CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

In this chapter, the essential innovative parts of digital image processing with

uncommon reference to satellite image processing.

CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT

Contrast enhancement is a process by which the pixel intensity of the image is changed to

utilize the maximum possible bins (Gupta et al, 2014). Generally, the “contrast” term refers to

the separation of dark and bright areas present in an image. The advantage of contrast

enhancement is that it removes the ambiguity that may otherwise arise between different regions

in an image. Contrast enhancement can be categorized into two categories:

(1) Local contrast enhancement; and

(2) Global contrast enhancement.

Following table illustrates them more precisely:

Local contrast enhancement Global contrast enhancement

In this type of contrast enhancement In this type of contrast enhancement

techniques, a small window is a slide through techniques, the global histogram information is

every pixel of the input image sequentially and considered for enhancement. As the whole

only those blocks of pixels are enhanced which image is considered at once, so, local

fall under in this window. This means local information is ignored in this case.

information is used intelligently in this case.

Local brightness future is considerably As global brightness future is considered in

improved in this case. So contrast ratio can be this case, so this limits the contrast ratio in

improved in every region of the image. some part of the image. This results in

significant contrast losses in small regions of

the image, especially in the background.

Local contrast enhancement technique is The main advantage of global contrast

computationally complex. Sometimes, it enhancement is that it is computationally

involves high cost due to consideration of simple and is suitable for overall enhancement

over-lapped sub-blocks. of the image

Examples of two local contrast enhancement Examples of two widely adopted Global

techniques that are frequently adopted are AHE contrast enhancement techniques are

and CLAHE. Histogram Equalization and Histogram

Specification

COLOR IMAGE SEGMENTATION

Image segmentation can be defined as dividing an image into different groups or

partitions based on some homogeneity criteria like color, intensity, or texture etc.( Gonzalez et

al, 2014) )(Bora et al, 2016b)(Gupta et al, 2016)(Ho,2011). This is a very important step in any

image analysis process as it helps to identify the ROIs (Region of Interest) present in an image

and hence catalyzes the further analysis process. Image segmentation is of two types: gray image

segmentation and color image segmentation.

 Color image segmentation currently becomes a very emerging research area in image

processing area. This is because of the reason that it has a better capability of isolating objects

more distinctly than gray image segmentation. A gray image has only one channel associated

with it, i.e. the intensity channel. While a color image has at least three channels associated with

every image.

As for example, in an RGB image, we have three channels R(Red), G(Green) and

B(Blue) each carrying different information. So, a color image can bring much more information

than a gray image. Also, it‟s also a fact that our human eyes are more adjustable to brightness,

so, can identify thousands of color at any point of a complex image, while only a dozens of gray

scale are possible to be identified at the same time(Bora et al, 2014a). This implies that color

image segmentation has the ability to bring more information than gray image segmentation. For

a better color image segmentation task, the first important issue is to decide which color space to

be chosen for distribution of color attributes values of the concerned image.

In many cases, it is found that HSV and L*A*B* are the two frequently adopted color

spaces (Bora et al, 2014a)(Bora et al, 2014b)(Bora et al, 2016b). In the following figure 6(b) the

gray segmentation of the image 6(a) is shown and in figure 6(c), the color image segmentation is

shown. In both cases, we have adopted K-Means algorithm for the clustering task with Euclidean

distance measure.

Clustering is an unsupervised study commonly used for color image segmentation task.

K-Means algorithm is a famous hard clustering algorithm popular for its low complexity (Bora et

al, 2014c).
COLOR SPACE

A color space is an abstract mathematical model for which represents colors in terms of

intensity values (Singha et al, 2011). It specifies how color information can be represented in

combination with physical device profiling, thereby allowing us to understand the color

capabilities of a particular device or digital file (2017).

Color space can also be thought of just like a digital palette because it relates numbers to

actual colors in three-dimensional coordinate system which contains all realizable color

combinations ("Color Management: Understanding Color Spaces", 2017) Color space is the most

important factor that needs to be considered first while going for any color image analysis

process. There exist different types color spaces with respect to different types of applications

and devices. Maximum times RGB is taken as a default color space in common sense.

RGB defines a color as the percentage of red, green and blue hues mixed together

(Poynton, 1995) (“Color Management: Understanding Color Spaces”,2017).A color space can be

either device dependent or device independent. Device dependent color space is somehow

restricted to the parameters and device used for display. It may give a different display of colors

in different devices. While in the case of device independent color spaces, we will get the same

color regardless of whatever the device used. So, it is better to switch for device independent

color spaces for color image analysis tasks like color image enhancement, color image

segmentation.

RGB is a device dependent color space. So, it is recommended that the enhancement

process should not be done in this color space. HSV and LAB are two mostly preferred device

independent color spaces. These two color spaces have a very strong and useful characteristic of

separating „luma‟ from „chroma‟.

 Here, luma refers to image intensity and chroma refers to color information. This

characteristic is very important in image enhancement process as any enhancement needs to be

done is on the luma channel only so that it will not has any adverse effect on the chroma channel

otherwise it will result in the formation of strange irrelevant colors.

Wavelet Zero Padding (WZP)

Wavelet zero padding is one of the simplest methods for image resolution enhancement

shown in Fig. 1. In this method, wavelet transform of Low Resolution (LR) image is taken and

zero matrices are embedded into the transformed image by discarding high frequency sub bands

through the inverse wavelet transform and thus High Resolution (HR) image is obtained

(Pogaku,2012).

Input image Wavelet WZP Inverse Wavelet

(LR) Transform transform

Output Image
(HR)

Figure WZP Method

P. Suganya, N. Mohanapriya et. al. [2014] in this work author proposed method for

satellite image enhancement which includes Haar filter for pre-processing, Multi Wavelet

Transform, Interpolation Process, Inverse Process of Multi Wavelet Transform for the low

resolution image. The Multi Wavelet Transform and Interpolation technique used to produce

fewer artifacts. Limitation of this method is not effective method to reduce distortion and for

losing of high frequency content.

 Also in this work describes about InterSub band Correlation Technique using Sub Bands-

It used when an image is in low resolution, the image will be not clear that it is denoted as blur

image. So that the frequency will also be very low and discontinuous, property is shift variant

because of frequency is not continuous, the property keeps on changing. If the resolution is high,

the image will be clear because of the frequency will be as much as continuous. Using Inter-Sub

band correlation is we can get continuous frequency therefore the shifting property keeps

invariant. Advantage of it the low resolution image will get clear and enhanced.

Arya P Unni [2014] author proposed method for enhancement of satellite colour images.

Using the concept of 2D Discrete wavelet transform, threshold decomposition and morphological

filtering. It can differentiate unnecessary noise contents of the image and high frequency

components. Also haar filter is used to filter the frequency components that are unnecessary.

Also in this paper describe about Histogram Equalization technique is used to enhance images by

normalizing image intensities. This method is not able to maintain average brightness level

because there may be a large difference in intensity values of pixels therefore the average value

is not optimum in such situations. Brightness level is either under or over saturation in the

processed image. Limitation of this technique cannot be used for large images. Satellite images

are large images in general so not useful in that case.

Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)

Discrete wavelet transform based technique is most widely used technique for performing

image interpolation. DWT is used to decompose a low resolution (LR) image into 4 sub band

images LL, LH, HL and HH (Fig 4). All the obtained low and high frequency components of

image are interpolated then. A difference image is obtained by subtracting the interpolated LL

image from the original Low resolution (LR) image.

 Then, this difference image is added to the interpolated high frequency components to

obtain estimated form of HF sub band images. Finally IDWT is used to combine these estimated

images along with the input image to obtain high resolution images (Karunakar,2013).

Along Columns

Along Rows ↓2
G HH1

G ↓2
H ↓2 HL1
Image

G ↓2 LH1
H ↓2

H ↓2 LL1

G H.P.F H L.P.F ↓2 DS by 2

Figure 2 Block diagram of DWT filter banks of level-I

Gholamreza Anbarjafari 2011 proposed a DWT technique for interpolating the images.

But the images obtained from DWT and IDWT technique is not sharp, it has low PSNR as

compared to other methods. Hasan and Gholamreza 2011 covered the Discrete and stationary

wavelet decomposition technique based on interpolation of high frequency sub band images

resulting from DWT. In this technique high frequency components of image are enhanced by

stationary wavelet transform. This technique produces comparatively greater results. Hasan

Demirel and Gholamreza Anbarjafari discussed Complex Wavelet Transform (CWT) which is

used in image processing.

 CWT produces two complex-valued low-frequency sub band images and six complex

valued high frequency sub band images of original image. MSE and PSNR of the super resolved

image is also improves in this method.

Anumolu Lasmika, K. Raveendra [2014] author proposed a method for improving quality

of satellite images. Author present a method, DWT to decompose the input image into different

sub bands and apply threshold method on it. Identify the areas of the edges by using threshold

decomposition method. After that the edges are sharpened by using morphological filters. This

method works for sharpening and reduce the distortion of an image. Limitation of this work may

be extended for other problems related to satellite images such as artifacts.

Yong Yang, Shuying Huang et. al. [2014] in this work author proposed method for multi-

focus image fusion and the physical meaning of wavelet coefficients, fusion technique of a

discrete wavelet transform based with a new coefficients selection algorithm. Source images are

decomposed by DWT method, two different window-based fusion rules are separately apply to

combine the both low frequency and high frequency coefficients. Daubechies db8 as the wavelet

basis for DWT based method is used. This proposed method can achieve better visual quality and

objective evaluation indexes. Limitation of this method is that it does not implemented this

method on multi-sensor images such as remote sensing images, medical images etc.

Principal components analysis (PCA)

Wenkao Yang, Jing Wang et. al. [2013] author proposed method based on principal

components analysis (PCA) is a statistical technique that can convert multivariate data with

correlated variables into with uncorrelated variables.

 The new variables are obtained as linear combinations of the existing variables. PCA

technique has used for many purposes like in image encoding, image fusion, image data

compression and image enhancement. In the fusion process, PCA method generates uncorrelated

images.

The first principal component is replaced with the panchromatic band, with one which

has higher spatial resolution. Finally the inverse PCA transformation is applied to obtain the

image in the RGB colour image. Limitation of it is PCA image fusion method dominant spatial

information and weak colour information is often a Problem.

Satellite Image Processing on Distributed Computing Environments

Satellite image processing plays a vital role for research developments in Astronomy,

Remote Sensing, GIS, Agriculture Monitoring, Disaster Management and many other fields of

study. However, processing those satellite images requires a large amount of computation time

due to its complex and large processing criteria. This seems a barrier for real time decision

making. To switch the job faster, distributed computing can be a suitable solution. Recently,

Cluster and Grid are two most familiar and powerful distributed systems to serve for high

performance parallel applications.

GRASS GIS (Geographical Resources Analysis Support System) is an open source

software/tool, which has been used to process the satellite images. Inside GRASS, different

modules have been developed for processing satellite images. GRASS module “r.vi” is

developed by Kamble and Chemin, and is used as a test example for this study. Developing the

methodology, which enables to run GRASS GIS environment for satellite images processing on

distributed computing systems, is the main concerning issue of this paper.

 Additionally, two different implementation methodologies for distributed r.vi are

discussed for two different programming platforms. The GRASS module r.vi, is used to process

13 different vegetation indexes for the satellite images. Vegetation Index (VI) is the major set of

indicators for vegetation. NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) is one of them.

Where, RED and NIR stand for the spectral reflectance measurements acquired in the red and

near-infrared regions, respectively.

Other vegetation indexes are derived using various methods of differentiations and

contrast. The GRASS module (r.vi) is parallelized by using the master-worker model. The master

process run in the GRASS environment, and decomposes the target images in rows and

dispatches the computation of rows to multiple worker processes. Worker processes are free

from GRASS, they just run the computation and send back the row wise result to master process.

The example module (r.vi) will be implemented using MPI on a PC cluster system (r.vi.mpi) and

Ninf-G on a Grid system (r.vi.grid).

The major objective of this research is to provide the Remote Sensing user a compact

example for Grid and MPI programming as GRASS GIS distributed processing. Additionally,

these types of research will merge the Remote Sensing or GIS with High Performance

Computing communities. In near future, a comparative study on r.vi, r.vi.mpi and r.vi.grid will

be developed.

A Remote Sensing Image Process Method of Supervised Classification under Grid

Environment

On the base of studying and analyzing the Globus Toolkit2.4 platform and remote

sensing technology, this article uses the grid platform Globus Toolkit2.4 and the Bayesian
classification to build a remote sensing image process method of supervised classification under

the grid environment. This method can provide a preferred approach for the classification of

remote sensing image. Remote sensing technology was put forward in the 1960s, but the aviation

remote sensing technology was used in military reconnaissance in the early 20th century. It has

been used in geology civil engineering and other civilian areas since the beginning of 1920.

The remote sensing technology got a wide range of applications at present, but the remote

sensing data is huge and complex, with the development of information technology and sensor

technology, spatial resolution, spectral resolution and temporal resolution of remote sensing

image increased greatly, so the amount of computing will also be increased.

How to deal with this data quickly has become an important issue in the remote sensing

area. Traditionally, the remote sensing image processing systems are stand-alone systems, the

main model is centralized model, and both of the data and processing are disposed in a single

machine. Obviously this processing mode is not in conformity with the opening, distributed and

network requirements. But the grid provides a distributed environment for remote sensing image

processing.

The grid united the internet as a super computer whose core is “the internet is a

computer”. Due to the full use of the network resources, when dealing with the remote sensing

data, parallel processing can save more time. IT not only can achieve the arithmetic parallel, but

data parallel. This paper combined with the classification of remote sensing data and Grid

computing technology, introduced a remote sensing data processing method based on Grid

environment that can greatly improve the processing speed.

 But the Grid technology is still in the stage of research, with the development of research,

and it will be widely used in remote sensing data process.

Satellite Image

Satellite imagery is generally used by geographic and geological fields for survey

purposes and such. Improved satellite imagery is used to eliminate the rough effects or obscurity

of the satellite imagery, so that satellite imagery can be seen clearly. Image enhancement is

divided into two domains, the spatial domain, and the frequency domain. In the spatial domain,

the increase is done by changing or modifying the pixel value of the image, while the frequency

domain of image enhancement can be done by using Fourier transformation.

Increases in the frequency domain and on spatial domains will result in significantly

improved image improvement compared to image enhancements on a single domain only. This

increase can also produce images with better detail and contrast. Satellite images play a vital role

in modern computer-aided applications like geographical information systems. High resolution

satellite images are mostly acquired with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging and are

widely used in various research disciplines of remote sensing, ecology, oceanography, geology,

and interferometery. But the efficient use of these satellite images is possible only if the captured

images are of high quality with high-resolution pixels and free from external factors like noise,

default of capturing devices, discrete sources of radiation etc [Vartika Singh 2016].

While discussing the subparts of the main composed work which is such as, resolution

and contrast of an image these two factors are always important issues in many image processing

applications, such as satellite image resolution enhancement, feature extraction, video resolution

enhancement.
 Due to interpolation of an image, the number of pixels in digital image increases and its

applications are widely used in many image processing applications, such as image resolution

enhancement, multiple description coding, and facial reconstruction. Many techniques have been

developed to increases the resolution image enhancement by interpolation [Aditi Sharma 2016].

Infrared Image

Based on previous research, explained that the quality of infrared camera images has poor

quality. Starting from contrast, detail, and poor lighting. Therefore, image enhancement is

needed to improve image quality. Improved image is a process of image processing that has the

ability to change the original image to be more appropriate. In Image Improvement Technique,

can be divided into two types, namely spatial domain, and frequency domain.

The use of infrared technology has been widely applied to the military and civilian fields.

Implementation in military fields for example for night vision with night vision camera, target

detection, for more accurate precision and so on, while in the civil field applied to many CCTV

cameras for the store or house security purposes.

On the contrary, the result of the infrared image has low contrast, detail, and signal-to-

noise ratio (SNR), so we will be difficult to translate the information contained in the infrared

image. Therefore, we before we identify the infrared image, we must further process the infrared

image in order to contrast, detail, SNR, visual effects and information contained to be better than

before. As a product of the combination of infrared technology and imaging technology, the

application of infrared technology is becoming more and more widely. However, limited by the

performance of infrared detectors, the infrared image has low spatial resolution, poor visual

effect, no obvious details and low contrast.

 Therefore, the contrast enhancement and detail enhancement of infrared image received

widespread attention [Li Shu-xin, 2013].

Medical Image

Many factors cause the result of the X-ray image to be bad, because of the outside factor and

factor in, for example for the external factor that is not enough equipment, mistake of the

operator, abnormal of the patient, and others. This can cause Xray images to have insufficient

detail, low contrast and brightness and the other. So, we need to improve the X-ray image so that

the quality is better than the previous image.

Xray image improvements can be performed for example by means of histogram equalization to

allow for uniform illumination, changing gray levels for reduced noise, using High-pass filters to

clarify details and more.

The X-ray has been widely used in the biomedical and medical fields since it was born. At

present, X-ray images have become important basis in the process of medical diagnosis. Medical

Xray image contains a large amount of information, but the details are fuzzy and the contrast is

low, which makes adverse effects on the doctor's judgment. Thus, improving the image contrast

and enhancing the details sharpness while suppressing the noises are the key points of this kind

of image enhancement [Wang Rui,2017].

Digital Image

The purpose of digital imagery is to provide an idea of an object digitally displayed through the

computer or other viewer media as the introduction of the object. High-quality digital images

have information or components that can express how the shape of the object is in detail.
So that we can understand or explore the object. The color image basically has three main color

bands namely Red, Green, and Blue (RGB). Whereas humans have perceptions of hue,

saturation, and intensity to color images. Therefore, the image is processed in such a way as to

change the color of the RGB in order to be understood by human perception.

In general, media viewer and printing machine using input in the form of RGB format so that the

image will be processed several times. Therefore, digital image enhancement is necessary to see

the difference from everyone's perception.

By using some image improvement method we can generate images with significant color

change, because, the main color used is the RGB color tape. Not only color change, detail,

lighting, and contrast are the main thing in image improvement process, so we need some more

process to get a more optimal result.

Improvement of a digital image is very influential in the field of entertainment, for example at a

photo exhibition. The better the detail and the coloring it will attract more audiences to see it, as

well as entertaining videos such as animation. In addition, the image with good quality is usually

applied in the field of the industry by way of the use of banners, billboards, and others - so that

consumers will be interested in advertising from a product. Imagine if the advert is a gray or

even black-and-white image, then consumers will not be interested in the advertisement of the

product.

Histogram equalization

Madhu[2011] suggested that the Adaptive histogram equalization produced a better

result, but the image is still not free from washed out appearance. The sharpness is poor and the

background information as well as the plane is still fogged and poor in contrast.
 Alpha rooting rendered the entire image in a dark tone. Even the outline of the clouds

which was visible in case of histogram equalization is lost.

Agaian [2007] suggested that the common no transform-based enhancement technique is

global histogram equalization, which attempts to alter the spatial histogram of an image to

closely match a uniform distribution. Histogram equalization suffers from the problem of being

poorly suited for retaining local detail due to its global treatment of the image. It is also common

that the equalization will over enhance the image, resulting in an undesired loss of visual data, of

quality and of intensity scale.

Tang [2003] suggested global histogram equalization, which adjusts the intensity

histogram to approximate uniform distribution. The global histogram equalization is that the

global image properties may not be appropriately applied in a local context. In fact, global

histogram modification treats all regions of the image equally and, thus, often yields poor local

performance in terms of detail preservation. Therefore, several local image enhancement

algorithms have been introduced to improve enhancement.

In satellite image classification, the goal is to classify vegetation, agriculture, water

bodies, urban and open areas. The image is classified using back propagation algorithm that

reduces the misclassification in pixel based classification. This paper emphasizes on the

classification of IRS images using neural network, k- nearest neighbor and k- nearest neighbor

with sub windows. The results show that the k-nearest neighbor with sub windows has better

accuracy when compared to neural networks developed by Seetha.M et al.

 Sarath.T et al. developed the satellite image classification using maximum likelihood

classification with fuzzy logic. The fuzzy logic has different sub methods like spatial, spectral

texture methods are used for image classification. Sandeep Kaur et al. described that minimum

spanning tree and fuzzy c means is used for image segmentation. And it compares the various

parameters like MSE, PSNR, accuracy and efficiency.

Sayali M. Jog et al. described that image enhancement, segmentation, selection of

training data and classification. For image enhancement adaptive histogram equalization is used.

Next, image segmentation is carried out using K means and Fuzzy C Means (FCM) clustering.

Linear Multi-Class SVM (MCSVM) and KNN techniques are used for classification of remotely

sensed imagery.

Waseem Khan studied the survey of various segmentation techniques. Some of the image

segmentation methods include Edge based segmentation, Fuzzy theory based segmentation,

Partial Differential Equation (PDE) based segmentation, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

based segmentation, threshold based image segmentation, and Region based image

segmentation. Segmentation process is also helpful to find the region of interest in a particular

image.

Manohar Koli1 et al., (2014) proposed an algorithm which contains two phases such as

detects the noisy pixels and replaces identified noisy pixels by non-noisy estimated values

Restored Mean Absolute Error (RMAE) is used to measure and compare the performance of the

proposed algorithm and also to controls the flow of noise signal and produces consistent and

very high quality output.

 Pushpavalli et al., (2012) integrating two decision based filters with switching scheme.

This technique is used to detect and reduce the impulse noise on digital images. Tristate

Switching Median Filtering Technique is proposed for digital images which are degraded by salt

and pepper noise.

Praveen Kumar et al., (2013) the fuzzy based filter which performs the highest PSNR rate

rather than the other type of filters. The first stage computes a fuzzy derivative for eight different

directions. The second stage uses these fuzzy derivatives to perform fuzzy smoothing by

weighting the contributions of neigh boring pixel value. Richard Alan Peters et al., (1995)

Morphological openings and closings are useful for the smoothing of gray scale images. Image

noise reduction is limited by their tendency to remove important, thin features from an image

along with the noise. The morphological image cleaning algorithm (MIC) that preserves thin

features while removing noise.

Suman et al., (2014) presents median based filter for eliminating noisy pixels. The

filtering techniques are applied through several iterations to ensure that all the noisy pixels have

be detected in the case when the image is highly corrupted and the corrupted pixels have been

filtered using adaptive based median method. Trahanias et al., (1993) Vector directional filters

(VDF) for multichannel image processing filters to separate the processing of vector-valued

signals into directional processing and magnitude processing. This provides a link between

single-channel image processing, where only magnitude processing is essentially performed, and

multichannel image processing where both the direction and the magnitude of the image vectors.

Tao Chen et al., (2015) propose adaptive operator which forms estimates based on the

differences between the current pixel and the outputs of center-weighted median (CWM) filters

with varied center weights.

 To utilize the center-weighted median (CWM) filters that have varied center weights to

define a more general operator, which realizes the impulse detection by using the differences,

defined between the outputs of CWM filters and the current pixel of concern. The ultimate

output is switched between the median and the current pixel itself. While still using a simple

thresholding operation, the proposed filter yields superior results to other switching schemes in

suppressing both types of impulses with different noise ratios.

Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) classification based vegetation area

segmentation methodology has been proposed. Initially, the low resolution satellite image is

enhanced into high resolution satellite image using the color conversion and it is done by

converting the RGB to YUV to separate the luminance and chrominance components. It is

useful for machine learning process to represent the category of image with the minimum

information.

Histogram equalization is done after color conversion to enhance the pixel intensity by

expanding the intensity level in a uniform manner. It useful to extract the important related grey

level feature and it is easily differentiate the classified area. GLCM and the Local Derivative

Pattern are applied to get the feature, which captures more detailed information related to

vegetation area easily from the enhanced image. These features are trained and used to

differentiate the pixels belonging to vegetation area and the pixels belonging to other areas using

ANFIS classifier.

Maggiorio et al. used convolutional neural networks for the detection and classification

of objects or regions in satellite images. The authors developed their algorithm with respect to

two step training technique whereas the trained features were classified into two layers.
 The final layer in Convolutional neural network classification algorithm fine tunes the

binary results which were produced by various internal layers in classification algorithm.

Ankayarkanni.B et al. described the comparative study on different segmentation algorithm. The

performance and accuracy of algorithm have been compared in terms of parameter pixel length.

It present that the moving KFCM is more accurate for image segmentation.

The performances of SVMs are compared with nonparametric classifiers such as neural

networks and K nearest neighbour classifier to solve a multiclass problem in hyper spectral data.

So the remote sensing image was efficiently classified have been developed by Farid Melgani et

al. Faaria S. Kazi et al. developed the technique of Mean Shift is used for smoothing the quality

of image and for image segmentation. Edge Detection and Image Segmentation (EDISON)

System is a software used to estimate probability density function. It said that EDISON Mean

Shift is very less as compared to Standard Mean Shift.

Kanika Kalra et al. study the survey of supervised image classification techniques. All the

techniques are compared and analyzed with best results and maximum accuracy. In this paper,

Decision tree technique and Artificial Neural Network is used for satellite image segmentation

and classification respectively and it classified into land use and land cover areas it was

developed by Mahila.S.P et al.

Menaka.D et al. developed the Sparse SVM classifier that enhances the classification

accuracy for multispectral satellite image. For efficient classification, preprocessing is done with

Gaussian filter then it uses the fuzzy hybrid to enhance the images and sparse SVM classifier is

used to classify the satellite images.

 Pooja A P et al. described the decision tree classifier used for the classification of satellite

images into various regions such as road, building, grassland, river etc. It said that decision tree

classifier have more accuracy than maximum likelihood classifier.

Umesh Ghanekar et al suggest adaptive threshold to remove noise from the images. The

detection of noisy pixels is based on an adaptive threshold which is dependent on the local

statistics in the filtering window. The filtering method corrects only the corrupted pixel values by

taking into consideration the brightness and color information for restoration of noisy images.

Vishnu Praksh. M, et al., propose decision based algorithm is dependent on noise density.

First calculate the noise density of corrupted image then followed by noise detection and

filtering. Noise density an increase, the window size is increased which gives better results. In

that replaces the pixels with values 0 and 255 with the median of the window considered if the

window also includes pixel values other than 0 or 255.

Vijayran, et al. presented a hybrid approach to perform the image segmentation. The

approaches covered were morphological operators, watershed algorithm and the adaptive

threshold approach. The basic segmentation approaches were defined as well as a new hybrid

was presented to perform the effective segmentation. The focus was on one of important image

feature called thinning. The thinning process is about to identify the internal image processing

and the feature extraction at the lower level. The approaches included in this work were median

filter for the pre-processing, watershed and morphological operators for the edge detection and

region identification, region selection and distance measure for the feature point identification

and the threshold for the area exclusion. The obtained results showed the effectiveness of the

segmented area over the image.

 Tulsani, et al. presented an approach for counting different blood cells during blood

smear test. The approach presented was based on segmentation using morphological watershed

transformation. Morphological operations were used for creating masks and marker-based

watershed transform was used for segmentation of cells. The masks for each type of cell can be

efficiently obtained using color conversion and morphological operators. Marker based

segmentation solved the problem of over segmentation associated with watershed transform

Acharjya, et al. presented a new approach of image segmentation and edge detection. The

watershed algorithm was used with twelve new and proposed arbitrary structuring elements and

morphological smoothing operation to reduce the over segmentation problem. The basic

philosophy of using the structuring element in mathematical morphological operation lies in the

fact that it serve as a seed or needle to collect the image information. The statistical analysis were

shown and as per visual perception analysis the segmented images with proposed approach

yields better accuracy in detection of edges and the over segmentation problem also reduced.

R. V. Patil claims that if the number of clusters is estimated in accurate manner, K-means

image segmentation will provide better results. They proposed a new method based on edge

detection to estimate number of clusters. Phase congruency is used to detect the edges. Then

these edges are used to find clusters. Threshold and Euclidean distance is used in order to make

clusters. K-means is sued to find the final segmentation of image. MATLAB is used to

implement the proposed technique. Experiments are performed on nine different images and

results shows that number of clusters is accurate and optimal.

Weihong Cui Yi Zhang proposed an edge based auto threshold select method to generate

multi-scale image segmentation. Band weight and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation

Index) is used to calculate edge weight.

 MST and Edge based Threshold method is used to perform image segmentation.

Experiments are performs on multi-scale resolution images, i.e., Quick-bird multispectral

images. Results have shown that their method maintain the object information and keep object

boundaries while segment the image.

Anna Fabijańska introduced a new method uses Variance Filter for edge detection in

image segmentation process. Their method found the edge position using Variance Filter. Sobel

Gradient filter with K-means is also used to extract the edges and compared with the proposed

technique. The effect of filtering window size on determining edges is also discussed and it is

found that if the 9×9 window is used to extract edges then edge is complete accurately match the

shape of object in the image. In case of larger details images, a small filtering window is

proffered. Results have shown that their proposed technique outperform Sobel Edge Detector.

D. Barbosa (2012) proposed a new image segmentation technique which joins the edge

and region based information with spectral method using Morphological Watershed algorithms.

Firstly noise filter is used with Magnitude Gradient in a pre-processing stage, secondly, pre-

segmentation is done using region merging, then region similarity graph is generated and finally

segmentation is performed using Multi Class Normalized Cut. Method is compared with Mean

Shift, MNCUT, and JSEG using natural images. Proposed technique overcomes Spectral

Clustering method.

Gang Chen (2009) found that fast extraction of object information from a given image is

still a problem for real time image processing. They also found that region based methods are

also time consuming and not give effective segmentation. They proposed a new region based

method based on Least Square method in order to detect objects sharply.

 They used a weight matrix for region based method which also takes the local

information into account and also the usage of Least Square method provides optimal and fast

segmentation. Comparison of their method is conducted with Otsu method and Chan-Vese

method using Lena image. Their method can extract the features more accurately than other

methods.

Frank Jiang (2012) proposed a new multilevel Threshold-based segmentation technique

using PSO and Wavelet mutation. They also proposed a new PSO algorithm which is used in

first two steps of algorithm. Then the output of PSO is passed to wavelet mutation operations

which performs the mutation operation and update the PSO equations after it. This work will

generate optimized threshold and correct segmentation. After comparing their method with

HCOCLPSO, they found that it produces optimal threshold as compare to other method. They

claim that their algorithm is best for real time applications, e.g., error resilient video application

in hostile environment.

Refik Samet (2012) proposed a new Fuzzy Rule based image segmentation technique to

segment the rock thin segment images. They take RGB image of rock thin segment as input and

give segmented mineral image as output. Fuzzy C Means is also applied on rock thin images and

results are compared of both techniques. Firstly, the user will take sample image from minerals;

features are distinguished on the basis of red, green and blue components of image. Membership

function is defined for each component using Fuzzy rules. Each membership function represents

the color‟s distribution in the image. Strong and weak points are defined, whereas strong points

are considered as seed points and weak points become their members. Results have shown that

proposed technique is better than FCM algorithm.

 Wu Kaihua and Ban Tao (2011) have presented a new optimal threshold segmentation

method based on entropy criteria and Genetic algorithm in order to improve the image

acquisition process in computer vision. The factors taken by them are illumination, light,

reflection of light, CCD exposure time and some properties of image histogram. They compare

their proposed technique with Otsu algorithm and found that their algorithm is efficient in

searching and in finding threshold based segmentation of an image