REFERENSI UNTUK STRUKTUR BAJA

ANSI/AISC 360-10
An American National Standard

A S C E STANDARD ASCE/SEI 7-10

Minimum Design Loads
for Buildings and Other Structures
STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

MINGGU KE 1
INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL
STEEL DESIGN

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Sumatera Utara

Ir. DANIEL R. TERUNA, MT;Ph.D, IP-U
Table of contents

Structural design
Design procedures
Advantages of steel as a structural material
Disadvantages of steel as a structural material
Hot-rolled steel section
Steel structures shape
Type of steel
Stress-strain relationship
Behavior of steel under monotonic loading
Behavior of steel at extreme temperature
STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Structural design may be define as a

mixture of art and science, combining the
experienced engineer’s intuitive feeling for
the behavior of a structure to produce a safe
and economical structure to meet certain
functional and esthetic requirements.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Design is a process by which an optimum

solution is obtained

Strength
Serviceability

Optimal Design
Economy
STRUCTURAL DESIGN

In order to achieve this goal the engineer must have

the following knowledge

Physical and mechanical Properties of material

Structural behavior

Structural analysis and mechanics

Corelation between the layout and function of a

structure
DESIGN PROCEDURES

The structural design procedures consists of

six principal steps
Selection of type and layout structures
Determination of loads on the structures
Determination of internal forces and moments in the
structural components
Selection of material and proportioning of members
and connections for safety and economy
Checking the performance of the structures under
service condition
Final review
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A STRUCTURAL
MATERIAL

 High Strength
The high strength of steel per unit of weight means that structure
weight will be small. This fact is of great importance for long span
bridge, tall buildings, and structures having poor soil conditions.

 Uniformity
The properties of steel do not change appreciably with time, as do those
of a reinforced concrete structure

 Elasticity
Steel d behave closer to design assumption than most materials because
it follows Hooke’s law up to fairly high stress. The moment of inertia of a
steel structures can be definitely calculated, while the values obtained
for a reinforced concrete structures are rather indefinite
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A STRUCTURAL
MATERIAL

 Ductility
The property of a material by which it can withstand extensive
deformation without failure under high tenslile stress.

 Fracture Toughness
In structural steel design, toughness is a measure of the ability of
steel to resist fracture; i.e., to absorb energy. According to Rolfe,
material toughness is defined as” the resistance to unstable crack
propogation in the present of a notch.”

 Miscellaneous
(a) Ability to be fastened together by several simple connection device
including welds and bolts, (b) adaption to prefabrication, (c) speed of
erection, (d) ability to be rooled into a wide variety of sizes and
shapes, (e) fatigue strength, (f) possible reuse after a structures is
disassembled, (g) ultimate recyclable material
DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A
STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

Maintenance Cost
Fire Proofing Cost
Susceptibility Buckling
Fatigue
A large number of loading cycles
A wide range in stress variation
Local stress concentrations due to design and fabrication details
The problem of fatigue is if occurs, it can result in brittle fracture
Brittle Fracture
defines as “ a type of catastrophic failure that occurs without prior
plastic deformation
HOT-ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS

Wide flange shape (WF section)

American standard beam (S section)
Hollow structural section (HSS) American standar
Wide flange shape
T- sections beam shape

Channels
Angles
Pipes Channel/UNP Angle Tee

Flats and round bars

Plates
Flat and round bar

HSS Pipe

Plates
STEEL STRUCTURE SHAPE

Structures may be divided into three general

categores
Framed structures: where elements may consist of
columns, beams, and tension members
Shell-type structures: where axial forces predominate
Suspension type structures: where axial tension
predominate the principal support system
FRAMES STRUCTURES

TRUSS BRIDGES
FRAMES STRUCTURES

BOX GIRDER BRIGDE

FRAMES STRUCTURES

JOIST/TRUSSES
 FRAMES STRUCTURES

INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
 FRAMES STRUCTURES

WORKSHOP BUILDINGS
AERATED CONCRETE BLOCK FACTORY
FRAMES STRUCTURES

HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS
FRAMES STRUCTURES

HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS
FRAMES STRUCTURES
FRAMES STRUCTURES

SPACE TRUSS
FRAMES STRUCTURES

Stadium
SHELL TYPE STRUCTURES
SHELL -FRAME STRUCTURES
 SUSPENSION TYPE STRUCTURE

SUSPENSION BRIGDE
TYPE OF STEEL

Three basic types of steel used for structural steel

Plain Carbon Steels

Low carbon (less than 0,15%), Mild carbon (0,15-0,29%) ,
F  275 to 480 Mpa ; F  360 to 590 Mpa
Medium carbon (0,30-0,59%), High carbon (0,60-1,70%)
y u

Quenched and Tempered Allow Steels

High-Strength Low-allow Steels
The most commonly used is mild steel - ASTM A36
Fy  220 to 250Mpa
Fu  400 to 550 Mpa
Typical high strength steel:F  275 to 690 Mpa
y

Fu the
The higher the steel strength, 380 to 895
more the Mpa
carbon content and the
less ductile it is
MECHANICAL TESTING OF STEEL

Tension tests are the most common of steel elements

to confirm steel strength

Impact test
Impact tests on steel are performed to determine the impact
energy or fracture energy of steel. This can also be expressed
as “ toughness”
Impact test is performed on notched specimens.
The impact tests are commonly used is Charpy v-notch test
High energy absorption of steel is associated with high ductility.
There is a direct impact on temperature on the fracture energy
fracture of material
 Charpy V-notch test

2mm

Impact blow

10mm

10mm 40mm 40mm

 Charpy V-notch test
Transtition from
Brittle Brittle to ductile ductile

50
Energy absorbed (ft-lb)

40 Transtition temperature
(at steepest slope). 30F for
A36 steel
30

20

10

-10 0 10 20 30 40
Temperature (F)
 STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP

Standard plain carbon steel

Necking and
Stress (f = P/A) Fracture
Elastic Plastic Strain hardening
range range range
Upper yield
Fu=Ultimate tensile
point
stress
FY=Yield stress

Lower yield
point
E

y=0.002 st Strain ( = l /l)

 STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP

Tensile-test machine with Typical tensile-test specimen

automatic data-processing system. with extensometer attached
(Courtesy of MTS Systems Corporation)
 STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP

• True stress and nominal stress

When the initial area of the specimen is used in this calculation, the
resulting stress is called the nominal stress (engineering stress).

The true stress is obtained by by using the actual area of the bar, which
can become significantly less than the initial area

P P Ao Ao
 true   x   nom x
A Ao A A

 true   nom 1   nom 

STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP

Yield Point
The yield point is defined as the stress in the material at which the strain
exhibits a large increse without an increase in stress

Yield Stress
The stress at the yield point and is defined as aspecified point on the
curve established by constructing a 0.2% offset of strain parallel to the
initial elastic portion of the curve. The point at which this line crosses the
stress-strain curve is taken as the yield stress
Maximum Tensile Stress
The tensile stress is defined as the maximum axial load on the specimen
divided by the original cross-sectional area.
Proportional Limit
The proprtional limit is the maximum stress for which the stress is
directly proportional to strain
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP

Modulus of Elasticity
The modulus of elasticity is defined as The ratio of stress to strain in the
elastic region

Tangent Modulus of Elasticity

The tangent modulus of elasticity is defined as the slope of the tangent
point on the stress-strain curve above the proportional limit
Strain Hardening Modulus
The strain hardening modulus is defined as the slope of the strain
hardening range
Poisson’s Ratio
The ratio of transverse strain to longitudinal strain under an axial load
Shear Modulus Elasticity
The ratio of shearing stress to the shearing strain
 HIGH STRENGTH STEEL

0,2% offset
Quenched and tempered
allow steel A514
Stress Mpa

700
Fy= 700 Mpa
560 High strength low allow
carbon steel A572
420 Fy= 350 Mpa

280 Carbon steel A36

140 Fy= 250 Mpa

0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35

Strain mm/mm
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP

Upper yield
Proportional limit
limit
Stress” f”
Lower yield
Area under elastic limit
portion represent
(resilience)

Area under the

curve represent
“Toughness”

Strain “ “
Total strain represents “Ductility”
 BEHAVIOR OF STEEL UNDER MONOTONIC LOADING

 
D C D
C
B B
A A

Residual elastic
strain recovery
0  0 
plastic
elastic

C D
B
A

0 
Residual strain Elastic recovery
 BEHAVIOR OF STEEL AT EXTREME
TEMPERATURES

Fu (T)
Variation of Fu (T)
Fu 1,0

Fy (T)
Variation of Fy (T)
Fy
0,50 Variation of E (T)

E(T)
E
0 500 1000 1500 Temperatur, T (0F)