Topics

 Transmission line (TL) examples

 Structure, materials, vendor specifications
 Lumped vs. distributed circuit analysis
 Why one or the other?
 Wavelength and circuit component electrical size
 Distributed circuit model for infinitesimal TL
length
 Telegrapher’s equations
 Bridge from circuit analysis to field theory
 Topics
 Transmission line (TL) transient analysis
 Square pulse excitation (why square?)
 TL propagation delay, attenuation
 Analysis methods
 Succesive reflections: source and load “planes”
 KVL/KCL and boundary conditions

 Bounce diagram, V(V), I(A) vs. z(m) @ fixed time t

 Sources
 DC vs. finite pulsewidth: bounce diagram examples
 Infinite series and closed-form expressions
 Lumped vs. Distributed Circuit
 Lumped circuit analysis
 Acceptable for “long” wavelengths (“low” frequency)
 1kHz: o=186 miles, 100kHz: o=1.86 miles,
1MHz: o= 0.186 miles (984 ft)
 Phase shift in 10” trace @ 1MHz: 0.31o
 Distributed circuit analysis
 Frequency bands
 VHF: 30MHz – 300MHz, UHF: 300MHz – 1GHz
 Microwave: 1GHz – 100GHz
 Example systems
 Cell phones: 800 – 900MHz, Wireless Internet (802.11b, g):
2.4GHz, (802.11a): 5.6GHz
 Transmission Line Examples

 Actual transmission line examples

 Coaxial cable, twin lead, waveguide – differences,
advantages
 Propagation velocity, attenuation - materials, structure
 Effects on actual systems – digital, communications, etc.
 Structure, materials
 Inner conductor & outer braid, dielectric layer, plastic sleeve
 Cable vendor specifications
 Characteristic impedance, velocity factor, L/C values
 Attenuation factor, operating frequency range
 Distributed Circuit Analysis

 Model for infinitesimal TL length

 Incremental change in voltage, current
 Telegrapher’s equations
 Take limit to obtain differential equations
 Solution: traveling waves in two directions
 Incident and reflected
 Boundary conditions at load plane
 Distributed Circuit Analysis
 Excitation sources
 Digital signals: square pulses
 Communications: periodic signals (i.e.: weighted
harmonic sinusoids – Fourier series)
 Equivalent schematic
 Source, transmission line, load
 Load plane analysis
 Define voltage reflection coefficient L, total impedance,
find L
 Source plane analysis
 KVL, find VS+ (pulse launched onto TL)
 Yields source voltage reflection coefficient S
 Distributed Circuit Analysis
 Bounce diagram
 Velocity factor, TL delay “flight” time
 Infinite (DC source) vs. finite pulsewidth
 Reflection coefficients, initial source pulse
 Voltage/current vs. position and time
 Infinite series expression, closed-form solution
 DC source, comparison to known relations
 Time-Domain Plots (VnTOT = Vn+ + Vn- , n = S,L)
 Transient analysis, total load voltage: VLTOT
 Source incident VS+, load incident VL+
 Total load VLTOT, reflected load VL-
 Reflected source VS- , total source VSTOT
 Distributed Circuit Analysis

 Time-Domain Plots
 Example: Capacitive load
 Load total voltage: VLTOT
 Pulse onset: short-circuit  L = -1
 Steady-state: open-circuit  L = +1
 Steady-state voltage: pulse amplitude,  = Ro*C
 Pulse removed: C maintains charged voltage
 Exponential decay to 0V
 Time-domain plots (VnTOT = Vn+ + Vn- , n = S,L)
 Plot order: VS+, VL+, VLTOT, VL-, VS-, VSTOT
 Distributed Circuit Analysis

 Time-Domain Plots
 Example: Inductive load
 Load total voltage: VLTOT
 Pulse onset: open-circuit  L = +1
 Initial VL: pulse amplitude
 Steady-state: short-circuit  L = -1
 Steady-state voltage: 0V,  = L/Ro
 Pulse removed: L maintains final current
 Initial VL: -IL(0)*Ro, exponential decay to 0V
 Time-domain plots (VnTOT = Vn+ + Vn- , n = S,L)
 Plot order: VS+, VL+, VLTOT, VL-, VS-, VSTOT