MT 368L Mechatronic System Design Lab

Lab # 13 & 14 To design signal conditioning circuits

for sensors in order to change the output of a sensor
into a measurable signal using operational amplifires

Objectives:
 To Introduce the concept of signal conditioning and its significance
 To emphasize on various operations of signal conditioning using Op Amps

Tools:

Software Tools:

 Proteus ISIS

Hardware Tools:

Name Value Quantity

Power Supply, 1
Function Generator, 1
Oscilloscope, 1
Op amp IC LM324 1
Connecting Wires
Resistors
Capacitors

Pre-Lab

Pin Configurations:
MT 368L Mechatronic System Design Lab

In Lab:

Circuit Diagrams:

(Fig 1) Voltage Follower (Fig 2) Comparator

(Fig 3) Inverting Amplifier (Fig 4) Non Inverting

Amplifier
MT 368L Mechatronic System Design Lab

Voltage Follower:

Literature:
Voltage follower is used to connect a device with a high source impedance to a device with a low
input impedance. Therefore the input and output of a voltage follower is ideally equal.

The maximum operational frequency of an amplifier is dependent upon its slew rate (SR) where the
slew rate is the maximum rate of change of the output voltage and is expressed in V/µs.

𝑑𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝑡)
𝑆𝑅 = max (| |)
𝑑𝑡
𝑆𝑅
𝑓≤
2𝜋 𝑉𝑝 − 𝑝

Where Vp-p is the peak to peak voltage, f is the maximum operating frequency for the specific
𝑑𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝑡)
amplifier and max ( | |) is the positive value of the maximum slope of output voltage.
𝑑𝑡
∆𝑉
If the output is a straight line slew rate can also be calculated by ∆𝑡

Procedure:
1. Make the circuit in fig 1 on a breadboard
2. Supply a 1 Hz 5Vp-p square wave as input of the voltage follower. Is the output same
as the input? If it is different than state the difference
_______________________________
3. Increase the frequency of the input signal till the output is a perfect triangular wave.
Note down the frequency. ____________________
4. Calculate and note down the slew rate of this amplifier __________________
5. Calculate and note down the max operating frequency for this amplifier
______________

Comparator:

Literature:

A comparator is a circuit which compares two signals. For the specific comparator that will be
built in the experiment the output will be
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑠 + 𝑖𝑓 𝑉1 > 𝑉2
= { 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑖𝑓 𝑉1< 𝑉2
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑉1= 𝑉2
MT 368L Mechatronic System Design Lab

Procedure:
1. Make the circuit in fig 2 on breadboard
2. Connect 10V to High Voltage and -10V to Low Voltage.
3. Connect 5V to V1 and 0V to V2. Note down the output voltage. __________________
4. Connect 5V to V1 and 10V to V2. Note down the output voltage. _________________
5. Is the amplifier properly working as a comparator? __________________
6. Show the results to the instructor

Inverting Amplifier:

Literature:

An inverting amplifier inverts and scales the input signal. Where the output voltage is equal to
𝑅𝐹
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − × 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝐼𝑁
𝑅𝐹
(Gain)A = −
𝑅𝐼𝑁

Procedure:
1. For fig 3 select and note down the values of RIN and RF for a voltage gain of
 -5V RIN ____________ RF _____________
 -10V RIN ____________ RF _____________
2. Make the circuit in fig 3 on breadboard for both gains separately
3. Select and note down an appropriate frequency for the input signal (keeping in mind the
maximum operating frequency)_________________
4. Supply a 0.5Vp square wave of selected frequency to Vin
5. Is the output and input signal in-phase?__________________
6. Show the results to the instructor

Non Inverting Amplifier:

Literature:

A non-inverting amplifier scales the input signal but the gain is always greater than 1. Where
the output voltage is equal to
𝑅𝐹
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (1 + ) × 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝐼𝑁
MT 368L Mechatronic System Design Lab

𝑅𝐹
(Gain)A = 1 +
𝑅𝐼𝑁

Procedure:
1. For fig 3 select and note down the values of RIN and RF for a voltage gain of
 5V R1 ____________ RF _____________
 10V R1 ____________ RF _____________
2. Make the circuit in fig 4 on breadboard for both gains separately
3. Select and note down an appropriate frequency for the input signal (keeping in mind the
maximum operating frequency)
4. Supply a 0.5Vp square wave of selected frequency to Vin
5. Is the output and input signal in-phase?__________________
6. Show the results to the instructor

(Fig 1) Summing Amplifier (Fig 1) Differntial Amplifier

MT 368L Mechatronic System Design Lab

(Fig 1) Instrumentation
Amplifier
MT 368L Mechatronic System Design Lab

Summing Amplifier:

Literature:

Procedure:
6. Make the circuit in fig 1 on a breadboard
7. Use the formula to calculate both the the trigger points and fill the table below for
different values of Vref
8. Note the observed trigger points from the oscilloscope and compare them with the
calculated values
Observed Values
Calculated Values

S.NO Vref (V)

Vhigh (V)
Vlow (V) Vhigh (V) Vlow (V)

5
MT 368L Mechatronic System Design Lab

Differential Ampilfier:

Literature:

Procedure:

1. Make the circuit in fig 2 on breadboard

2. Sketch the observed waveforms for the following input signals
a. 1Vp-p Sine Wave

b. 1Vp-p Square Wave

c. 1Vp-p Triangular Wave

Instrumentation Amplifier:

Literature:

Procedure:

1. Make the circuit in fig 3 on breadboard

2. Sketch the observed waveforms for the following input signals
d. 1Vp-p Sine Wave

e. 1Vp-p Square Wave

f. 1Vp-p Triangular Wave

MT 368L Mechatronic System Design Lab

(Fig 3) Differentiator

(Fig 5) Inverting active

(Fig 4) Inverting Active High Pass Filter
Low Pass Filter
MT 368L Mechatronic System Design Lab

Schmitt Trigger:

Literature:

Procedure:

1. Make the circuit in fig 1 on a breadboard

2. Use the formula to calculate both the the trigger points and fill the table below for
different values of Vref
3. Note the observed trigger points from the oscilloscope and compare them with the
calculated values
Observed Values
Calculated Values

S.NO Vref (V)

Vhigh (V)
Vlow (V) Vhigh (V) Vlow (V)

5
MT 368L Mechatronic System Design Lab

Integrator:

Literature:

Procedure:

1. Make the circuit in fig 2 on breadboard

2. Sketch the observed waveforms for the following input signals
g. 1Vp-p Sine Wave

h. 1Vp-p Square Wave

i. 1Vp-p Triangular Wave

Differentiator:

Literature:

Procedure:

1. Make the circuit in fig 3 on breadboard

2. Sketch the observed waveforms for the following input signals
j. 1Vp-p Sine Wave

k. 1Vp-p Square Wave

l. 1Vp-p Triangular Wave

MT 368L Mechatronic System Design Lab

Critical Analysis / Conclusion

(By Student about Learning from the Lab)

Lab Assessment

Pre Lab /10

Performance /10

Results /10 /10

Viva /10

Critical Analysis /10

Individual / Team
Work /10

Fulfilment of Assigned
Tasks /10

Instructor Signature and Comments

MT 368L Mechatronic System Design Lab