ECE3001 ANALOG

COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
E – RECORD (HARDWARE LAB)
EXPERIMENT NO. 1 DATE: 6/12/18

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
AIM: To implement the generation and demodulation of
Amplitude Modulated Wave
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
Amplitude Modulation is the modulation of a wave by
varying its amplitude, used especially as a means of
broadcasting an audio signal by combining it with a High
frequency carrier wave.
Demodulation is the process by which the original
information bearing signal, i.e. the modulation is
extracted from the incoming overall received signal.
DESIGN: Ma = EMAX - EMIN / EMAX + EMIN
FC = 1/2𝜋𝜋√𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
FC = 1/2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
PROCEDURE:
• Connect the components as per the circuit diagram
provided into the Breadboard and ensure proper Vcc
and Ground.
• Provide the message signal with 1 kHz Frequency and
Carrier as 10 kHz Frequency.
• Observe the Modulation in the CRO and note down its
characteristics.
• Do the same process to extract the Demodulated wave
using Low Pass filter at the Output end.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Parameters Amplitude Time Period
Message Signal 400 mV 6.4 ms
Carrier Signal 9.04 V 17.2 µs
Modulated EMAX = 236 mV 16.2 µs
Signal EMIN = 142 mV
Demodulated 400 mV 6.4 ms
Signal
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
EXPERIMENT NO. 2 DATE: 13/12/18
FREQUENCY MODULATION
AIM: To generate Frequency Modulated Wave using the IC
XR2206 and observe its characteristics
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
Modulation of a radio or any other wave by variation of
its frequency, especially to carry an audio signal is
called Frequency Modulation.
It includes the encoding of information in a carrier
wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave.
To generate FM, we have XR2206 which is a Monolithic
Function Generator.
The VCO uses an RC circuit to vary both the frequency
and duty cycle of the multivibrator with varying voltage
levels. The frequency of operation is determined by the
circuit’s timing resistors.
DESIGN: mf = Fmax – Fmin / Fmin
BW = 2(frequency deviation + fm)
PROCEDURE:
• The connections are made in accordance with the
circuit diagram provided.
• The RC networks are built using resistors of 47k,
4.7k and 470 ohm and with mentioned capacitances.
• The function generator is used to set about 60 Hz
as the message frequency.
• A dual channel oscilloscope is used to get the Input
as well as the output waveform from pin 2.
• Observations and readings are noted down.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Parameters Time Period Frequency
Carrier 11.52 ms 86.8 Hz
Message 16.7 ms 59.7 Hz
Modulated - FMAX = 133.54 Hz
FMIN = 48.22 Hz

OUTPUT:
RESULT:
EXPERIMENT NO. 3 DATE: 10/1/19
PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION
AIM: To perform pulse amplitude modulation on a Low
Frequency message signal using a pulse train
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY: Pulse Amplitude modulating is one of the kind
of modulation techniques used in Signal transmission.
Pulse amplitude modulation is the simplest form of
modulation. The message signal is encoded in the
amplitude of the carrier signal pulses. The BC107
transistor serves as a switch according to the
specifications of the circuit.
DESIGN: The RC Network Acts as a Low Pass Filter for
the Modulated Wave.
FC = 1/2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
PROCEDURE:
• Connect the components as per the given circuit
diagram ensuring Vcc and Ground.
• Write down the details of the message signal by
connecting it to the CRO.
• Subsequently, note down the details of the carrier
signal by connecting it to the CRO.
• Modulate the wave by completing the circuit and
observe TON and TOFF.
• Note down the details and demodulate the Signal
using a RC circuit that acts as a Low Pass Filter
and observe it in CRO.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Parameters Amplitude Time Period
Message Signal 2 V 1 ms
Carrier Signal 6 V 0.1 ms
PAM Signal 1.97 V TON = 38 µs
TOFF = 68 µs
PAM Demod 116 mV 1 ms
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
EXPERIMENT NO. 4 DATE: 24/1/19

FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING + DSB-SC GENERATION

AND DETECTION
AIM: To Analyze and Implement Frequency Division
Multiplexing and DSB-SC Modulation & Demodulation by
ST2211 Trainer Kit
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
The two Modulating Signals with different frequencies
are modulated with Carrier signal. The signals are
transmitted over a common transmitted over a common
transmission channel and retrieved back using DSB
demodulation and LPF. The output is same as the input.
This is used in transmission of signals in channels
where many data packets are sent. The carrier is used
for longer and better transmission.
DESIGN: The Local Oscillator modulates the message
signal into DSB-SC into 2 different frequency ranges
that doesn’t interfere with each other.
PROCEDURE:
• Connect the jumper into the circuit to form the
continuity of the mentioned circuit.
 • Match the input with the carrier amplitude and DSB-
SC modulated wave for each wave.
• Transmit them through the channel after adding them
using Adder.
• Observe the signals at different positions and
verify the Characteristics with Input and Output.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Parameters Amplitude Frequency
Message Signal 1 540 mV 2.8 kHz
Message Signal 2 430 mV 58.58 kHz
Carrier Signal 1 2.57 V 107.15 kHz
Carrier Signal 2 2.45 V 214.3 kHz
DSB-SC 1 EMAX = 1.36 V 7.9 kHz
EMIN = 0.05 V
DSB-SC 2 EMAX = 1.02 V 217 kHz
EMIN = 0.064 V
Demod Signal 1 1.43 V 2.82 kHz
Demod Signal 2 720 mV 583.02 Hz

OUTPUT:
RESULT:
EXPERIMENT NO. 5 DATE: 14/2/19
PRE-EMPHASIS & DE-EMPHASIS
AIM: To design and test Pre-Emphasis and De-emphasis
circuit using Passive Components
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY: Pre-Emphasis is employed in Frequency
modulation to equalize the modulating signal derive
power in terms of Deviation Ratio. It is basically a
high pass filter without the use of Transistor, but
only using RC network.
De-emphasis network is the reciprocal network of the
former which restores original signal power
distribution. There also, RC network is used for
circuit construction.
DESIGN:
FC = 1/2𝜋𝜋√𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
FC = 1/2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
PROCEDURE:
• Connect the given components into the Breadboard
to make high pass filter.
• Connect the CRO at the Output end and Voltage
source at Input end.
• Vary the frequency of the Input Voltage and note
down the corresponding Output voltage at the CRO.
• Repeat the same procedure for De-emphasis circuit
and note down the readings in a Table.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Pre-Emphasis
Frequency Output V0/Vi Gain in dB
Voltage (mV)
103 458 0.91 -0.81
154 466 0.92 -0.72
200 472 0.94 -0.53
 300 486 0.96 -0.35
400 490 0.97 -0.264
500 492 0.97 -0.264
600 494 0.98 -0.17
807 498 0.99 -0.087
1 k 498 0.99 -0.087
2.02 k 498 0.99 -0.087
5.02 k 498 0.99 -0.087
8.02 k 498 0.99 -0.087

De-Emphasis
Frequency Output V0/Vi Gain in dB
Voltage (mV)
30 332 0.66 -3.60
40 332 0.66 -3.60
60 330 0.66 -3.60
80 309 0.60 -4.43
100 293 0.58 -4.73
120 291 0.57 -4.88
250 287 0.57 -4.88
500 273 0.54 -5.35
1 k 269 0.53 -5.51
2 k 255 0.50 -6.02
10 k 247 0.491 -6.17
50 k 153 0.30 -10.45
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
EXPERIMENT NO. 6 DATE: 14/3/19
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
AIM: To Design and Generate a Pulse Width Modulated
signal using IC555
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY: IC 555 is used to obtain Pulse Width Modulation
with the use of RA and RB. The resistors RA and RB based
on their values determine the TON and TOFF of the signal.
The width of the modulated signal is consecutively
determined by the control voltage that is supplied to
the IC. The control voltage marks the duration of the
width of the modulated signal.
DESIGN:
TON = 0.693 (RA + RB)C
TOFF = 0.693 (RB)C
PROCEDURE:
• Connect the given components into the breadboard
as per the given circuit diagram.
• Keep the CRO at the output terminal and Vcc of 5V.
• Keep the input voltage a sinusoidal signal of
amplitude 1 V.
• Observe the output pulse amplitude modulated
signal at the CRO and find the TON and TOFF period.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Parameters Amplitude Time Period
Message Signal 1 V 0.48 ms
Carrier Signal TON = 85 µs TOFF = 74 µs
PWM Signal Practical Theoretical
TON1 = 200 µs TON = 0.395 ms
TOFF1 = 40 µs TOFF = 0.069 ms
TON2 = 160 µs
TOFF2 = 40 µs
TON3 = 120 µs
TOFF3 = 104 µs

OUTPUT:
RESULT: