Example: Transpiration Cooling

Example 11.4-4 in BSL: Transpiration Cooling

A system with two concentric porous spherical shells of radii  R

and R is shown in Figure. The inner surface of the outer shell is at
temperature T1, and the outer surface of inner shell is at lower
temperature T. Dry air at T is blown outward radially from the
inner shell into the intervening space and then through the outer
shell.

Develop an expression for the required rate of heat removal from

the inner sphere as function of the mass rate of flow out of the gas.
Assume steady laminar flow and low gas velocity. 2
 Example (contd.)
Assumptions:
1. Steady-state
2. Newtonian fluid with constant viscosity
3. Laminar flow, fully developed (low u)
4. Properties of air are constant
5. Incompressible fluid ( = constant)
6. 1-D in the r direction:
ur ≠ 0, u = 0 and u = 0
Postulation: modified pressure
u   r ur  r  , T=T  r  , P  P  r 
Analysis:
• Eqn. of continuity will be solved together to g get the T profile
• Eqn. of energy
• Eqn. of motion will be solved to get the pressure profile
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 Example 1 (contd.)
Continuity equation:
SS U = 0 U = 0
 1  ( r 2ur ) 1 ( u sin  ) 1 ( u )
 2   0
t r r r sin   r sin  

r-component of momentum equation:

 ur ur u ur u  ur u

2
 u 
2
P
   ur      
 t r r  r sin   r  r
 1   r 2 τ rr  1  ( τ r sin  ) 1 τ r      
 2    
r r r sin   r sin   r 
 

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 Example 1 (contd.)
Energy equation for pure Newtonian fluids with constant  and k:

 T T u T u T 
C p   ur   
 t r r  r sin   
 1   2 T  1   T  1  2T 
k  2 r  2  sin   2 2 2
  v
 r r  r  r sin      r sin   

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 Example 1 (contd.)
r-component of momentum equation reduces to:

 ur
dur

dP 1
 2
d r 
2
τ rr
dP  1
 2
d 2
r2
ur  
dr dr r dr dr r dr 2 
 
The equation of continuity reduces to:

1 d (  r 2ur )
2
0
r dr
The equation of energy reduces to:

dT 1 d  2 dT 
 C p ur  k 2 r 
dr r dr  dr 

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 Example 1 (contd.)
Integrate continuity equation:
mass flow rate
1 d (  r ur )
2
r
0   r  ur  constant 
integrate 2

r 2
dr 4
r 1 dur r 2 r 1
ur    
4 r 2 dr 4 r 3
2 r 3
Substitute this information in r-comp. of equation of motion:

 ur
dur

dP 1
 2
d r 2
τ rr 

dP  1
 2

d 2
r 2
ur  
dr dr r dr dr r dr 2 
 
dP dur 2  R 
4

   ur 
integrate
 Pr   P  R  r
4 
1   
dr dr 32  R   r  
2

BC : @ r  R, P  P  R 
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 Example 1 (contd.)
Substitute velocity in energy equation:

dT 1 d  2 dT 
 C p ur  k 2 r 
dr r dr  dr 

dT 4 k d  2 dT 
 r 
dr r C p dr  dr 

Make the change of variable to get a separable equation for (r):

 dT 
  r2  
 dr 

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 Example 1 (contd.)
 dT  dT 4 k d  2 dT 
 r 2
   r   ?
 dr  dr r C p dr  dr  carry out
the steps

Solve to get:

T  T1 e  R0 / r  e  R0 / R r C p
  R0 /  R  R0 / R R0 
T  T1 e e 4 k

The rate of heat flow towards the inner sphere is:

dT
Q  4 R qr r  R = 4 R k
2 2 2 2
r  R
dR

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 Example 1 (contd.)
Insert temperature profile:
dT
Q  4 kR qr r  R = 4 kR k
2 2
r  R
dR

4 kR0 T1  T 
Q
 R0  
exp   1      1
  R  
The rate of heat flow
towards the inner sphere

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