A.

TITLE
ELECTROCHEMICAL
B. OBJECTIVES
1. STUDENTS CAN CONDUCT ELECTROCHEMICAL
EXPERIMENTS VOLTALIC CELLS
2. STUDENTS CAN CONDUCT ELECTROCHEMICAL
EXPERIMENTS ELECTROLYSIS CELLS
C. LITTERATURE VIEW
THE OVERALL EFFICIENCY OF A WATER ELECTROLYSIS
CELL IS DETERMINED BY THE COMBINED RESISTANCES OF
ALL COMPONENTS AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES. IN ADDITION
TO THE ELECTRODE MATERIALS AND THE RESULTING
OVERPOTENTIAL, MASS TRANSPORT PROBLEMS ALWAYS
OCCUR DURING REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION. APART
FROMMASS TRANSFER, TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION,
BUBBLE SIZE, AND BUBBLE DETACHMENT AFFECT THE
POTENTIAL AND CURRENT DENSITY DISTRIBUTION IN A GAS
EVOLUTION CELL. THUS, THE BUBBLE ATTACHMENT WILL
AFFECT THE EFFICIENCY ADVERSELY BY BLOCKING THE
CATALYTIC ACTIVE SITES OF THE ELECTRODE.
CALCULATIONS SHOW THAT THE ENERGY LOSS CAUSED BY
BUBBLES IS THE MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO THE TOTAL
ENERGY LOSS OF A GAS EVOLUTION CELL. FORCED
ELECTROLYTE CONVECTION, SUPERGRAVITY, AND
ULTRASONICATION AND ADDITIONAL ENERGY
CONSUMPTION WOULD ARISE. THEREFORE, RESEARCHERS
ARE FOCUSING ON ELECTRODE DESIGN TO FACILITATE GAS
BUBBLE DETACHMENT FROM THE ELECTRODE. A
SUPERHYDROPHILIC ELECTRODE SURFACE WOULD ATTRACT
THE ELECTROLYTE MORE THAN THE BUBBLES AND
DECREASE THE BUBBLE-ELECTRODE SURFACE ATTRACTION,
ACCORDINGLY SMALLER BUBBLES WOULD DETACH EASIER
ON THEIR OWN [1].
ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES THAT DEVELOPED AT
THIS TIME WAS ELEKTROOKSIDASI DANELEKTROKOAGULASI.
TYPES OF ELECTRODES ELEKTROOKSIDASI IS USED IN THE
THE INERT ELECTRODE, SUCH AS PT AND CARBON. INSIDE
ELEKTROOKSIDASI OXIDATION PROCESS OCCURS BY DIRECT
AND OXIDATION OF ANODE DIRECTLY. THE WEAKNESS OF
THIS PROCESS IS THE RESULT OF AN OVERHAUL OF WASTE
CAN GENERATE THE COMPOUND IS STILL HARMFUL TO
HEALTH MAN. WHILE THIS TYPE OF ELECTRODE USED IN
ELEKTROKOAGULASI ARE FE AND AL. IN THE PROCESS
ELEKTROKOAGULASI PROCESS OCCURRING COAGULATION,
ADSORPTION, PRECIPITATION, AND FLOTATION.
ELEKTROKOAGULASI VERY EFFICIENT PROCESS USED IN THE
PROCESSING OF WASTE IN THE WATER. THIS PROCESS HAS
THE DISADVANTAGE, THAT IS ONLY CAPABLE OF
PROCESSING WASTE IN PHISIK, BUT HASN'T BEEN ABLE TO
CHEMICALLY PROCESSING WASTE, AS IT HASN'T BEEN ABLE
TO REMODEL OR DEGRADE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.[2]
VOLTA CELL IS A CELL THAT CAN GENERATE AN
ELECTRIC CURRENT. THE GALVANIC CELL, SERVES AS THE
ANODE ELECTRODE NEGATIVELY CHARGED AND POSITIVELY
CHARGED CATHODE POSITIVE. AN ELECTRIC CURRENT
FLOWS FROM THE CATHODE TOWARDS THE ANODE. THE
CHEMICAL REACTION THAT OCCURS GALVANIC CELLS TAKES
PLACE IN SPONTANEOUS. VOLTA CELL IS THE STRUCTURING
MATERIALS CHEMICAL AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION
PROVIDE A FLOW OF ELECTRONS THROUGH THE CIRCUIT
OUTSIDE OF A CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE IS OXIDIZED TO
CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES ARE REDUCED. IN THE VOLTA CELL,
OXIDATION MEANS THE ELECTRONS RELEASED BY ATOMS,
MOLECULES AND IONS. WHEREAS THE REDUCTION HE MEANS
THE ELECTRONS BY PARTIKELPARTIKEL ATOMS, MOLECULES
AND IONS.[3]
FUNCTION OF SALT BRIDGE IS MENYETARAKAN
CATIONS AND ANIONS IN THE SOLUTION. AS FOR THE TERMS
OF THE SALT BRIDGE IE CAN BE SKIPPED AND ONLY A FEW
IONS SKIP THE SOLVENT. SALT ON BRIDGES THIS FORM OF
RESEARCH IS SO FILLED WITH 3% SODIUM CHLORIDE. THE
SELECTION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE DUE TO BOTH SIDES OF
THE REACTOR IS A SOLUTION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE ARE
DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION. THE DIFFERENCE IN
CONCENTRATION WILL CAUSES THE DIFFUSION OF IONS OF
NATURALLY HIGH CONCENTRATION TOWARD THE
CONCENTRATION LOW. ON SODIUM CHLORIDE, CHLORIDE ION
HAVE GREATER MOBILITY COMPARED TO SODIUM IONS.[4]
THE APPROACH IS ELECTROLYSIS METHOD
ALTERNATIVES IN HANDLING WASTE CONTAINING THE
SUBSTANCE OF COLOUR, AS HAS BEEN DONE BY
RESEARCHERS PREVIOUS [4-7]. THE SUCCESS OF THE
TECHNIQUE OF ELECTROLYSIS REQUIRES THE DESIGN OF AN
EFFICIENT ELECTROLYSIS CELLS INCLUDES VARIABLE
ELECTRODES, ELECTROLYTE, THE PH OF THE SAMPLES, AND
MEMADAHI ENERGY UTILIZATION. MEANWHILE, CONSIDER
THE SAMPLE DEGRADATION SYSTEM WITH FENTON METHOD
[8, 9] SHOWED THAT SUCCESS FENTON DESIGNER LIES IN THE
DEGRADATION OF THE SYSTEM INVOLVING THE HYDROXYL
RADICAL, OH. ● THIS IS A VERY RADICAL THE POTENTIAL
DAMAGE THE SYSTEMS STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS BECAUSE OF A VERY RADICAL ELECTRON
STRUCTURE DOES NOT STABLE. ON A DIFFERENT METHOD, A
RADICAL FORMATION ● OH IN THE DEGRADATION OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS STRUCTURE CAN USE OF MATERIAL IS
PBO2. ON VARIOUS MODIFICATIONS TO THE STUDY OF
ELECTRODES FOR ELETROLISIS ALSO UTILIZE PBO2 TO
INCREASE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE METHOD, ALTHOUGH
IT IS VERY DIFFICULT IN PREPARATION OF ELECTRODE. THIS
FACT GAVE RISE TO A THOUGHT TO SIMPLIFY A RADICAL
GENERATION SYSTEM SIMILAR TO PRODUCE AN EFFICIENT
PROCESS.[5]
ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO
TWO CLASSES: WHICH PRODUCES AN ELECTRIC CURRENT (A
PROCESS THAT OCCURS IN THE BATTERY) AND PRODUCED BY
ELECTRIC CURRENT ELECTROLYSIS. THE FIRST TYPE OF
REACTIONS ARE IMMEDIATE, FREE ENERGY AND CHEMICAL
SYSTEM IS REDUCED; SYSTEM THAT CAN DO THE WORK, FOR
EXAMPLE RUNNING MOTOR. THE SECOND TYPE SHOULD BE
FORCED IN ORDER TO OCCUR (BY WORK DONE AGAINST A
SYSTEM OF CHEMISTRY), AND THE FREE ENERGY OF A
CHEMICAL SYSTEM INCREASES DIDIPLIN CHEMISTRY
ELECTROCHEMISTRY IS THAT COLLEAGUES SPECIALIZING ON
CHANGES IN SUBSTANCES THAT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY OR
CHEMICAL CHANGES CAUSED BY AN ELECTRIC CURRENT. [6]
IN A CELL, THE ELECTRIC ENERGY PRODUCED BY THE
WAY OF THE RELEASE OF ELECTRONS ON AN ELECTRODE
(OXIDATION) AND RECIPIENT OF THE ELECTRONS ON THE
OTHER ELECTRODE (REDUCTION). ELECTRODE THAT
RELEASES ELECTRONS IS CALLED THE ANODE, WHILE THE
ELECTRODE CALLED THE CATHODE ELECTRON. A CELL IS AN
ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL, THE TWO HALF REACTIONS ARE
SEPARATED WITH THE INTENTION OF ENABLING THE FLOW
OF ELECTRICITY (ELECTRONS) THAT ARE INCURRED MAY BE
USED. ONE OF THE FACTORS THAT CHARACTERIZE AN
ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL IS ELECTRIC MOTIVE FORCE (EMF)
OR ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE
ANODE AND THE CATHODE.[7]
THE ELECTRONS FLOW FROM THE ANODE TO THE
CATHODE COPPER ZINC. THIS WILL GIVE RISE TO A
DIFFERENCE OF POTENTIAL BETWEEN THE TWO ELECTRODES.
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE WILL REACH THE MAXIMUM WHEN
THERE IS NO CURRENT FLOW. THE MAXIMUM DIFFERENCE IS
CALLED EMF OF THE CELL OR THE VALUE OF E E CELLS.
CELLS DEPENDS ON VARIOUS FACTORS. WHEN THE
CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION OF ZINC AND COPPER 1.0 M
AND TEMPERATURES OF 298K (250C) SYSTEM, THE E CELL IN
STANDARD AND GIVEN THE SYMBOL E0SEL.[8]
ZN ELECTRODE WILL UNDERGO OXIDATION
REACTIONS, WHEREAS CU ELECTRODE WILL EXPERIENCE
REDUCTIONS. ELECTRON FLOW FROM CONDUCTING WIRE ZN
ATOMS, AND WITH THE FORMATION OF ZN2 + IONS INTO THE
SOLUTION AND DIFFUSE AWAY FROM THE LEMBATAN.[9]
ELECTROCHEMISTRY IS THE STUDY OF THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELECTRICITY AND CHEMICAL
COMPOUNDS. ELECTROCHEMISTRY IS A STUDY THAT
EXAMINES HOW CHEMICAL REACTIONS CAN LEAD TO
VOLTAGE AND REVERSE VOLTAGE MAY CAUSE A CHEMICAL
REACTION IN AN ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL. CHEMICAL FORM
OF ENERGY CONVERSION TO ELECTRICITY AND VICE VERSA
IS THE ESSENCE OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY. THERE ARE TWO
TYPES OF ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS, I.E. CELLS GALVANIC
AND ELECTROLYTIC. THE GALVANIC CELL IS A CELL THAT
GENERATES ELECTRICITY WHEN A CELL UNDERGOES A
CHEMICAL REACTION WHILE THE ELECTROLYTE CELLS ARE
CELLS THAT UNDERGO A CHEMICAL REACTION WHEN A
VOLTAGE IS APPLIED. ELECTROLYSIS AND CORROSION ARE
EXAMPLES OF IMPORTANT PROCESSES SUCH AS THE ONE ON
ELECTROCHEMISTRY. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
ELECTROCHEMISTRY BASED ON THE RATIO OF THE VOLTAGE
BETWEEN THE TWO SUBSTANCES AND HAS THE ABILITY TO
REACT TO EACH OTHER. THE LONGER THE METALS IN
GALVANIC SEPARATED ELEMENTS IN SERIES, THE VOLTAGE,
THE STRONGER THE ELECTROCHEMICAL ELECTRICITY WILL
BE TEREKSTRAK. THEORY OF ELECTRO-CHEMICAL AND
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS HAVE PRACTICAL
APPLICATIONS IN TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY IN MANY
WAYS. THE DISCOVERY AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE
ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO
DEVELOP FUEL CELLS AND BATTERIES, AND
UNDERSTANDING THE METAL RELATIVE TO ONE ANOTHER IN
ELECTROLYSIS AND CORROSION. [10]
D. EPERIMENTAL TOOLS AND MATERIAL
1. EXPERIMENTAL TOOLS
NO TOOLS TOOL TOOLS TOOLS
. NAME CATEGOR PICTURES FUNCTION
Y
1 FILTER 1 TO FILTER
PAPER THE
SOLUTION
2 PIPETTE 1 TO TAKE A
DROPS SOLUTION

3 CHEMICAL 1 AS A
GLASSWAR CONTAINER
E OF SOLUTION

4 CABLE 1 AS A
CONDUCTOR
OF
ELECTROLYIT
Y
5 VOLT 2 TO SEE THE
METER VOLTAGE

6 CLAMP 1 AS A METAL
SHREIPER

7 TUBE U 1 AS A PLACE
OF SOLUTION
WHEN
ELECTROLYSI
S
 8 METAL 1 AS AN
PLATE ZN, ELECTRODE
CU

9 BATTERY 1 AS A SOURCE
OF CURRENTS

10 CARBON 1 AS AN
ELECTROD ELECTRODE
E
11 STATIF 1 AS A TUBE
AND HOLDER U
CLAMP

2. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS
NO NAME CATEGORY PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES PROPERTIES
1 COFFER SPESIFIC  BLUE LIQUID  DEHYDRATI
SULFATE  MOLECULAR ON OCCURS
SOLUTION WEIGHT  REACT WITH
(CUSO4) 159,62 G/MOL HYDROCHL
 MELTING ORIC ACID
POINT 1100C  CROSS-
BORDER
2 ZINC SPESIFIC  MOLECULAR  SOLUBLE IN
SULFATE WEIGHT ALCOHOL
(ZNSO4) 161,47 G/MOL  CAN
 WHITE DECOMPOSE
POWDER TO SULFUR
 MELTING DIOXIDE AT
POINT 6800C 6800C
  BOILING
POINT 7400C
3 POTASSIU SPESIFIC  TYPICAL  DISSOLVED
M NITRATE SMEIL WATER
(KNO3)  BOILING  DISSOLVED
POINT 4000C LIQUID
 MELTING AMMONIA
POINT 3340C  LATE IN THE
GLYCEROL

3. WORKING SCHEME
3.1 EXPERIMENT 1 (VOLTAIL CELLS/CELLS GALVANI)

START

1. INSERT 150 ML ZnSO4 1 M INTO A BEAKER AND DIP A PIECE OF ZINK METAL INTO THE
SOLUTION
2. INSERT 150 ML CuSO4 1 M INTO A BEAKER AND DIP A PIECE OF ZINK METAL INTO THE
SOLUTION
3. MAKE A SALT BRIDGE BY ENTERING THE KNO3 1 MSOLUTION INTO THE U TUBE UNTIL IT
IS FULL THAN THE TWO MOUTH TUBES ARE CLOSED WITH COTTON
4. CONNECT SOLUTIION I AND SOLUTION 2 WITH THE SALT BRIDGE
5. CONNECT THE TWO Zn AND Cu ELECTRODES THROUGH THE VOLT METER USING A CABLE
AND CLAMP, THEN LET GO FOR A MOMENT AND NOTE THE POTENTIAL DIFERENCE THAT
OCCURS

POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

FINISH
 3.2 EXPERIMENT II (ELECTROLYSIS CELLS)

START

1. MOUNT THE ELECTROLYSIS DEVICE AS SHOWN THE SIDE

2. INSERT THE CuSO4 0,5 M SOLUTION INTO A U TUBE UP TO 1,5 CM FROM MOUTH OF THE
TUBE
3. DIP THE TWO CARBON ELECTRODE INTO EACH LEG OF THE U TUBE AND CONNECT THE
ELECTRODES WITH THE DIRECT CURRENT SOURCE 9 V FOR ABOUT 10 MINUTES. NOTE
THE CHANGES THAT OCCUR AT EACH ELECTRODE

CHANGE OF ELECTRODE

FINISH
 E. THE OBSERVATIONS
NO TREATMENT RESULT
A GALVANI CELLS - ML CUSO4 (BLUE COLOR
- PUT 50 ML CUSO4 1 M SOLUTION SOLUTION)
AND 50 ML ZNSO4 1 M SOLUTION - ZNSO4 (CLEAR SOLUTION)
INTO A BEAKER
- CONNECT THE TWO BEAKER
USING A SALT BRIDGE - KNO3 (CLEAR SOLUTION)
CONTAINING A CLEAR
SOLUTION OF KNO3
- PUT THE CU ELECTRODE AND - CATODA
ZN ELECTRODE INTO A BACK CU2+ + 2E- CU
BEAKER THAT IS CONNECT TO - ANODA
ZN ZN2+ + 2E-
B - A VOLT METER
- READ THE SCALE ON THE - CUSO4 (BLUE COLOR
VOLTMETER SOLUTION)
ELECTROLYSIS CELLS
- PUT 10 ML OF CUSO4 SOLUTION
INTO A U WITH A DISTANCE OF - WEIGH OF CARBON
1,5 CM FROM THE MOUTH OF ELECTRODE 1,3074 GR (10
THE TUBE MINUTE)
- WIGH THE CARBON ELECTRODE - CARBON WEIGHT : 1,3075

- CONNECT TWO CARBON - AT THE CARBON

ELECTRODE WITH A CABLE ELECTRODE : 1,3081 GR
AND DIP IN THE CARBON - THE WEIGHT OF THE CU
ELECTRODE INTO THE CUSO4 DEPOSITE FORMED 0,0015
SOLUTION ON THE CABLE TO GR
THE BATTERY
F. DISCUSSION
ELECTROLYSIS CELL IS A CELL THAT USES ELECTRIC
CURRENT TO GENERATE THE DESIRED REDOX REACTIONS
AND USED WIDELY IN OUR SOCIETY. BATTERY
RECHARGEABLE BATTERY IS ONE EXAMPLE OF
ELECTROLYSIS CELL APPLICATIONS IN EVERYDAY LIFE.
BATTERY THE BATTERY IS BEING RECHARGED (RECHARGE)
TRANSFORM ELECTRICAL ENERGY INTO PRODUCTS ARE
GIVEN IN THE FORM OF THE DESIRED CHEMICALS. WATER,
H2O, CAN BE DESCRIBED BY USING ELECTRICITY IN
ELECTROLYSIS CELLS. THIS PROCESS WILL BREAK DOWN THE
WATER INTO CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS. THE REACTION THAT
OCCURS IS AS FOLLOWS: 2 H2O(L) ——> 2 H2(G) + O2(G)
SETS THE CELL ELECTROLYSIS CELLS RESEMBLED
VOLTA. ELECTROLYSIS CELLS THAT DIFFERENTIATE FROM
CELLS OF THE VOLTA WAS, ON THE CELL ELECTROLYSIS, THE
COMPONENTS OF THE VOLTMETER IS REPLACED WITH THE
CURRENT SOURCE (BATTERY). SOLUTION OR MELT THAT
WANT TO DIELEKTROLISIS, IS PLACED IN A CONTAINER.
FURTHERMORE, THE ELECTRODE IS DIPPED INTO THE
SOLUTION OR MOLTEN ELECTROLYTES THAT WANT TO
DIELEKTROLISIS. THE ELECTRODE BEING USED IS
GENERALLY INERT ELECTRODES, SUCH AS GRAPHITE (C),
PLATINUM (PT), AND GOLD (AU). ELECTRODE SERVED AS A
REFUGE DURING THE REACTION. THE REDUCTION REACTION
TAKES PLACE AT THE CATHODE, WHILE THE OXIDATION
REACTIONS TAKE PLACE AT THE ANODE. NEGATIVE POLE
CURRENT SOURCES LEAD TO CATHODE (ELECTRON REQUIRES
A CAUSE) AND THE POSITIVE POLE OF THE CURRENT SOURCE
WOULD CERTAINLY LEAD TO THE ANODE. AS A RESULT, THE
NEGATIVELY CHARGED CATHODE AND ATTRACTS THE
 CATIONS WILL BE REDUCED INTO A METAL DEPOSITION.
INSTEAD, THE POSITIVELY CHARGED ANODE AND
INTERESTING ANION-ANION WILL BE OXIDIZED TO GAS.
CLEAR THAT THE GOAL WAS TO GET THE ELECTROLYTIC
DEPOSITION OF METAL AT THE CATHODE AND ANODE GAS.
ONE OF THE APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROLYSIS CELLS
ARE IN A PROCESS KNOWN AS GILDING. IN THE PROCESS OF
GILDING METAL, THE MORE EXPENSIVE THE MOUNTED
(DEPOSITED AS A THIN LAYER) ON THE SURFACE OF A
CHEAPER METAL BY MEANS OF ELECTROLYSIS. THE BATTERY
IS COMMONLY USED AS A POWER SOURCE DURING THE
PROCESS OF GILDING IN PROGRESS. METAL PLATED WANT TO
SERVE AS THE CATHODE AND PLATE SILVER (METAL
COATING) WHICH IS A METAL PENYEPUH SERVES AS THE
ANODE. ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION USED MUST CONTAIN THE
SAME METAL ION SPECIES WITH METAL PENYEPUH (IN THIS
CASE, THE SILVER IONS). ON THE PROCESS OF ELECTROLYSIS,
THE SILVER PLATE ON THE ANODE OXIDIZES AND DISSOLVES
INTO A SILVER ION. THE SILVER IONS WILL THEN BE
DEPOSITED AS A THIN LAYER ON THE SURFACE OF THE
CATHODE.

FIGURE 1 FOR GALVANI CELL FIGURE 2 FOR ELECROLYSIS CELL

G. CONCLUSION
METAL PLATED WANT TO SERVE AS THE CATHODE AND
PLATE SILVER (METAL COATING) WHICH IS A METAL
PENYEPUH SERVES AS THE ANODE. ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION
USED MUST CONTAIN THE SAME METAL ION SPECIES WITH
METAL PENYEPUH (IN THIS CASE, THE SILVER IONS). ON THE
PROCESS OF ELECTROLYSIS, THE SILVER PLATE ON THE
ANODE OXIDIZES AND DISSOLVES INTO A SILVER ION. THE
SILVER IONS WILL THEN BE DEPOSITED AS A THIN LAYER ON
THE SURFACE OF THE CATHODE.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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