Attachment # A

Soil Liquefaction calculation.

a. Liquefaction Model
To identify soil susceptible liquefy based on practice formerly used Seed and Idriss Criteria (Seed
and Idriss, 1971), Based on SPT (Standard Penetration Test) and CPT (Cone Penetration Test).
Latest publication revised initial publication from seed and Idriss as follows:
i. Robertson, P.K., and Wride (Fear), C.E. 1998. Evaluating cyclic liquefaction potential
using the cone penetration test. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 35(3): 442–459.
ii. Seed, H.B., and Idriss, I.M. 1971. Simplified procedure for evaluation soil liquefaction
potential. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, 97(SM9): 1249–
1273.
iii. Youd, T.L., and Garris, C.T. 1995. Liquefaction-induced ground surface disruption.
Journal of Geotechnical and Geo environmental Engineering, ASCE, 121(11): 805–808.
iv. Youd, T.L., et.al. (2001).”Liquefaction resistances of soil: Summary Report from the 1996
NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF workshop evaluation of liquefaction resistances of soils.”
Journal Geotechnical and Geoenviromental Engineering., 39(5), 1168-1180.
v. Wride, C.E., McRoberts, E.C., and Robertson, P.K. 1999. Reconsideration of case histories
for estimating undrained shear strength in sandy soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal,
36: 907–933.
vi. Yoshimine, M., Robertson, P.K., and Wride (Fear), C.E. 1999. Undrained shear strength
of clean sands to trigger flow liquefaction. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 36(5): 891–
906.

b. Seismic Zone For Soil Susceptible Liquefaction Analysis

In Indonesia seismic zone for bridge, response spectra show in Standar Pembebanan untuk
Jembatan (RSNI T-02-2005) for ductile structure, its mean response spectra has divided with
ductility of structure. For soil liquefaction susceptible liquefaction used peak ground
acceleration in seismic map and with UBC 2004 the peak ground acceleration amplifies. For
detail calculation for SOFT soil (N-average based on UBC calculation it’s shown for soft soil area),
hence Amax calculation as follows :

Amplification factor for Fa (UBC, 2004)

For soft Soil (class site E) and for PGA = 0.2, hence a max = 0.3 g

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 Attachment # A
c. Example calculation for liquefaction

 Depth 05.00 meter (ref BM-01)

a. Cyclic Stress Resistances Calculation
1. Peak ground acceleration = 0.30 g
2. Total stress, σ0 = tot*h = 19*2 = 38 kN/m2
3. Effective stress , σ’0 = (’ - w) =(19-10)*2 = 18 kN/m2
4. Stress ratio σ0/σ’0 = 2.11
5. depth factor reduction, rd
rd = 1-0.005*z = 1-0.005*2 = 0.99

Sehingga diperoleh nilai CSR adalah:

a 
CSR  0.65  
max
 r  0.65  0.3  2..11  0.99  0.407
0

g '
d

b. CRR Calculation
1. Correction factor for overburden CN
σ’0 = 38 kN/m2

38
C  2.2 /(1.2  (
N
)  1.39
100

2. N-SPT value corrected (N1)60

N = 13

( N )  N .C  1.39 *13  18.11

1 60 N

3. Determine soil layer position in liquefaction chart

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 Attachment # A

If we plot CSR = 0.407 and (N1)60 = 18 from graph about, sand will liquify

d. What is Total Collapse after liquefaction

Many example of ground movement of soil due to large displacement from earthquake motion,
san fernando lower dam as example where dam failure during earthquake due to large
displacement of soil, soil foundation and dam embankment liquefy during earthquake and move
largely post liquefaction hence slope stability of embankment will failure due to loss shear
strength of soil foundation.

e. Soil Test data to calculate soil susceptible to liquefy for embankment

Embankment for approach bridge use CPT-01 (near ABT-02) and CPT-02 (near ABT-01) to
determine soil susceptible liquefy. Used graph of Robertson criteria for CPT based (Robertson,
1990,2002,2009,2010)

To determine effect of pile in susceptible to liquefy use each bore hole (see BM-01 ~ BM-04). In
soil sampling difficult to get loose sand, so in practice used CPT to determine soil susceptible
liquefies.

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 Attachment # A

f. What effect liquefaction for pile

Liquefaction in sloping ground causes flow liquefaction, flow liquefaction will affect pile with
additional load as undrained shear strength of liquefy soil (seed and harder 1999), and pile
modeled with ENSOFT GROUP PILE as liquefied soil with p-y curve as degradation stiffness
(Cubrinovski, 2009). Based on JRA (Japanese road association, 1996) pile should be check as
freestanding column where soil layer liquefy and check as column. We have checked the pile
foundation influenced by liquefy soil layer with Ensoft group pile and JRA method and pile
foundation configuration acceptable for liquefy layer.