Lunn1 PDF

Balanced Measurements
with Virtual and True

differential modes.
1 RSUK Lunn ver 2.0 Balanced device characterisation with VirDI and TruDi
Introduction
Balanced and unbalanced lines
Lecher line Coaxial line

LVDS-lines Microstrip-line
Same amplitude Signals referenced to
180° phase shift ground
Introduction
Example: Unbalanced Line
Advantages of coaxial systems:
1.) High noise immunity 2.) Low radiated noise
3.) High integration density 4.) Lower power consumption
Disadvantages of coaxial systems:
electro-magnetic radiation interferes with the signal
Introduction
Example: Balanced Line (2 Line System)
180° Ø shift 180° Ø shift
No influence of electro-magnetic radiation (theoretically)
Common- / differential-modes
Three Line System
Problem:
Every symmetrical line must be regarded together with a ground line
Example: Lecher line in an instrument packaging-wall
ground
Multilayer-boards need ground-layer in order not to
influence each other
differential-line-system 3-line-system
Common- / differential-modes
Three Line System
Wave-propagation containing two different TEM-

modes is possible !!
Balanced Device Characteristics
Ideal Device
Gain = 1
Differential-mode signal
Fully balanced
Common-mode signal
(EMI or ground noise)
Gain = 1
Differential-mode signal
Balanced to
Common-mode signal single ended
(EMI or ground noise)
Ideal, balanced device transmit differential and reject common-mode

signals
Non-ideal Device: Output behavior
Differential to
common-mode
+ conversion
Generates EMI
Susceptible to EMI
Common-mode to
differential conversion
Non-ideal balanced device converts modes !
Non-ideal Device: Input behavior
Differential to common-
mode conversion
Common-mode to
differential conversion
Parameters to be measured
Performance in pure differential-mode
Performance in pure common-mode
Conversion from differential mode to common-mode (in both
directions)
Conversion from common-mode to differential-mode (in both
directions)
2-Port and Conversion-Matrix
Measurement problems of balanced device
Network analyzers are unbalanced
No balanced RF-connectors
NWA only normally a 2-port instrument
No balanced calibration standards
No standard reference impedance (Z0) for balanced device
Characterization of common and differential transmission
model
BALUN: BALanced - UNbalanced
Balun Setup for Mixed-Mode-Characterisation
Physical transformers: Disadvantages
Calibration plane different from desired measurement plane
Degradation of measurement accuracy due to poor RF performance
Different configurations for different modes necessary
(e.g. differential to common-mode conversion)
Multiple measurements necessary
Limited in frequency range
Solution: Characterization of the mixed mode S-parameters of the DUT
using virtual, ideal transformers.
One technique is the so-called „Modal Decomposition Method“
Modal Decomposition Method
Principle
test fixture
a Port 1 Port 3 a
DUT
DUT
b b
Port 2 Port 4
a 1 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 b 4
a 2
= S 21 S 22 S 23 S 24 b 3
a 3 S 31 S 32 S 33 S 34 b 2
a 4 S 41 S 42 S 43 S 44 b 1
Measure the balanced 2-port device as unbalanced 4-port device with

unbalanced NWA.
Port Configurations
Mixed Mode DUT
Physical single ending ports logical balanced ports
Port 3 Port 1 Port 4 Port 2 Physical ports
Logical ports
DUT
Port 1 Port 2
Different impedances for common-mode and differential-mode
differential-mode (ideally matched) 100 ' (=2*Z0)
common-mode (ideally matched) 25 ' (= 0,5*Z0)
Physical port impedance has to be finite
Modal Decomposition Method
Mixed mode S-parameter Matrix
DUT Differential-Mode
stimulus
Common-Mode
stimulus
Port 1 Port 2 Port 1 Port 2

Logical Port 1 Logical Port 2
Differential- Port 1 S dd1 1 S d d12 S d c11 S d c12

mode
Response Port 2 S dd 21 S dd 22 S dc 21 S dc 2 2
Common-
mode
Port 1 S cd1 1 S cd12 S cc11 S cc12
Port 2
Response S cd 2 1 S cd 2 2 S cc 2 1 S cc 22
Naming Convention: S mode res., mode stim., port res., port stim.
Mixed Mode S-Matrix
DD-Quadrant
Input reflection Reverse transmission
Sdd11 Sdd12 Sdc11 Sdc12

Sdd21 Sdd 22 Sdc21 Sdc22
Scd11 Scd12 Scc11 Scc12
Scd 21 Scd 22 Scc21 Scc22
Forward transmission Output reflection
Describes fundamental performance in pure differential-mode operation
Mixed Mode S-Matrix
CC-Quadrant


Describes fundamental performance in pure common-mode operation
Mixed Mode S-Matrix
DC-Quadrant

• Describes conversion of a common-mode stimulus to a differential-
mode response
• Ideally, terms are equal to zero with perfect symmetry
• Related to the susceptibility to EMI
Mixed Mode S-Matrix
CD-Quadrant
• Describes conversion of a differential-mode stimulus to a
common-mode response
• Ideally, terms are equal to zero with perfect symmetry
• Related to the generation of EMI
3-Port device
Single ended common / differential-mode
Single-ended differential-mode
common-mode
Port 1 Port 2
(unbalanced) DUT (balanced)
Single Diff.- Com.-

Ended mode mode
Stimul Stimul Stimul
us us us
Port 1 Port 2 Port 2
Single-ended Port
Response 1
Sss11 Ssd12 Ssc12
Differential-
Mode
Port
2
Sds21 Sdd 22 Sdc22
Port
Response
common-mode
2 Scs21 Scd 22 Scc22
Response
Typical measurements
Quality parameters
Port b
Port a
Port c
Logical Port 1 Logical Port 2
Phase/Amplitude CMMR
Imbalance Common-Mode-
Rejection-Ratio
Sba Sds21
IMB = CMMR =
Sca Scs21
Typical measurements
Quality parameters
Differential and Common mode insertion loss
Differential and Common mode return loss
NEXT Measurements
FEXT Measurements
Skew Measurements
Amplitude Imbalance
Phase Imbalance
Common Mode Rejection Ratio
Measurement Example #1
Ideal Device
Trc1 Sdd11 Smith Ref 1 U 1 Trc2 Sdd12 dB Mag 10 dB2/ Trc3 Sdc11 dB Mag 10 dB3/ Trc4 Sdc12 dB Mag 10 dB 4/
Sdd11 1 10
Sdd12 10
Sdc11 10
Sdc12
2 0 0 0
5 -10 -10 -10
0 0.20.5
-30 -30 -30
-5 -50 -50 -50
-0.5 -2
-1 -70 -70 -70
Ch1 Start
Pwr3000 dBm
kHz
Stop 8 GHz Ch1 Start
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Stop 8 GHz
Trc5 Sdd21 dB Mag 10 dB5/ Trc6 Sdd22 Smith Ref 1 U 6 Trc7 Sdc21 dB Mag 10 dB7/ Trc8 Sdc22 dB Mag 10 dB 8/
10
Sdd21 Sdd22 1 10
Sdc21 10
Sdc22
0 2 0 0
-10 -10 -10 Port 13
Port Port 1 PortPort
2 4 Port 2
0 0.20.5 5
-30 -30 -30
-50 -5 -50 -50 SMA
-0.5 -2
-70 -1 -70 -70
Ch1 Start
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr3000 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Stop 8 GHz
Trc9 Scd11 dB Mag 10 dB9/ Trc10 Scd12 dB Mag 10 dB
10 / Trc11 Scc11 Smith Ref 11 1 U Trc12 Scc12 dB Mag 10 dB12/
logical port 1 logical port 2
10
Scd11 10
Scd12 Scc11 1 10
Scc12 reference planes
0 0 2 0
-10 -10 -10
0 0.20.5 5
-30 -30 -30
-50 -50 -5 -50
-70 -70
-0.5 -2
-1 -70
Same Electrical Length
Ch1 Start
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Stop 8 GHz Ch1 StartPwr3000 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Stop 8 GHz
Same Attenuation
Trc13 Scd21 dB Mag 10 dB
13 / Trc14 Scd22 dB Mag 10 dB
14 / Trc15 Scc21 dB Mag 10 dB
15 / Trc16 Scc22 Smith Ref 116U
10
Scd21
0
10
Scd22
0
10
Scc21
0
Scc22 1
2 Same Dielectric Medium
-10 -10 -10
0 0.20.5 5
-30 -30 -30
-50 -50 -50 -5
-0.5 -2
-70 -70 -70 -1
Ch1 Start
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Stop 8 GHz Ch1 StartPwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Stop 8 GHz Ch1 StartPwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Stop 8 GHz Ch1 StartPwr3000 dBm
kHz
Stop 8 GHz
Non Symmetrical Device
Trc1 Sdd11 Smith 1 Trc2 Sdd12 dB Mag
2 Trc3 Sdc11 dB Mag
3 Trc4 Sdc12 dB Mag4
Mem17[Trc1] Sdd11 Smith Mem18[Trc2] Sdd12 dB Mag Mem19[Trc3] Sdc11 dB Mag Mem20[Trc4] Sdc12 dB Mag
Sdd11 Sdd12
0 Sdc11
0 Sdc12
0
0 0.20.5 5
-30 -30 -30
-0.5-1 -2-5
Ch1 Start
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Stop 8 GHz
Trc5 Sdd21 dB Mag
5 Trc6 Sdd22 Smith 6 Trc7 Sdc21 dB Mag
Mem21[Trc5] Sdd21 dB Mag Mem22[Trc6] Sdd22 Smith Mem23[Trc7] Sdc21 dB Mag Mem24[Trc8] Sdc22 dB Mag
Sdd21
0 Sdd22 Sdc21
0 Sdc22
0 Port 13
2 4 Port 2
0 0.20.5 5
-30 0 -30 -30
-0.5-1 -2-5 SMA
Ch1 Start
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Stop 8 GHz
Trc9 Scd11 dB Mag
9 Trc10 Scd12 dB Mag
10 Trc11 Scc11 Smith
11 Trc12 Scc12 dB Mag
12
Mem25[Trc9] Scd11 dB Mag Mem26[Trc10] Scd12 dB Mag Mem27[Trc11] Scc11 Smith Mem28[Trc12] Scc12 dB Mag logical port 1 logical port 2
add. line
Scd11
0 Scd12
0 Scc11 Scc12
0
0 0.20.5 5
-30 -30 -30
-0.5-1 -2-5 Different Electrical Length
Ch1 Start
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Stop 8 GHz
Same Attenuation
Trc13 Scd21 dB Mag
15 Trc16 Scc22 Smith16
Mem29[Trc13] Scd21 dB Mag Mem30[Trc14] Scd22 dB Mag Mem31[Trc15] Scc21 dB Mag Mem32[Trc16] Scc22 Smith
Same Dielectric Medium
Scd21
0 Scd22
0 Scc21
0 Scc22 1
0 0.20.5 5
-30 -30 -30
-0.5 -2-5
-1
Ch1 Start
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Stop 8 GHz
Non Symmetrical Device
Trc1 Sdd11 Smith 1 Trc2 Sdd12 dB Mag
2 Trc3 Sdc11 dB Mag
Mem17[Trc1] Sdd11 Smith Mem18[Trc2] Sdd12 dB Mag Mem19[Trc3] Sdc11 dB Mag Mem20[Trc4] Sdc12 dB Mag
Sdd11 Sdd12
0 Sdc11
0 Sdc12
0
0 0.20.5 5
-30 -30 -30
-0.5-1 -2-5
Ch1 Start
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Stop 8 GHz
Trc5 Sdd21 dB Mag
5 Trc6 Sdd22 Smith 6 Trc7 Sdc21 dB Mag
Mem21[Trc5] Sdd21 dB Mag Mem22[Trc6] Sdd22 Smith Mem23[Trc7] Sdc21 dB Mag Mem24[Trc8] Sdc22 dB Mag
Sdd21
0 Sdd22 Sdc21
0 Sdc22
0 Port 13
2 4 Port 2
0 0.20.5 5
-30 0 -30 -30
-0.5-1 -2-5 SMA
6-dB
Ch1 Start
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Stop 8 GHz
3-dB
Trc9 Scd11 dB Mag
10 Trc11 Scc11 Smith
12
Mem25[Trc9] Scd11 dB Mag Mem26[Trc10] Scd12 dB Mag Mem27[Trc11] Scc11 Smith Mem28[Trc12] Scc12 dB Mag logical port 1 logical port 2
Scd11 Scd12 Scc11 Scc12 attenuators
0 0 0
0 0.20.5 5
-30 -30 -30
-0.5-1 -2-5
Same Electrical Length
Ch1 Start
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Stop 8 GHz
Trc13 Scd21 dB Mag
15 Trc16 Scc22 Smith16
Different Attenuation
Mem29[Trc13] Scd21 dB Mag Mem30[Trc14] Scd22 dB Mag Mem31[Trc15] Scc21 dB Mag Mem32[Trc16] Scc22 Smith
Scd21
0 Scd22
0 Scc21
0 Scc22 1 Same Dielectric Medium
0 0.20.5 5
-30 -30 -30
-0.5 -2-5
-1
Ch1 Start
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Pwr300
0 dBm
kHz
Stop 8 GHz
True Differential Mode
The Difference…
VirDi =Virtual differential Mode (Standard)

Characterization of balanced DUT as single ended DUT with
mathematical calculation of mixed-mode S-Parameters form single
ended S-Parameters
TruDi = True differential Mode (ZVA-K6)

Stimulation of DUT with true differential and common mode signals with
calculation of mixed-mode S-Parameters from error corrected mixed
mode wave quantities
True Differential Measurements
R&S ZVA – The Hardware
Reflectometer 2
Meas. Receiver
Ref. Receiver
Two independent sources for each port pair
PORT 2
Bias Tee Fast mixer measurements without external source

Defined phase and level control
Meas. Receiver
Ref. Receiver
PORT 4
4 receiver architecture with fundamental mixing

Bias Tee
Meas. Receiver Modern calibration techniques

Ref. Receiver PORT1 Simultaneous measurement of two reference signals
Bias Tee
(a waves) and two measurement signals (b waves)
Reflectometer 3
Meas. Receiver
Ref. Receiver
PORT 3
Bias Tee
R&S ZVA – The Hardware
Coherent sources
At least one signal output can be adjusted in amplitude
and phase with respect to the other
Synthesizers with high frequency resolution
No change of phase after frequency change
Reference receiver in every synthesizer path
Digital Automated Level Control (ALC)
Level control via the IF signal from the reference receiver
Digital control loop
The Testset for Level and Phase Control
Procedure for True Differential Measurement
1. Four-port calibration in the reference plane
2. Vector-corrected measurement of a single ended waves or voltages
(a and b waves)
3. Adjustment of one signal output in order to compensate for the
measured deviations from the wanted amplitude and phase differences
4. Generation of true differential and common mode stimulus signals
5. Measurement of true differential and common mode response signals
6. Calculation of true differential S-Parameters from vector corrected
wave quantities
Partial Measurements
1. Set both sources for desired frequency
2. Measure phase and magnitude relation
3. Generate differential mode signal (180° phase, identical magnitude)
4. Measure differential and common mode response
5. Generate common mode signal (0° phase, identical magnitude)
6. Measure differential and common mode response
7. Calculate and display error corrected TruDi Mixed Mode S-
parameters
8. Go to the next frequency
Test Setup for TruDi
Differential and Common mode stimulus with the ZVA
Common Mode
Differential Mode
Instrument Control of TruDi
Apply full n-port calibration , e.g. with
CalUnit
Configure balanced Measurement
Switch to True differential Mode
Special Features of TruDi
Simultaneous display of VirDi and TruDi S-Parameters

Same “calibration” for VirDi and TruDi
Measurement of error corrected
S-Parameters and wave quantities
Phase and magnitude imbalance sweep
Sdd21 versus Input Power
Trc5 Sdd21 dB Mag 0.5 dB / Ref 9.5 dB Ch1 Cal 5 of 16 (Max)
Trc21 Sdd21 dB Mag 0.5 dB / Ref 9.5 dB Ch2 Cal
Sdd21
11.5
Virtual differential
11.0
mode (VirDi)
10.5
10.0
9.5
True differential
9.0
mode (TruDi)
8.5
8.0
7.5
Ch1 Start -25 dBm — Freq 2 GHz Stop -5 dBm

Ch2 Start -25 dBm — Freq 2 GHz Stop -5 dBm
1/19/2007, 11:53 PM
S-Parameters versus Input Power
Trc18 Sdd21 dB Mag 5 dB / Ref 0 dB Ca? 1 Trc19 Sdd21 dB Mag 5 dB / Ref 0 dB Cal int 2
Mkr 2 Mkr 1 6.96 dBm -4.893 dB Mkr 2 Mkr 1 6.96 dBm -0.571 dB
Sdd21
20 Sdd21
20
Mkr 2 -29.76 dBm 16.145 dB Mkr 2 -29.76 dBm 16.577 dB
10 10
Mkr 1
0 Mkr 1 0
-10 -10
-20 -20
Ch3 Start -30 dBm Freq 1 GHz Stop 11 dBm Ch4 Start -30 dBm Freq 1 GHz Stop 11 dBm
Trc20 Scd21 dB Mag 5 dB / Ref -5 dB Ca? 3 Trc21 Scd21 dB Mag 5 dB / Ref -5 dB Cal int 4
Mkr Scd21
215 •Mkr 1 6.96 dBm -16.735 dB Mkr Scd21
215 Mkr 1 6.96 dBm -12.183 dB
Mkr 2 -29.76 dBm 6.742 dB Mkr 2 -29.76 dBm 7.575 dB
5 5
-5 -5 Mkr 1
Mkr 1
-15 -15
-25 -25
Trc22 Scc21 dB Mag 1 dB / Ref -9 dB Ca? 5 Trc23 Scc21 dB Mag 1 dB / Ref -9 dB Cal int 6
Scc21
-5 Mkr 1 6.96 dBm -6.733 dB Scc21
-5 Mkr 1 6.96 dBm -8.351 dB
Mkr 1
Mkr 2 -29.76 dBm -9.186 dB Mkr 2 -29.76 dBm -8.244 dB
-7 Mkr 2 -7 Mkr 1
Mkr 2
-9 -9
-11 -11
-13 -13
Virtual differential mode True differential mode
Phase Imbalance Sweep
Trc11 Sdd21 dB Mag 1 dB / Ref -5 dB Cal int 5 of 3 (Max)
Trc12 ac1 dB Mag 10 dB / Ref 0 dBm Cal int
Trc13 ad1 dB Mag 10 dB / Ref 0 dBm Cal int
ad1 Mkr 1 0.000000 ° -2.339 dB

Mkr 1 0.000000 ° -57.751 dBm
10
0 Mkr 1
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Mkr 1
-60
-70
Ch7 Phas Imb Start -180° Freq 1 GHz Pwr 0 dBm Stop 180°

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Balanced Measurements

with Virtual and True

Lecher line Coaxial line

electro-magnetic radiation interferes with the signal

180° Ø shift 180° Ø shift

No influence of electro-magnetic radiation (theoretically)

Wave-propagation containing two different TEM-

Ideal, balanced device transmit differential and reject common-mode

Non-ideal balanced device converts modes !

Measure the balanced 2-port device as unbalanced 4-port device with

Port 3 Port 1 Port 4 Port 2 Physical ports

Physical port impedance has to be finite

Port 1 Port 2 Port 1 Port 2

Differential- Port 1 S dd1 1 S d d12 S d c11 S d c12

Sdd11 Sdd12 Sdc11 Sdc12

Describes fundamental performance in pure differential-mode operation

Sdd11 Sdd12 Sdc11 Sdc12

Forward transmission Output reflection

Sdd11 Sdd12 Sdc11 Sdc12

Single Diff.- Com.-

Logical Port 1 Logical Port 2

VirDi =Virtual differential Mode (Standard)

TruDi = True differential Mode (ZVA-K6)

Bias Tee Fast mixer measurements without external source

4 receiver architecture with fundamental mixing

Meas. Receiver Modern calibration techniques

Simultaneous display of VirDi and TruDi S-Parameters

Ch1 Start -25 dBm — Freq 2 GHz Stop -5 dBm

Virtual differential mode True differential mode

ad1 Mkr 1 0.000000 ° -2.339 dB

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