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General Chemistry
LU 2 Atoms, Molecules and Ions
1
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
2
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Chemical reactions involve only the
rearrangement of atoms
Atoms are not created or destroyed in chemical
reactions
§ Law of Definite Proportion (Joseph Proust)
“Different sample of pure chemical substance
always contain the same proportion of
elements by mass” -- (LU 1 Slide #24)
3
2
4
16 X + 8Y 8 X2 Y
A = alpha
B = gamma
C = beta
Measured mass of e-
(1923 Nobel Prize in Physics)
9
The Atomic Structure
10
Subatomic Particles
-24 -19
Proton (p) 1.67 x 10 +1.6 x 10 +1
-24
Neutron (n) 1.67 x 10 0 0
12
Atomic Number
Mass Number A
ZX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number
1 2 3
1H 1H (D) 1H (T)
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus
Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons
235 238
92 U 92 U
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X) with different
numbers of neutrons in the nucleus
13
Isotopes
14
Atomic Number
Isotopes
Question
14
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 6 C ?
11
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 6 C ?
15
Atomic Mass
The mass of an atom in atomic mass units
(amu) is the total number of protons and
neutrons in the atom
16
Average Atomic Mass
Most elements occur in isotopes
e.g.
Carbon exists in isotopes composed of
98.93 % 12C and 1.07 % 13C
(12 amu x 0.9893) + (13 amu x 0.0107)= 12.01 amu
17
Question
Natural chlorine occur is composed of
75.78% 35Cl which has an atomic mass of
34.969 amu and 24.22% 37Cl which has an
atomic mass of 36.966 amu.
Calculate the average atomic mass (i.e.
the atomic weight) of chlorine
18
Calculate…
The mass of 60.4% of one of gallium’s
isotope is 68.9257 amu. Gallium has only
one other natural isotope and its mass is
70.9249 amu. Calculate the average
atomic mass of the element.
19
The Periodic Table
Periodic Table
Used to arrange and organize the 114
elements
Because of this organization, there are
periodic properties related to the periodic table
20
Noble Gas
21
Halogen
Group
Period
Alkali Earth Metal
Alkali Metal
The Periodic Table
Reading the periodic table
Columns in the periodic table are called groups
(numbered from 1A to 8A or 1 to 18)
23
Molecules and Molecular
Compounds
Molecules
Molecules are assemblies of two or more
atoms bonded together
Chemical formula indicates
What atoms found in molecule
In what proportion they are found
24
Molecules and Molecular
Compounds
Diatomic molecule contains only two atoms
25
Molecular Formula Empirical Formula
Give the actual numbers Give the relative numbers
and types of atoms in a and types of atoms in a
molecule molecule
H2O2 HO
CO2 CO
C2H4 CH2
H2O H2O
27
Molecules and Molecular
Compounds
28
Molecules and Molecular
Compounds
Question…?
The structural formula for propane and butane
is presented as
29
Ions and Ionic Compounds
Ions
When atom or group of atoms
donates/accepts electron ion is formed
11 protons 11 protons
Na Na+ 10 electrons
11 electrons
30
Ions and Ionic Compounds
Anion - ion with a negative charge
If a neutral atom accepts one or more electrons it
becomes an anion
17 protons 17 protons
Cl 17 electrons Cl- 18 electrons
31
Ions and Ionic Compound
32
33
Ions and Ionic Compounds
Question…?
27 3+
How many protons and electrons are in 13Al ?
34
Ions and Ionic Compounds
In general metal atoms tend to lose
electrons to become cations; nonmetal
ions tend to gain electrons to form anions
35
Predicting ionic charge
36
Ions and Ionic Compounds
Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds consist of a cation and an anion
The formula is always the same as the empirical
formula
The sum of the charges on the cation and anion in
each formula unit must equal zero
I.e.:
3Mg atoms need to form 3Mg2+ ions (total 3 x 2+
charges)
39
Ions and Ionic Compounds
2 x +3 = +6 3 x -2 = -6
Al2O3
Al3+ O2-
1 x +2 = +2 2 x -1 = -2
CaBr2
Ca2+ Br-
1 x +2 = +2 1 x -2 = -2
Na2CO3
Na+ CO32-
40
Naming Inorganic Compounds
Naming Ionic Compounds
Based on the names of the ions of which they are
composed
Example NaCl is called sodium chloride
(based on Na+ and Cl- ions)
The cation is written first and the anion is written
last
Ions may be monoatomic or polyatomic
Vast majority of monoatomic cations are made from
metals
These ions take the name of the element itself
41
Naming Inorganic Compounds
Naming Cations
If the metal can form more than one cation, the charge
is indicated by a Roman numeral in parentheses in the
name
Examples: Cu+ = copper(I) and Cu2+ = copper(II)
43
Table 2-3 Some Common Cations
Main Group Cations and Anions
44
Table taken from McMurry and Fay, Chemisty 3rd Edition
Naming Inorganic Compounds
Naming Anions
Monoatomic anions are named by dropping
the ending of the name and replacing with -ide
Example: Cl- is chloride ion
45
Naming Polyatomic Inorganic Ions
Naming Anions
Polyatomic anions containing oxygen with more
than two members in the series are named as
follows (in order of decreasing oxygen):
per-….-ate
-ate
-ite
hypo-….-ite
Examples
ClO4- perchlorate
ClO3- chlorate
ClO2- chlorite
ClO- hypochlorite 46
Naming Inorganic Compounds
Naming Anions
Polyatomic anions containing oxygen with
additional hydrogens are named by adding
hydrogen or bi- (one H), dihydrogen (two H), etc.,
to the name as follows:
47
Some Common Anions
48
Table 2-4 Some Common Anions
Naming Inorganic Compounds
BaCl2 ___________________
K2O ___________________
Mg(OH)2 ___________________
KNO3 ___________________
Example
HNO3 is called nitric acid
• Has more oxygen
• Yields NO3- when dissolved in water
HNO3 ________________
H2CO3 ________________
H2SO4 ________________
52
Naming Binary Molecular
Compounds
Binary molecular compounds have two elements
The most metallic element is usually written first (i.e.,
the one to the farthest left on the periodic table)
Exception: NH3
If both elements are in the same group, the lower one
is written first
Last element ends in –ide
Greek prefixes are used to indicate the number of
atoms
Example
HF (hydrogen fluoride)
CO (carbon monoxide)
53
Common Prefixes
54
Table 2-5 Common Prefixes
Naming Molecular Compounds
HI ___________________
NF3 ___________________
SO2 ___________________
N2Cl4 ___________________
55
Naming Molecular Compounds
NaOH ______________
KOH _________________
Ba(OH)2 _________________
56
Summary
We discussed
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
The modern view of atomic structure
The periodic table
Molecules and molecular compounds
Molecular and empirical formula
Ions and ionic compounds
Naming inorganic compounds
57
Naming Organic Compounds
Study of carbon compounds is organic
chemistry
Naming alkanes
58
Alkanes
Compounds that contain only C and H
Most basic hydrocarbon
60