Name Date Class

h— Introduction to the Kingdoms of Life

fr Section 20-1: Simple Unicellular Organisms
Organisms Are Grouped According to Their Similarities
Complete each statement by writing the correct term or phrase
in the space provided.
1. Organisms in the kingdom are eukaryotic and
have cell walls made of chitin.

2. Organisms in the kingdom have no peptidoglycan

in their cell walls and are prokaryotes.
3. Animals have no cells walls, are multicellular and heterotrophic, and are

of the cell type

Kingdom Eubacteria Includes a Diverse Group of Prokaryotes

Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.
4. Describe the cell walls of eubacteria.

5. Describe the gene structure and gene translation apparatus of eubacteria.

C,

Gene structure has no introns. Instead the gene is transcribed as single mRNA

transcript. Gene translation apparatus have amino acids with a sequence of ribosome
C

proteins and RNA polymerases.

6. Where are eubacteria found?

C Inside and on the body, in the ocean or freshwater, different environments. Basically everywhere
I

-o
C
C,

C
U
7. What impact do eubacteria have on humans?

Eubacteria can cause disease. It’s used to process foods, control pests, produce chemicals and
are used in genetic engineering.

Biology: Principles and Explorations Directed Reading Chapter 20 11

Unusual Prokaryotes Are Found in Kingdom Archaebacteria
Complete each statement by underlining the correct term or
phrase in the brackets.
8. Archaebacteria [have I do not have) peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
9. Archaebacteria are found [on the skin and hair / in the digestive systems]
of many animals.
10. [Thermophiles I Bacilli] are species of archaebacteria that live in very hot water.

Section 20-2: Advent of Multicellularity

Multicellularity Has Many Forms
Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.
1. What is a colonial organism?

A colonial organism is a group of cells that are

permanently associated but don’t communicate with
one another.
2. What is an aggregation?
Aggregation is a temporary collection of cells that come together for a period of time
and then separate.

3. Why are colonies not considered multicellular organisms?

Colonies are not considered multicellular because multicellular organisms are

associated with each other and are in contact and colonies are not.

-d

4. What is differentiation?
Differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized in form and function. C,

C
C

Multicellularity Occurs in Protists

Mark each statement below T if it is true or F if it is false.
S. All protists are unicellular.

6. All protists are autotrophs. 0

7. Protists do not form spores.

8. Algae in the oceans are protists.

9. Biologists recognize six general groups of protists based on their physical

or nutritional characteristics.

78 Biology: Principles and Explorations Directed Reading Chapter 20

 Fungi Are Mostly Multicellular
In the space provided, explain how the terms in each pair differ
in meaning.
10. hyphae, mushrooms

Hyphae are strings of connected fungus cells and are barely visible. Mushrooms are
sexually reproductive structures produced by a type of fungi.

11. septa, cell walls

Septa are walls that divide one cell from another. They allow cytoplasm to flow freely
from one cell to the next. Cell walls cover the cells and do not allow cytoplasm to flow
freely.

12. zygomycetes, basidiomycetes

Zygomycetes for structures called zygosporangia for sexual reproduction.

Basidiomycetes are types of fungi that produce mushrooms.

Section 20-3: Kingdoms of Plants and Animals

Complex Multicellularity Defines Plants and Animals
Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.
1. What distinguishes plants and animals from the other four kingdoms?

The structure and complexity of the plants and animals cells distinguish pets them from
the other four kingdoms

t
0

2. Distinguish between tissues and organs.

.0
C
Tissues are types of cells with a common structure and function. Organs are specialized
structures with specific function.
0
I
.0
C

3. Distinguish between organs and organ systems.

Tissues make up an organ which is a specialized structure with a specific function. Organs work
together to form an organ system.

Biology: Principles and Explorations Directed Reading Chapter 20 19

Autotrophs with Tissues Are in the Plant Kingdom
Read each question, and write your answer in the space
provided.
4. What are four characteristics of plants?
1. Multicellular eukaryotes

2. Producers (autotrophic)

3. Cell walls made of cellulose

4. Can’t move

S. What are five products that plants provide to humans and other animals?
1. Food

2. Medicines

3. Dye

4. Cloth

5. Paper

In the space provided, write the name of the group—nonvascular,

seedless vascular, gymnosperm, or angiosperm— to which each
of the following plants belongs:
6. rose

7. grass

8. moss

9. oak tree

10. fern
-C

11. pine tree

The Animal Kingdom Contains Complex Heterotrophs

Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.
C
12. What are four characteristics of animals?
-C
C

1. Moves by self

2. Multicellular heterotrophs (consumers)

-c
C

3. Lack a cell wall

4. Mostly diploid 0

-0
0
13. What ecological roles do animals fulfill?
0.
Some are detritvores, primary consumers, secondary consumers and parasites C
U

80 Biology: Principles and Explorations Directed Reading Chapter 20