VISION BASED ASSISTIVE SYSTEM FOR LABEL DETECTION WITH

VOICE OUTPUT

INDEX

1. Abbreviations
2. Figures locations
3. Introduction
4. Block Diagram
5. Block Diagram Description
6. Schematic
7. Schematic Description
8. Hardware Components
9. Circuit Description
10.Software components

a. About Kiel

b. Embedded ‘C’

11. KEIL procedure description

12.Conclusion (or) Synopsis

13. Future Aspects

 14. Bibliography

Abbreviations

Symbol Name

MAM Memory accelerometer module

VIC Vectored interrupt controller

FIQ Fast interrupt request

PWM Pulse width modulation

GPIO General purpose input/output

UART Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter

DLAB Data latch access bit

LCR Line control register

LSR Line status register

RDR Receiver data ready

SPI Serial peripheral interface

ADC Analog to digital converter

DAC Digital to analog converter

SSP Synchronous serial port

MOSI Master out slave in

RTC Real time clock

EINT External interrupt

DTR Data terminal ready

AHB Advanced high performance

ATLE Auto transfer length extraction

CTS Clear to send

RTS Request to send

DSR Data set ready

RI Ring indicator

INTRODUCTION

An embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is completely

encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a general-purpose computer, such
as a personal computer, an embedded system performs one or a few predefined tasks, usually with very
specific requirements. Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it,
reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems are often mass-produced, benefiting from
economies of scale.

Personal digital assistants (PDAs) or handheld computers are generally considered embedded
devices because of the nature of their hardware design, even though they are more expandable in software
terms. This line of definition continues to blur as devices expand. With the introduction of the OQO
Model 2 with the Windows XP operating system and ports such as a USB port — both features usually
belong to "general purpose computers", — the line of nomenclature blurs even more.

Physically, embedded systems ranges from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3
players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling
nuclear power plants.

In terms of complexity embedded systems can range from very simple with a single
microcontroller chip, to very complex with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a
large chassis or enclosure.

Examples of Embedded Systems:

 Avionics, such as inertial guidance systems, flight control hardware/software and other
integrated systems in aircraft and missiles
 Cellular telephones and telephone switches
 Engine controllers and antilock brake controllers for automobiles
 Home automation products, such as thermostats, air conditioners, sprinklers, and security
monitoring systems
 Handheld calculators
 Handheld computers
  Household appliances, including microwave ovens, washing machines, television sets,
DVD players and recorders
 Medical equipment
 Personal digital assistant
 Videogame consoles
 Computer peripherals such as routers and printers.
 Industrial controllers for remote machine operation.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

LCD
POWER
SUPPLY

PC MATLAB

ULTRASONIC MICRO
SENSOR CONTROLLER
USB
CAMERA

BLUETOOTH MOTOR
DRIVER

MOTORS

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

Power Supply Section: This section is meant for supplying Power to all the sections mentioned
above. It basically consists of a Transformer to step down the 230V ac to 9V ac followed by
diodes. Here diodes are used to rectify the ac to dc. After rectification the obtained rippled dc is
filtered using a capacitor Filter. A positive voltage regulator is used to regulate the obtained dc
voltage.

Microcontroller Section: This section forms the control unit of the whole project. This section
basically consists of a Microcontroller with its associated circuitry like Crystal with capacitors,
Reset circuitry, Pull up resistors (if needed) and so on. The Microcontroller forms the heart of the
project because it controls the devices being interfaced and communicates with the devices
according to the program being written.

MAX 232 Sections: The microcontroller can communicate with the serial devices using its
single Serial Port. The logic levels at which this serial port operates is TTL logics. But some of
the serial devices operate at RS 232 Logic levels. For example PC and GSM etc. So in order to
communicate the Microcontroller with either GSM modem or PC, a mismatch between the Logic
levels occurs. In order to avoid this mismatch, in other words to match the Logic levels, a Serial
driver is used. And MAX 232 is a Serial Line Driver used to establish communication between
microcontroller and PC (or GSM)

LCD Display Section: This section is basically meant to show up the status of the project. This
project makes use of Liquid Crystal Display to display / prompt for necessary information.

PC Section: This section basically contains a PC with Serial communication associated hardware. Apart
from this, the web cam is also connected to the PC. The serial communication associated hardware
circuitry includes the bus (DB 9) connector from PC to Microcontroller.

Bluetooth: AUBTM-22 is a Bluetooth v1.2 module with SPP profiles. The module is intended to
be integrated into another host system which requires Bluetooth functions. The HOST system
could send commands to AUBTM-22 through a UART. AUBTM-22 will parse the commands
and execute proper functions, e.g. set the maximum transmit power, change the name of the
module. And next the module can transmit the data receive from the UART with SPP profiles.
 HARDWARE COMPONENTS
MICROCONTROLLER (LPC 2148):
ARM stands for Advanced RISC Machines. It is a 32 bit processor core, used for high
end application. It is widely used in Advanced Robotic Applications.

History and Development:

 ARM was developed at Acron Computers ltd of Cambridge, England between 1983 and
1985.
 RISC concept was introduced in 1980 at Stanford and Berkley.
 ARM ltd was found in 1990.
 ARM cores are licensed to partners so as to develop and fabricate new microcontrollers
around same processor cores.
Key features:
 16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package.
 8 kB to 40 kB of on-chip static RAM and 32 kB to 512 kB of on-chip flash memory.
 128-bit wide interface/accelerator enables high-speed 60 MHz operation.
 In-System Programming/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot loader
software. Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of 256 bytes
in 1 ms.
 Embedded ICE RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-time debugging with the
on-chip Real Monitor software and high-speed tracing of instruction execution.
 USB 2.0 Full-speed compliant device controller with 2 kB of endpoint RAM.
 In addition, the LPC2146/48 provides 8 kB of on-chip RAM accessible to USB by DMA.
 One or two (LPC2141/42 vs. LPC2144/46/48) 10-bit ADCs provide a total of 6/14 analog
inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 μs per channel.
 Single 10-bit DAC provides variable analog output (LPC2142/44/46/48 only).
 Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four compare channels
each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog.
 Low power Real-Time Clock (RTC) with independent power and 32 kHz clock input.
 Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550), two Fast I2C-bus (400 kbit/s),
  SPI and SSP with buffering and variable data length capabilities.
 Vectored Interrupt Controller (VIC) with configurable priorities and vector addresses.
 Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a tiny LQFP64 package.
 Up to 21 external interrupt pins available.
 60 MHz maximum CPU clock available from programmable on-chip PLL with settling
time of 100 μs.
 On-chip integrated oscillator operates with an external crystal from 1 MHz to 25 MHz.
 Power saving modes include Idle and Power-down.
 Individual enable/disable of peripheral functions as well as peripheral clock scaling for
additional power optimization.
 Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via external interrupt or BOD.
 Single power supply chip with POR and BOD circuits:
 CPU operating voltage range of 3.0 V to 3.6 V (3.3 V ± 10 %) with 5 V tolerant I/O pads.

Block diagram:
Pin description
Core Data path:
 Architecture is characterized by Data path and control path.
 Data path is organized in such a way that, operands are not fetched directly from memory
locations. Data items are placed in register files. No data processing takes place in
memory locations.
 Instructions typically use 3 registers. 2 source registers and 1 destination register.
 Barrel Shifter preprocesses data, before it enters ALU.
- Barrel Shifter is basically a combinational logic circuit, which can shift data to
left or right by arbitrary number of position in same cycle.
 Increment or Decrement logic can update register content for sequential access.

Pipeline:
 In ARM 7, a 3 stage pipeline is used. A 3 stage pipeline is the simplest form of pipeline
that does not suffer from the problems such as read before write.
 In a pipeline, when one instruction is executed, second instruction is decoded and third
instruction will be fetched.
 This is executed in a single cycle.

Register Bank:
 ARM 7 uses load and store Architecture.
 Data has to be moved from memory location to a central set of registers.
 Data processing is done and is stored back into memory.
 Register bank contains, general purpose registers to hold either data or address.
 It is a bank of 16 user registers R0-R15 and 2 status registers.
 Each of these registers is 32 bit wide.

Data Registers- R0-R15:

 R0-R12 - General Purpose Registers
 R13-R15 - Special function registers of which,
  R13 - Stack Pointer, refers to entry pointer of Stack.
 R14 - Link Register, Return address is put to this when ever a subroutine is called.
 R15 - Program Counter
 Depending upon application R13 and R14 can also be used as GPR. But not commonly
used.

In addition there are 2 status registers

 CPSR - Current program status register, status of current execution is stored.

 SPSR - Saved program Status register, includes status of program as well as processor.
CPSR

CPSR contains a number of flags which report and control the operation of ARM7 CPU.
Conditional Code Flags
N - Negative Result from ALU
Z - Zero result from ALU
C - ALU operation carried out
V - ALU operation overflowed

Interrupt Enable Bits

I - IRQ, Interrupt Disable
F - FIQ, Disable Fast Interrupt

T- Bit
If
T=0, Processor in ARM Mode.
T=1, Processor in THUMB Mode

Mode Bits
Specifies the processor Modes. Processor Modes will be discussed in the next part of this
tutorial.

VECTORED INTERRUPT CONTROLLER:

FEATURES:
1. ARM Prime Cell™ Vectored Interrupt Controller
2. 32 interrupt request inputs
3. 16 vectored IRQ interrupts
4. 16 priority levels dynamically assigned to interrupt requests
5. Software interrupt generation.

DESCRIPTION:
 The Vectored Interrupt Controller (VIC) takes 32 interrupt request inputs and
programmably assigns them into 3 categories, FIQ, vectored IRQ, and non-vectored IRQ.
 The programmable assignment scheme means that priorities of interrupts from the
various peripherals can be dynamically assigned and adjusted.
 Fast Interrupt reQuest (FIQ) requests have the highest priority. If more than one request
is assigned to FIQ, the VIC ORs the requests to produce the FIQ signal to the ARM
processor.
 The fastest possible FIQ latency is achieved when only one request is classified as FIQ,
because then the FIQ service routine can simply start dealing with that device.
 But if more than one request is assigned to the FIQ class, the FIQ service routine can read
a word from the VIC that identifies which FIQ source(s) is (are) requesting an interrupt.
 Vectored IRQs have the middle priority, but only 16 of the 32 requests can be assigned to
this category.
 Any of the 32 requests can be assigned to any of the 16 vectored IRQ slots, among which
slot 0 has the highest priority and slot 15 has the lowest.
 Non-vectored IRQs have the lowest priority.
 The VIC ORs the requests from all the vectored and non-vectored IRQs to produce the
IRQ signal to the ARM processor. The IRQ service routine can start by reading a register
from the VIC and jumping there. If any of the vectored IRQs are requesting, the VIC
provides the address of the highest-priority requesting IRQs service routine, otherwise it
provides the address of a default routine that is shared by all the non-vectored IRQs.
 The default routine can read another VIC register to see what IRQs are active.
 All registers in the VIC are word registers. Byte and halfword reads and write are not
supported.
 Additional information on the Vectored Interrupt Controller is available in the ARM
PrimeCell™ Vectored Interrupt Controller (PL190) documentation.
Register description:
UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER 0:

Features:
 16 byte Receive and Transmit FIFOs
 Register locations conform to ‘550 industry standard
 Receiver FIFO trigger points at 1, 4, 8, and 14 bytes
 Built-in fractional baud rate generator with autobauding capabilities.
 Mechanism that enables software and hardware flow control implementation

Pin description:
Register description:

Architecture:
 The VPB interface provides a communications link between the CPU or host and the
UART0.
 The UART0 receiver block, U0RX, monitors the serial input line, RXD0, for valid input.
The
 UART0 RX Shift Register (U0RSR) accepts valid characters via RXD0. After a valid
character
 is assembled in the U0RSR, it is passed to the UART0 RX Buffer Register FIFO to await
access by the CPU or host via the generic host interface.

The UART0 transmitter block, U0TX, accepts data written by the CPU or host and buffers the
data in the UART0 TX Holding Register FIFO (U0THR). The UART0 TX Shift Register
(U0TSR) reads the data stored in the U0THR and assembles the data to transmit via the serial
output pin, TXD0

The UART0 Baud Rate Generator block, U0BRG, generates the timing enables used by the
UART0 TX block. The U0BRG clock input source is the VPB clock (PCLK). The main clock is
divided down per the divisor specified in the U0DLL and U0DLM registers. This divided down
clock is a 16x oversample clock, NBAUDOUT. The interrupt interface contains registers U0IER
and U0IIR. The interrupt interface receives several one clock wide enables from the U0TX and
U0RX blocks. Status information from the U0TX and U0RX is stored in the U0LSR. Control
information for the U0TX and U0RX is stored in the U0LCR

UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER 1:

Features:
 UART1 is identical to UART0, with the addition of a modem interface.
  16 byte Receive and Transmit FIFOs
 Register locations conform to ‘550 industry standard
 Receiver FIFO trigger points at 1, 4, 8, and 14 bytes
 Built-in fractional baud rate generator with autobauding capabilities.
 Mechanism that enables software and hardware flow control implementation
 Standard modem interface signals included with flow control (auto-CTS/RTS) fully
supported in hardware (LPC2144/6/8 only).

Pin description:
Register description:

Architecture:
The VPB interface provides a communications link between the CPU or host and the UART1.
The UART1 receiver block, U1RX, monitors the serial input line, RXD1, for valid input. The
UART1 RX Shift Register (U1RSR) accepts valid characters via RXD1. After a valid character
is assembled in the U1RSR, it is passed to the UART1 RX Buffer Register FIFO to await access
by the CPU or host via the generic host interface The UART1 transmitter block, U1TX, accepts
data written by the CPU or host and buffers the data in the UART1 TX Holding Register FIFO
(U1THR). The UART1 TX Shift Register
U1TSR) reads the data stored in the U1THR and assembles the data to transmit via the serial
output pin, TXD1. The UART1 Baud Rate Generator block, U1BRG, generates the timing
enables used by the UART1 TX block. The U1BRG clock input source is the VPB clock
(PCLK). The main clock is divided down per the divisor specified in the U1DLL and U1DLM
registers. This divided down clock is a 16x oversample clock, NBAUDOUT The modem
interface contains registers U1MCR and U1MSR. This interface is responsible for handshaking
between a modem peripheral and the UART1
The interrupt interface contains registers U1IER and U1IIR. The interrupt interface receives
several one clock wide enables from the U1TX and U1RX blocks.Status information from the
U1TX and U1RX is stored in the U1LSR. Control information for the U1TX and U1RX is stored
in the U1LCR.
ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC):

Features:
 10 bit successive approximation analog to digital converter (one in LPC2141/2 and two
in LPC2144/6/8).
 Input multiplexing among 6 or 8 pins (ADC0 and ADC1).
 Power-down mode.
 Burst conversion mode for single or multiple inputs.
 Optional conversion on transition on input pin or Timer Match signal.
 Global Start command for both converters (LPC2144/6/8 only).
Description:

Basic clocking for the A/D converters is provided by the VPB clock. A programmable
divider is included in each converter, to scale this clock to the 4.5 MHz (max) clock
needed by the successive approximation process. A fully accurate conversion requires 11
of these clocks.

Pin description:
Register description:

Operation:
Hardware-triggered conversion:
If the BURST bit in the ADCR is 0 and the START field contains 010-111, the ADC will start a
conversion when a transition occurs on a selected pin or Timer Match signal. Th choices include
conversion on a specified edge of any of 4 Match signals, or conversion on a specified edge of
either of 2 Capture/Match pins. The pin state from the selected pad or the selected Match signal,
XORed with ADCR bit 27, is used in the edge detection logic
Interrupts:
An interrupt request is asserted to the Vectored Interrupt Controller (VIC) when the DONE bit is
1. Software can use the Interrupt Enable bit for the A/D Converter in the VIC to control whether
this assertion results in an interrupt. DONE is negated when the ADDR is read.

REAL TIME CLOCK:

Features:
 Measures the passage of time to maintain a calendar and clock.
 Ultra Low Power design to support battery powered systems
 Provides Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Day of Month, Month, Year, Day of Week, and Day
of Year
 Dedicated 32 kHz oscillator or programmable prescaler from VPB clock.
 Dedicated power supply pin can be connected to a battery or to the main 3.3 V
Description:
On, and optionally when it is off. It uses little power in Power-down mode. On the
LPC2141/2/4/6/8, the RTC can be clocked by a separate 32.768 KHz oscillator, or by a
programmable prescale divider based on the VPB clock. Also, the RTC is powered by it’s, which
can be connected to a battery or to the same 3.3 V supply used by the rest of the device.

Architecture:
Register description:

The RTC includes a number of registers. The address space is split into four sections by
functionality.The first eight addresses are the Miscellaneous Register Group(Section 19.4.2). The
second set of eight locations are the Time Counter Group(Section 19.4.12). The third set of eight
locations contain the Alarm Register Group(Section 19.4.14). The remaining registers control the
Reference Clock Divider. The Real Time Clock includes the register shown in Table 263.
Detailed descriptions of the registers follow.
RTC interrupts:
Interrupt generation is controlled through the Interrupt Location Register (ILR), Counter
Increment Interrupt Register (CIIR), the alarm registers, and the Alarm Mask Register (AMR).
Interrupts are generated only by the transition into the interrupt state. The ILR separately enables
CIIR and AMR interrupts. Each bit in CIIR corresponds to one of the time counters. If CIIR is
enabled for a particular counter, then every time the counter is Incremented an interrupt is
generated. The alarm registers allow the user to specify a date and time for an interrupt to be
generated. The AMR provides a mechanism to mask alarm Compares. If all nonmasked alarm
registers match the value in their corresponding time counter, then an interrupt is generated. The
RTC interrupt can bring the microcontroller out of power-down mode if the RTC is operating
from its own oscillator on the RTCX1-2 pins. When the RTC interrupt is enabled for wakeup and
its selected event occurs, XTAL1/2 pins associated oscillator wakeup cycle is started
Miscellaneous register group:

Clock Tick Counter Register (CTCR - 0xE002 4004):

The Clock Tick Counter is read only. It can be reset to zero through the Clock Control
Register (CCR). The CTC consists of the bits of the clock divider counter
 POWER SUPPLY

The power supply is designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage
supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of
blocks, each of which performs a particular function. A d.c power supply which maintains the output
voltage constant irrespective of a.c mains fluctuations or load variations is known as “Regulated D.C
Power Supply”

For example a 5V regulated power supply system as shown below:

Fig 22: Functional Block Diagram of Power supply

Transformer:
A transformer is an electrical device which is used to convert electrical power from one electrical
circuit to another without change in frequency.
 Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC. Step-up
transformers increase in output voltage, step-down transformers decrease in output voltage. Most power
supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage to a safer low voltage.
The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical
connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the
soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core.
Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as
voltage is stepped down current is stepped up. The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the
turn’s ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on
its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns
on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

Fig 23: An Electrical Transformer

Turns ratio = Vp/ VS = Np/NS

Power Out= Power In
VS X IS=VP X IP
Vp = primary (input) voltage
Np = number of turns on primary coil
Ip = primary (input) current

RECTIFIER:

A circuit, which is used to convert a.c to dc, is known as RECTIFIER. The process of conversion
a.c to d.c is called “rectification”
TYPES OF RECTIFIERS:
 Half wave Rectifier
 Full wave rectifier
1. Center tap full wave rectifier.
2. Bridge type full bridge rectifier.

Comparison of rectifier circuits:

Type of Rectifier

Parameter Half wave Full wave Bridge

Number of diodes

1 2 3

PIV of diodes

Vm 2Vm Vm

D.C output voltage Vm/ 2Vm/ 2Vm/

Vdc, at 0.318Vm 0.636Vm 0.636Vm

no-load

Ripple factor 1.21 0.482 0.482

Ripple

frequency f 2f 2f

Rectification
 efficiency 0.406 0.812 0.812

Transformer

Utilization 0.287 0.693 0.812

Factor(TUF)

RMS voltage Vrms Vm/2 Vm/√2 Vm/√2

Full-wave Rectifier:
From the above comparisons we came to know that full wave bridge rectifier as more advantages
than the other two rectifiers. So, in our project we are using full wave bridge rectifier circuit.
Bridge Rectifier:
A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full-wave
rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown
and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement as shown in fig(a) to achieve
full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown
and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

Fig(24.A):
Operation:

During positive half cycle of secondary, the diodes D2 and D3 are in forward biased while D1
and D4 are in reverse biased as shown in the fig(b). The current flow direction is shown in the fig (b)
with dotted arrows.

Fig(24.B)
During negative half cycle of secondary voltage, the diodes D1 and D4 are in forward biased
while D2 and D3 are in reverse biased as shown in the fig(c). The current flow direction is shown in the
fig (c) with dotted arrows.

Fig(24.C)
Filter:

A Filter is a device, which removes the a.c component of rectifier output but allows the d.c
component to reach the load.

Capacitor Filter:
We have seen that the ripple content in the rectified output of half wave rectifier is 121% or that
of full-wave or bridge rectifier or bridge rectifier is 48% such high percentages of ripples is not
acceptable for most of the applications. Ripples can be removed by one of the following methods of
filtering:
(a) A capacitor, in parallel to the load, provides an easier by –pass for the ripples voltage though it due to
low impedance. At ripple frequency and leave the d.c.to appears the load.

(b) An inductor, in series with the load, prevents the passage of the ripple current (due to high impedance
at ripple frequency) while allowing the d.c (due to low resistance to d.c)

(c) various combinations of capacitor and inductor, such as L-section filter section filter, multiple
section filter etc. which make use of both the properties mentioned in (a) and (b) above. Two cases of
capacitor filter, one applied on half wave rectifier and another with full wave rectifier.

Filtering is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC

supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from
the rectifier is falling. The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then
discharges as it supplies current to the output. Filtering significantly increases the average DC
voltage to almost the peak value (1.4 × RMS value).
To calculate the value of capacitor(C),
C = ¼*√3*f*r*Rl
Where,
f = supply frequency,
r = ripple factor,
Rl = load resistance
 Note: In our circuit we are using 1000microfarads.

Regulator:
Voltage regulator ICs is available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output
voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators are available,
mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current
('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal protection'). Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs
have 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right. The
LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated DC power supply
(anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the negative lead to the Common pin and then
when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the output pin.

Fig 25: A Three Terminal Voltage Regulator

78XX:

The Bay Linear LM78XX is integrated linear positive regulator with three terminals. The
LM78XX offer several fixed output voltages making them useful in wide range of applications. When
used as a zener diode/resistor combination replacement, the LM78XX usually results in an effective
output impedance improvement of two orders of magnitude, lower quiescent current. The LM78XX is
available in the TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263packages,
Features:
• Output Current of 1.5A
• Output Voltage Tolerance of 5%
• Internal thermal overload protection
• Internal Short-Circuit Limited
• No External Component
• Output Voltage 5.0V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V, 12V, 15V, 18V, 24V
• Offer in plastic TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263
• Direct Replacement for LM78XX

Bluetooth:
Bluetooth is a wireless technology used to transfer data between different electronic devices. The
distance of data transmission is small in comparison to other modes of wireless communication.
This technology eradicates the use of cords, cables, adapters and permits the electronic devices to
communicate wirelessly among each other.
The key features of Bluetooth technology:
· Less complication
· Less power consumption
· Available at cheaper rates
· Robustness
Bluetooth technology permits hands free headset for incoming voice calls, ability of printing and fax, and
automatic synchronization of PDA. Click to now more about basics of Bluetooth Protocol.

Classification

Various types of Bluetooth technology are available in the markets which help the consumers to
communicate wirelessly. The different types of Bluetooth devices are PC cards, radios, dongles,
and headsets. Laptops and other Internet enabled equipments use Bluetooth technology such as
wireless mouse and keyboard to communicate wirelessly. Music players like iPods, music
phones, or other MP3 players make use of stereo headphones.

Applications

The first and foremost application of Bluetooth technology would be to eradicate the tangling of
cables that would mess up the room.
1. Bluetooth’s biggest contribution is to provide a phone with a headset that works wirelessly.
This is possible by providing the caller with an earpiece and a small microphone attached to the
caller’s shirt. The mobile phone can be located in a bag or anywhere in the body. The caller can
dial a number even without touching a button on the mobile phone. This technology has the
advantage of eliminating the radiation hitting the cerebral region.
2. PDA, PC or laptop which has enabled Bluetooth can communicate with each other and
update with its latest information. This technology has helped in synchronizing the data easily.

3. It is difficult to send emails while travelling in a flight. On landing of the flight, the
Bluetooth enabled laptop can send the email only when it gets in touch with the user’s phone.

4. Wireless mouse and keyboards are introduced.

5. One will be alerted on his/her mobile phone when your laptop receives the mail.

6. You can try to locate a printer via laptop. You will get the printout of that document once
that printer is located.
Working
Bluetooth technology was discovered to have wireless protocols to connect several electronic
devices and as a solution to synchronize the data. The Bluetooth standard is maintained by the
Bluetooth Special Interest Group.

At the physical layer, the Bluetooth RF transceiver is positioned. At around 79 Bluetooth

channels are placed with a space of 1MHz. Transmission of data and voice are achievable at
short distances and thereby creating Wireless PANs.
A Bluetooth device is comprised of an adapter. A Bluetooth adapter can be available in the form
of a card to connect the device or integrated into an electronic device.

Link Management Protocol (LMP) is responsible for peer – to – peer message exchange when
the electronic devices interfere in each other’s radio range. This layer creates the link and
negotiation of packet size. If required this layer can perform the segmentation and reassembling
of the packets.

The Bluetooth device enabled by the Service delivery protocol joins the piconet and enquires
with all the services available. A piconet has a star topology with one master and seven slaves.
The concept of Master and Slave is used in the Bluetooth technology. Only after the master takes
the initial action, the devices can begin to talk. Bluetooth GloballD is exchanged among the
electronic devices and a connection is build up after the profiles are matched. Get in-depth of
Bluetooth Protocol Stack here.

Frequency hopping is used in the Bluetooth technology to avoid interfering with other signals.
After the packet is transmitted or received, the Bluetooth signal hops to a new frequency. Each
packet can cover five time slots.
The Bluetooth technology supports asynchronous data channel, or 3 simultaneous synchronous
voice channels, or a channel which supports asynchronous data and synchronous voice.
Bluetooth was selected as our way of communicating PDA/Mobile with a central system. The
reason Bluetooth was selected over Bluetooth for various reasons. First of all, Bluetooth security
is less complex and more stable than that of Wi-Fi. Bluetooth manages a security measure of
only permitting certain selected devices to interact with them; Wi-Fi in the other hand establishes
a WEP key that has been known to be cracked. Another reason that Bluetooth was selected over
Wi-Fi is that Bluetooth has a shorter range of signal emission than Wi-Fi. This is a pro because
the shorter the range the less the amount intruders that will try to infiltrate your home system
 Features

 Standard 3V3 operation

 Bluetooth standard Ver. 2.0 + EDR compliant
 Low current consumption
 Hold, Sniff, Park, Deep sleep modes
 Support for up to seven slaves
 Supports UART,USB,PCM,I2C interface to host system interface
 SPP(Serial Port Protocol) firmware
 Class 2 module

Ultrasonic sensor:
The sensor is primarily intended to be used in security systems for detection of moving objects,
but can be effectively involved in intelligent children’s toys, automatic door opening devices,
and sports training and contact-less-speed measurement equipment.

Introduction
Modern security systems utilize various types of sensors to detect unauthorized object access
attempts. The sensor collection includes infrared, microwave and ultrasound devices, which are
intended to detect moving objects. Each type of sensor is characterized by its own advantages
and drawbacks. Microwave sensors are effective in large apartments because microwaves pass
through dielectric materials. But these sensors consist of expensive super-high frequency
components and their radiation is unhealthy for living organisms.

Infrared sensors are characterized by high sensitivity, low cost and are widely used. But, these
sensors can generate false alarm signals if heating systems are active or temperature change
speed exceeds some threshold level. Moreover, infrared sensors appreciably lose sensitivity if
small insects penetrate the sensor lens. Ultrasound motion detection sensors are characterized by
small power consumption, suitable cost and high sensitivity. That it why this kind of sensor is
commonly used in home, office and car security systems. Existing ultrasound sensors consist of
multiple passive and active components and are relatively complicated for production and
testing. Sensors often times require a laborious tuning process.
The ultrasound transmitter TX is emitting ultrasound waves into sensor ambient space
continuously. These waves are reflecting from various objects and are reaching ultrasound
receiver RX. There is a constant interference figure if no moving objects are in the placement.

Any moving object changes the level and phase of the reflected signal, which modifies the
summed received signal level. Most low cost sensors (car security systems, for instance) perform
reflected signal amplitude analysis to detect moving objects. In spite of implementation
simplicity, this detection method is characterized by a high sensitivity to noise signals. For
example, heterogeneous airflows, sensor vibrations, room window and door deformations, and
gusts can change the interference figure and generate false alarm signals.

Better noise resistance may be obtained if the receive sensor is performing reflected signal
frequency analysis instead of amplitude examination. The reflected signal spectrum emulates a
Doppler Effect. Frequency components of the moving object speed vector have a component in
the direction of ultrasound radiation propagation. Because ultrasound waves reflect from the
windows, walls, furniture etc., the sensor can detect object movements in any direction. To
implement this principle, the sensor must perform selection and processing of Doppler Effect
frequency shift to detect moving objects.

The air condition systems, heat generators, and refrigerators typically include movable parts,
which can cause device vibrations that generate high-frequency Doppler components in the
reflected ultrasound signal. The heterogeneous variable temperature airflows are characterized
by different ultrasound propagation speed that can raise low-frequency Doppler components in
the reflected signal. That is why the noise resistant motion detection sensor should limit the
Doppler signals’ frequency range from lower and upper bounds to satisfactory false-alarm free
operation.

The ultrasound motion detection sensor has been developed in compliance with operation
principles considered above.

Wireless AV camera.

Tiny size for discreet observation and portability Built-in microphone for audio monitoring 4
channels optional to avoid possible interference camera (Effective range:3m) Up to 100m (330ft.)
transmission range in open space
Specifications:
Camera
Imaging Sensor: 1/3-inch CMOS
CMOS Total Pixels: 628*582(PAL)
510*492(NTSC)
Horizontal Resolution: 380TV Lines
View Angle: 62Degree
Minimum Illumination: 1.0Lux / F2.0 & 0Lux(IR ON)
Video Gain Control: Automatic
Frequency: ISM 2,400~2,483MHz 4CH*
Transmission Power:10mW/CE; 2mW/FCC
Modulation Mode: FM
Bandwidth: 18MHz
Power Supply: 8VDC
Consumption Current: 80mA & 100mA(IR ON)
Operating Temperature: -10 ~ +50 / +14 ~ +122
Storage Temperature -40 ~ +85 / -40 ~ +185
Operating Humidity: 0.85RH
Dimensions(W*L*H): 42*46*57mm
Weight: 90g
Unobstructed Effective Range: 100(Min)
LED Continuous Working Life: 6000h
Night Vision Range: 3m
Receiver
Power Supply: +12 VDC
Consumption Current (Max.): 190mA
Receiving Frequency: ISM 2,400MHz~2,483MHz
Input VSWR: 2:1
Demodulation Type: FM
Intermediate Frequency: 480MHz
Frequency Stabilization: +/- 100 ppm
Local Leakage at RF Input Terminal:

OBJECT RECOGNITION THROUGH MATLAB:

IMAGE ACQUISITION:
Image acquisition is considered the most critical step in our project since all subsequent stages depend
highly on the image quality. In order to accomplish this, we used a CCD camera. We set the
resolution to 640x480, the type of the image to jpeg, and the mode to white and black for greater
details. Furthermore, we took the eye pictures while trying to maintain appropriate settings such as
lighting and distance to camera. The camera is situated normally between half a meter to one meter
from the subject. (3”to 10 inches)

The CCD-cameras job is to take the image from the optical system and convert it into electronic data.
Find the iris image by a monochrome CCD (Charged couple Device) camera transfer the value of the
different pixels out of the CCD chip. Read out the voltages from the CCD-chip. Thereafter the signals
of each data are amplified and sent to an ADC (Analog to Digital Converter).

Optical

System CCD Device ADC Read Out

Computer

Fig6.1.2(c): Block Diagram of Image Acquisition System Using CCD Camera

Image manipulation:

In the preprocessing stage, we transformed the images from RGB to gray level and
from eight-bit to double precision thus facilitating the manipulation of the images in
subsequent steps.

WEBCAM

"Webcam" refers to the technology generally; the first part of the term ("web-") is often replaced with
a word describing what can be viewed with the camera, such as a netcam or streetcam.
Webcams are video capturing devices connected to computers or computer networks, often
using USB or, if they connect to networks, Ethernet or Wi-Fi. They are well-known for low
manufacturing costs and flexible applications.

Video capture is the process of converting an analog video signal—such as that produced by
a video camera or DVD player—to digital form. The resulting digital data are referred to as a
digital video stream, or more often, simply video stream. This is in contrast with screen
casting, in which previously digitized video is captured while displayed on a digital monitor

Webcams typically include a lens, an image sensor, and some support electronics. Various
lenses are available, the most common being a plastic lens that can be screwed in and out to
set the camera's focus. Fixed focus lenses, which have no provision for adjustment, are also
available. Image sensors can be CMOS or CCD, the former being dominant for low-cost
cameras, but CCD cameras do not necessarily outperform CMOS-based cameras in the low
cost price range. Consumer webcams are usually VGA resolution with a frame rate of 30
frames per second. Higher resolutions, in mega pixels, are available and higher frame rates
are starting to appear.

Fig6.1.3: Webcam

The video capture process involves several processing steps. First the analog video signal is
digitized by an analog-to-digital converter to produce a raw, digital data stream. In the case of
composite video, the luminance and chrominance are then separated. Next, the chrominance
is demodulated to produce color difference video data. At this point, the data may be
modified so as to adjust brightness, contrast, saturation and hue. Finally, the data is
transformed by a color space converter to generate data in conformance with any of several
 color space standards, such as RGB and YCbCr. Together, these steps constituted video
decoding, because they "decode" an analog video format such as NTSC orPAL.

Support electronics are present to read the image from the sensor and transmit it to the host
computer. The camera pictured to the right, for example, uses a Sonix SN9C101 to transmit
its image over USB. Some cameras - such as mobile phone cameras - use a CMOS sensor
with supporting electronics.

FEATURES:

Smallest wireless video & audio camera

Wireless transmission and reception
High sensitivity
Easy installation & operation
Easy to conceat
Light weight
Low power consumption
Small size
SPECIFICATIONS:

Output frequency: 900MHZ 1200MHZ

Output power: 50mW 200mW
Power supply: DC +6~12v
Distance covered: 10m

Liquid crystal display

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have materials, which combine the properties of both liquids
and crystals. Rather than having a melting point, they have a temperature range within which the
molecules are almost as mobile as they would be in a liquid, but are grouped together in an ordered
form similar to a crystal.
An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material sand witched in between
them. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated with transparent electrodes which define the
character, symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are present in between the electrodes
and the liquid crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined orientation
angle.

One each polarisers are pasted outside the two glass panels. These polarisers would rotate the
light rays passing through them to a definite angle, in a particular direction.

When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by the two polarisers and the liquid
crystal, such that the light rays come out of the LCD without any orientation, and hence the LCD
appears transparent.

When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid crystal molecules would be aligned
in a specific direction. The light rays passing through the LCD would be rotated by the polarisers,
which would result in activating/ highlighting the desired characters.

The LCD’s are lightweight with only a few millimeters thickness. Since the LCD’s consume less
power, they are compatible with low power electronic circuits, and can be powered for long
durations.

The LCD’s don’t generate light and so light is needed to read the display. By using backlighting,
reading is possible in the dark. The LCD’s have long life and a wide operating temperature range.

Changing the display size or the layout size is relatively simple which makes the LCD’s more
customers friendly.

The LCDs used exclusively in watches, calculators and measuring instruments are the simple
seven-segment displays, having a limited amount of numeric data. The recent advances in technology
have resulted in better legibility, more information displaying capability and a wider temperature
range. These have resulted in the LCDs being extensively used in telecommunications and
entertainment electronics. The LCDs have even started replacing the cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used
for the display of text and graphics, and also in small TV applications.

This section describes the operation modes of LCD’s then describe how to program and interface an
LCD to 8051 using Assembly and C.

LCD operation
In recent years the LCD is finding widespread use replacing LEDs(seven-segment LEDs or other
multisegment LEDs).This is due to the following reasons:

1. The declining prices of LCDs.

 2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in
contract to LEDs, which are limited to numbers and a few characters.

3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, there by

relieving the CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD. In the contrast,

the LED must be refreshed by the CPU to keep displaying the data.

4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

LCD pin description

The LCD discussed in this section has 14 pins. The function of each pins is given in table.

TABLE 1:Pin description for LCD:

Pin symbol I/O Description

1 Vss -- Ground

2 Vcc -- +5V power

supply

3 VEE -- Power supply to

control contrast

4 RS I RS=0 to select
command register

RS=1 to select

data register

5 R/W I R/W=0 for write

R/W=1 for read

6 E I/O Enable

7 DB0 I/O The 8-bit data bus

8 DB1 I/O The 8-bit data bus

9 DB2 I/O The 8-bit data bus

10 DB3 I/O The 8-bit data bus

11 DB4 I/O The 8-bit data bus

12 DB5 I/O The 8-bit data bus

13 DB6 I/O The 8-bit data bus

14 DB7 I/O The 8-bit data bus

TABLE 2: LCD Command Codes

Code Command to LCD Instruction

(hex) Register

1 Clear display screen

2 Return home

4 Decrement cursor

6 Increment cursor

5 Shift display right

7 Shift display left

8 Display off, cursor off

A Display off, cursor on

C Display on, cursor off

E Display on, cursor on

F Display on, cursor blinking

10 Shift cursor position to left

14 Shift cursor position to right

18 Shift the entire display to the left

1C Shift the entire display to the right

80 Force cursor to beginning of 1st line

C0 Force cursor to beginning of 2nd line

38 2 lines and 5x7 matrix

Uses:

The LCDs used exclusively in watches, calculators and measuring instruments are
the simple seven-segment displays, having a limited amount of numeric data. The recent advances in
technology have resulted in better legibility, more information displaying capability and a wider
temperature range. These have resulted in the LCDs being extensively used in telecommunications
and entertainment electronics. The LCDs have even started replacing the cathode ray tubes (CRTs)
used for the display of text and graphics, and also in small TV applications.

LCD INTERFACING
Sending commands and data to LCDs with a time delay:
Fig 21: Interfacing of LCD to a micro controller

To send any command from table 2 to the LCD, make pin RS=0.

for data, make RS=1.Then send a high –to-low pulse to the E pin to enable the internal latch of the
LCD.
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
ABOUT SOFTWARE

Software used:
*Keil software for c programming

ABOUT KEIL SOFTWARE:

It is possible to create the source files in a text editor such as Notepad, run the Compiler on each C source
file, specifying a list of controls, run the Assembler on each Assembler source file, specifying another list
of controls, run either the Library Manager or Linker (again specifying a list of controls) and finally
running the Object-HEX Converter to convert the Linker output file to an Intel Hex File. Once that has
been completed the Hex File can be downloaded to the target hardware and debugged. Alternatively
KEIL can be used to create source files; automatically compile, link and covert using options set with an
easy to use user interface and finally simulate or perform debugging on the hardware with access to C
variables and memory. Unless you have to use the tolls on the command line, the choice is clear. KEIL
Greatly simplifies the process of creating and testing an embedded application.

Projects:

The user of KEIL centers on “projects”. A project is a list of all the source files required to build
a single application, all the tool options which specify exactly how to build the application, and – if
required – how the application should be simulated. A project contains enough information to take a set of
source files and generate exactly the binary code required for the application. Because of the high degree
of flexibility required from the tools, there are many options that can be set to configure the tools to
operate in a specific manner. It would be tedious to have to set these options up every time the application
is being built; therefore they are stored in a project file. Loading the project file into KEIL informs KEIL
which source files are required, where they are, and how to configure the tools in the correct way. KEIL
can then execute each tool with the correct options. It is also possible to create new projects in KEIL.
Source files are added to the project and the tool options are set as required. The project can then be saved
to preserve the settings. The project is reloaded and the simulator or debugger started, all the desired
windows are opened. KEIL project files have the extension

Simulator/Debugger:

The simulator/ debugger in KEIL can perform a very detailed simulation of a micro controller
along with external signals. It is possible to view the precise execution time of a single assembly
instruction, or a single line of C code, all the way up to the entire application, simply by entering the
crystal frequency. A window can be opened for each peripheral on the device, showing the state of the
peripheral. This enables quick trouble shooting of mis-configured peripherals. Breakpoints may be set on
either assembly instructions or lines of C code, and execution may be stepped through one instruction or
C line at a time. The contents of all the memory areas may be viewed along with ability to find specific
variables. In addition the registers may be viewed allowing a detailed view of what the microcontroller is
doing at any point in time.

ARM SOFTWARE:

About KeilARM:

1. Click on the Keil u Vision3 Icon on Desktop

2. The following fig will appear
3.Click on the Project menu from the title bar
4.Then Click on New Project
5.Save the Project by typing suitable project name with no extension in u r own folder sited in either
C:\ or D:\
6.Then Click on Save button above.
7.Select the component for u r project. i.e.NXP……
8.Click on the + Symbol beside of NXP
9.Select LPC2148 as shown below
10.Then Click on “OK”
11.The Following fig will appear
12.Then Click YES
13.Now your project is ready to USE
14.Now double click on the Target1, you would get another option “Source group 1” as shown in next
page.
15.Click on the file option from menu bar and select “new”
16.The next screen will be as shown in next page, and just maximize it by double clicking on its blue
boarder.
17.Now start writing program in either in “C” or “ASM”
18.For a program written in Assembly, then save it with extension “. asm” and for “C” based
program save it with extension “ .C”
19.Now right click on Source group 1 and click on “Add files to Group Source”
20.Now you will get another window, on which by default “C” files will appear
21.Now select as per your file extension given while saving the file
22.Click only one time on option “ADD”
23.Now Press function key F7 to compile. Any error will appear if so happen.
24.If the file contains no error, then press Control+F5 simultaneously.
25.The new window is as follows
26.Then Click “OK”

27.Now Click on the Peripherals from menu bar, and check your required port as shown in fig below
29.Drag the port a side and click in the program file
 29.Now keep Pressing function key “F11” slowly and observe.
30.You are running your program successfully
Conclusion

The project “Portable Camera-Based Assistive Text and Product Label Reading
from Hand-Held Objects forBlind Persons” has been successfully designed and tested.
Integrating features of all the hardware components used have developed it. Presence of
every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best working of
the unit.
Secondly, using highly advanced IC’s and with the help of growing technology the
project has been successfully implemented.
REFERENCES

Books

[1]. ARM7TDMI datasheet ARM

[2]. LPC2119/2129/2194/2292/2294 User Manual Philips

[3]. ARM System on chip architecture Steve Furber

[4]. Architecture Reference Manual David Seal

[5]. ARM System developers guide Andrew N. Sloss,

Domonic Symes,

[6]. Chris Wright

[7]. Micro C/OS-II Jean J. Labrosse

GCC The complete reference Arthur Griffith

Websites

[1]. http://www.arm.com

[2]. http://www.philips.com

[3]. http://www.lpc2000.com

[4]. http://www.semiconductors.philips.com/

[5]. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org

[6]. http://ww.hitex.co.uk

[7]. http://www.keil.co.uk

[8]. http://www.ucos-ii.com
[9]. http://www.ristancase.com

[10]. http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Evaluation Boards And Modules

[11]. http://www.knox.com