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This document summarizes methods for calibrating shock accelerometers. Shock accelerometers are designed to withstand and measure extreme short-duration accelerations exceeding typical vibration accelerometer ranges. Calibration involves back-to-back measurements against a reference standard to determine sensitivity, linearity, and frequency response. While shakers can calibrate up to 5,000g, shocks can exceed 10,000g, requiring different techniques like pneumatic shock exciters per ISO 16063-22 to calibrate up to the full scale of shock accelerometers.
This document summarizes methods for calibrating shock accelerometers. Shock accelerometers are designed to withstand and measure extreme short-duration accelerations exceeding typical vibration accelerometer ranges. Calibration involves back-to-back measurements against a reference standard to determine sensitivity, linearity, and frequency response. While shakers can calibrate up to 5,000g, shocks can exceed 10,000g, requiring different techniques like pneumatic shock exciters per ISO 16063-22 to calibrate up to the full scale of shock accelerometers.
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This document summarizes methods for calibrating shock accelerometers. Shock accelerometers are designed to withstand and measure extreme short-duration accelerations exceeding typical vibration accelerometer ranges. Calibration involves back-to-back measurements against a reference standard to determine sensitivity, linearity, and frequency response. While shakers can calibrate up to 5,000g, shocks can exceed 10,000g, requiring different techniques like pneumatic shock exciters per ISO 16063-22 to calibrate up to the full scale of shock accelerometers.
Droits d'auteur :
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Formats disponibles
Téléchargez comme PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
Shock and Vibration Shock accelerometers are specifically
designed to withstand and measure
Calibration of extreme, high-amplitude, short-duration Accelerometers accelerations often associated with transients. Such accelerations characteristically exceed the range limit Marco Peres, found on other typical vibration The Modal Shop, Cincinnati, Ohio accelerometer designs. Several Robert D. Sill, PCB Piezotronics, Advanced Design Center, applications for shock accelerometers San Clemente, California are found in the areas of automotive engineering and human safety (Figure 2), aerospace, military and weapons Figure 1: Accelerometer Calibration Workstation applications, package and drop testing, next to an electrodynamic air bearing calibration pyroshock events and explosive studies, Shock and vibration phenomena are shaker [1]. present around us in everything that projectile impacts, etc. moves. If something moves, it Comparison methods are normally experiences acceleration. Measurement performed by back-to-back of this acceleration helps us gain a measurements against a reference higher understanding of the nature of standard to measure sensitivity, the motion, understanding that increases linearity, frequency and phase response our awareness of an event or [2]. The sensor under test (SUT) is encourages refinement of the mounted in a back-to-back arrangement engineering design of a moving device. with a standard reference accelerometer (the reference having traceability to Accelerometers are inertial transducers primary calibration). Since the motion that can sense mechanical motion and input is the same for both devices, the convert it into an electrical quantity that ratio of their outputs is also the ratio of Figure 2: crash test dummy. may be conveniently measured or their sensitivities and the sensitivity Ssut recorded. The accelerometer, either of the SUT can be calculated as: Transient accelerations can be very alone or with other electrical large, possibly stressing the sensors to Ssut = Sref • (Vsut/Vref) • (Gref / Gsut) (1) non-linear regions of operation. It is components, produces an electrical output signal related to the applied highly desirable to test the Sref is the reference transducer sensitivity accelerometers at levels typical of the motion. Accurate accelerometer Vsut is the SUT output (in mV or pC) calibration is a way to provide physical Vref is the reference sensor output (in mV or pC). actual measurement. In general, shock meaning to this electrical output and it Gsut is the SUT gain (in mV/mV or mV/pC) acceleration events may easily exceed Gref is the reference gain (in mV/mV or mV/pC). 5,000 gn or more with pulse durations of is a prerequisite for quality measurements. less than 10 ms (1 gn = 9.80665 m/s2). Both sensors can be mounted to an Many test laboratories will shock electrodynamic shaker driven with a calibrate each sensor before and after The manufacturer of an accelerometer sinusoidal vibration and the sensitivity subjects the design to a wide variety of every test to check if the transducer of the SUT is measured at that survived and to validate the acquired tests to determine output due to a large particular frequency. Sweeping through number of inputs. Output characteristics data. the desired range of frequencies then commonly measured include sensitivity, generates a frequency response curve of frequency response, resonant frequency, Since the acceleration levels available the SUT. on calibration-quality shakers are not amplitude linearity, transverse sensitivity, temperature response, time adequate to test shock accelerometers at Air bearing shakers are the preferable full scale levels, different techniques are constant, capacitance, and the other type of electrodynamic shaker to be environmental effects (base strain needed. ISO 16063-22 specifically used, as they can provide the highest describes instrumentation and sensitivity, magnetic sensitivity, etc). quality of pure single degree of freedom procedures to be used for secondary vibration over the widest frequency shock calibration of accelerometers, A subset of these parameters is typically range, while minimizing the transverse tested in a dedicated ‘back to back’ using a reference acceleration, velocity motion and distortion found on other or force measurement for the time- calibration system for laboratory use, electrodynamic shakers. [3] shown in Figure 1. Computer- dependent shock comparison [4]. The controlled accelerometer calibration methods are applicable in a shock pulse One limitation of most shakers, duration range of 0.05 ms to 8.0 ms, and workstations not only automate the however, is that the acceleration levels sometimes tedious calibration process a dynamic range (peak value) of 10 gn possible are inadequate for the complete to 10,000 gn (time-dependent). The but also help minimize human errors calibration of low sensitivity and enhance system repeatability and resulting data allow the transducer accelerometers designed for shock shock sensitivity to be obtained. accuracy. applications. An example of the most common shock 16063-22 mentions the Hopkinson bar technique, a pneumatic shock exciter, is method but a maximum level of 10,000 shown in Figure 3. This system can gn is specified, which has reference to perform calibration and linearity checks primary methodologies (see ISO 16063- up to 10,000 gn and is one of the most 13 for details [6]). Last but not least, versatile anvil shock type devices pendulum and drop ball apparatus are available for shock calibration (in terms also described on the ISO 16063-22 and of amplitude range, pulse duration, can alternatively be used for shock repeatability, and traceability to primary calibration. calibration methodologies). References:
[1] http://www.modalshop.com
[2] ISO 16063-21, Methods for the calibration of
vibration and shock transducers — Part 21: Vibration calibration by comparison to a reference transducer. Figure 4: test transducer, reference transducer, [3] Dosch, Jeffrey, Air Bearing Shaker for and anvil mounting arrangement detail Precision Calibration of Accelerometers, IMAC 2006 Printed calibration certificates fulfilling the requirements set forth by ISO 17025 [4] ISO 16063-22 Methods for the calibration of can be easily generated, and calibration vibration and shock transducers — Part 22: Shock results can be stored in open database calibration by comparison to a reference transducer. Figure 3: 9155C-525 pneumatic shock exciter format for ease of retrieval and data management. The system can also test [5] Dosch, Jeffrey, Lin Jing, “Hopkinson Bar In this exciter a regulated air pressure accelerometers for other characteristics, Acceptance Testing for Shock Accelerometers”, drives a projectile to impact an “anvil” such as zero shift, ringing, and non- Sound and Vibration, February 1999. to which transducers are mounted as linearity. Figure 5 shows a typical shown in Figure 4. A pilot-operated [6] ISO 16063-13:2001, Methods for the screen shot of the measured shock and calibration of vibration and shock transducers — poppet valve is used to quickly release the calibration results produced with the Part 13: Primary shock calibration using laser the controlled pressure, which controls pneumatic exciter described above. interferometry. the amount of linear momentum transfer in an impact. Pressure pulse duration and level can be finely tuned to provide The authors can be contacted at: calibration@modalshop.com precise control and ease of use adjustment of the projectile shock levels. An assortment of anvils with different padding stiffness characteristics is available to adjust the acceleration and pulse duration resulting from the impact. The anvil assembly is inserted into the guide at the end of the barrel in which a Figure 5: calibration output results for a shock sensor tested from 2,000gn to 10,000gn projectile is launched. A mechanism acceleration levels. with “fingers” slides over the assembly, which catches the transducers during A time domain polynomial their upward flight. Each finger approximation of the shock pulses is mechanism has an interlock safety performed according to ISO-16063-22 switch that disables the system if it is to calculate the peak output values of not in position. the two sensors and the sensitivity value for the SUT is calculated using equation (1) described before.
Other methods for shock calibration
include well-described Hopkinson bar systems, which are particularly suitable for testing sensors under extremely high shock levels normally ranging from 10,000 gn up to 200,000 gn. A previous article published in this magazine [5] 3149 E. Kemper Rd., Cincinnati, OH 45241 USA provides very good details on the 513-351-9919 800-860-4867 Hopkinson bar calibration method. ISO calibration@modalshop.com www.modalshop.com