gradient !x (!%)
ØGradient of divergence ! (!. ()
'
ØDivergence of curl !. (!x()
'
ØCurl of curl !x (!x))
'
Note:

• Curl of gradient and divergence of curl are

always zero.
• !x(!x$) # - !'(
# = !(!. $)
 Fundamental theorems
• Gradient theorem:
#
∫" (%&) . )* = &(+) - &(,)
• Divergence theorem or Gauss divergence theorem:

- %. /. 01 = 3 /⃗ . 0,⃗

d1 = dxdydz
• Curl theorem:
⃗ . d,⃗ = ∮ / . 0*⃗
• ∫(%x/)
 Line Integral
#
• Line integral is ∫" %⃗ . '(⃗
• '(⃗ is the infinitesimal displacement %⃗ function
• The path is from a to b
• If it is a closed loop the line integral is
represented as
• ∮ %⃗ . '(⃗
 Surface Integral
• A surface integral is an expression of the form
• ∫" $⃗ . &'⃗
• ( is a vector function
• )* is infinitesimal path of area with direction
perpendicular to the surface.
 Volume Integral

• A volume integral is an expression of the form

• ∫" # $%
• # is a scalar function
• $% = $'$($)
 Basics of vectors

• If "⃗ #, %, & = #& ( + #%& * − % , -

• Find Curl "⃗
• Ans: −% 2 + # ( + # * + %& -
 Basics of vectors
• Curl !" = 0

% & '
( ( (
• ! x !" = () (* (+
(, (, (,
() (* (+

• 0%+0&+0' =0
 Basics of vectors
• If "⃗ = $%,
• "⃗ is a conservative vector field
• If $ x "⃗ = 0
• "⃗ is a conservative vector field
• If "⃗ = '( ) + '+( , − + . /
• Whether "⃗ is a conservative field or not.
 Curl
• Particles near (x,y,z) in the field tend to rotate
about the axis that points in the direction of
⃗ &, ')
curl "($,

Curl F (x,y,z)

P (x,y,z)
 Curl
• The length of this curl vector is a measure of
how quickly the particles move around the
axis.
• If curl F = 0, at a point P the field is free from
rotations at P.
• F is called irrotational at P.
 Gradient Operator
# # #
• ! = %+ (+ *
#$ #' #)
• Div F = !. F
• If + ,, ., / = ,/ % + ,./ ( + −. 1 *
• Find div F
# # #
• !. + = %( +j +* ) . (,/ % + ,./ ( − . 1 *)
#$ #' #)

• !. +⃗ = / + ,/
• Vector density is div curl F = 0
 Physical meaning of divergence
• The name divergence can be understood in the
context of the fluid flow.
• If "⃗ ($, &, ') is the velocity of fluid ( or gas),
divF(x,y,z) represents the net rate of change (with
respect to time) of the mass of fluid (or gas)
flowing from the point (x,y,z) per unit volume.
• In other words div F(x,y,z) measures the tendency
of the fluid to diverge from the point (x,y,z)
• If div " = 0, " is said to be incompressible.