Recall of the previous topic discussed

What are the Characteristics of Research?

1. Accuracy- it must give correct and accurate data, which the footnotes, notes and bibliographical entries
should honestly and appropriately documented or acknowledged.
2. Objectiveness- it must deal with facts, not mere opinions arising from assumptions, generalizations,
predictions or conclusions.
3. Timeliness- it must work on the topic that is fresh, new an interesting to the present society.
4. Relevance- the topic must be instrumental in improving our society or in solving problems affecting the lives
of the people in the community.
5. Clarity- it must succeed in expressing its central point using simple, direct, concise and correct language.
6. Systematic- it must take place in an organized or orderly manner.
What is the Process of Research?

1. Define the Research Problem- understanding the problem thoroughly and rephrasing the term into
meaningful terms from a point of view.
2. Review the Literature- literature review provides an overview of what has been written about a specific
topic. It practically includes information and data which are relevant to the topic of the study.
3. Formulate Hypothesis- is the tentative assumption made in order to draw out and tests its logical
consequences.
4. Design Research-its function is to provide for the collection of relevant evidence.
5. Collect Data- methods of data collection used in qualitative research are observations, interviews,
document reviews, audio and visual materials. Obtaining data requires the researchers to perform
necessary skills and strategies and to follow the right procedure in interviewing, observing, and conducting
survey through questionnaires.
6. Analyze Data- the analysis of qualitative data involves identifying, examining and interpreting patterns and
themes in the data gathered by the researcher. This will help you find answers to the research questions
posed at the start of the research project.
7. Interpret and Report- on this part of the research report the researcher finds chance of leaving a lasting
impression. It usually includes a comprehensive summary of the findings. The key points are highlighted
briefly based on the analysis or results of the study.
Functions of Ethics in Research
Ethics as important component in research writing shows the following functions:
1. Norms promote the aims of research such as knowledge, truth and evidence of error.
2. Ethical standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work such as trust, accountability,
mutual respect and fairness.
3. Ethical norms ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public.
4. Ethical norms in research, is research that helps build public support quality and integrity of research.
Topics to discuss
Qualitative Research- is primarily an exploratory research. It is used to give an understanding of underlying
reasons, opinions and motivations. The investigation provides insights, into the problem or helps to develop ideas or
hypothesis for potential qualitative research. It is also used to uncover trends in thought and opinions and dig
deeper into the problem. The sample size is typically small.

-Deals with designs, techniques and measures that do not produce discrete numerical data. It
involves extensive narrative data in order to gain insights into phenomena.
Quantitative Research- is used to quantify the problem by way of generating mathematical data that can be
transformed into usable statistics. It quantifies attitudes, opinions, behaviors and other defined variables and
generalize results from a large sample of population.
- Includes designs, techniques and measures that produce numerical or quantitative data
analysis of which is mainly statistical.

Topic 1: Similarities of Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research

Bachman 2009 identifies the following commonalities/ similarities in qualitative and quantitative research:
1. Empirical research is aimed at creating new knowledge.
2. Research creates knowledge by observing phenomena.

Prepared by: Connie Grace C. Carlos

Teacher I
 3. All the entities of interest like attitudes, motives, and learning can be inferred from observing what people do
or say in a given setting.
4. All researchers are concerned about the universality of ideas or expressing an idea in a general statement;
they desire to find meaning for the research results beyond a particular study.
Topic 2: Differences of Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Purpose To understand and interpret social interactions To test hypothesis, look at cause and
effect & make predictions
Group studied Smaller & not randomly selected Larger & randomly selected
Variables Study of the whole, not variables Specific variables studied
Type of Data Words, images, or objects Specific variables studied
Collected
Form of Data Qualitative data such as open-ended Quantitative data based on precise
Collected responses, interviews, participant measurements using structured & validated
observations, field notes, reflections data-collection instruments
Type of Data Identify patterns, features, themes Identify statistical relationships
Analysis
View of human Dynamic, situational, social and personal Regular & predictable
behaviour
Most common Explore, discover & construct Describe, explain & predict
research
objectives
Focus Examines the breadth & depth of phenomena Tests specific hypotheses

Nature of Study behaviour in a natural environment Study behaviour under controlled

Observation conditions; isolate causal effects
Nature of reality Multiple realities: subjective Single reality: objective

Final report Narrative report with contextual description & Statistical report with correlations,
direct quotations from research participants comparisons of means & statistical
significance of findings.

Topic 3:Types of Research

1. Based on Application of Research Method

 Pure Research- it deals with concepts, principles and abstract things. This type of research aims to
increase your knowledge about something.
 Applied Research- the application of a chosen research to societal problems and issues. And
finding ways to make positive changes in society.
2. Based on Purpose of the Research
 Descriptive research- this type of research aims at defining or giving verbal portrayal or picture of a
person, thing, event, group and situation. This is liable to repeated research because its topic relates
itself only for a limited number of years.
 Correlational research- this research shows relationships or connectedness of two factors,
circumstances or events called variables that affect the research. It is concerned in indicating the
existence of a relationship.
 Explanatory research- this research elaborates and explains not just the reasons behind the
relationship of two factors but also the ways by which the relationship exists.
 Exploratory research- the purpose of this research is to find out how reasonable or possible it is to
conduct a study on a certain topic.
 Action research- this research studies an on-going practice of a school, organization, community or
institution for the purpose of obtaining results that will bring improvements in the system.
3. Based on Types of Data Needed
 Primary data- obtained through direct observation or contact with people, object and artifacts.
Primary data are new and original information resulting from your sensory experience.
 Secondary data- data that have been already written about or reported on and are available for
reading purposes is already known as secondary data.

Prepared by: Connie Grace C. Carlos

Teacher I
Prepared by: Connie Grace C. Carlos
Teacher I