• Explain the structure and functions of the following organelles:

• Nucleus

• Rough endoplasmic reticulum

• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• Golgi apparatus

• Lysosomes

• Mitochondrion

• Chloroplast

• Ribosomes

• Explain the fate of the cells when placed in different tonicity of solutions.

I. Animal cell without cell wall will lyse (burst) in hypotonic solution.

II. If an animal cell and its surroundings are isotonic, there is no net movement of water into the
cell: the cell is normal.

III. Animal cell without cell wall will shrivel in hypertonic solution.

IV. A plant cell in hypotonic solution swells until the wall opposes uptake: the cell becomes
turgid(firm)

V. If a plant cell and its surroundings are isotonic, there is no net movement of water into the cell:
the cell becomes flaccid (limp)

VI. In a hypertonic environment, plant cell lose water. The membrane pulls away from the cell wall,
causing the plant to wilt, a potential lethal effect called plasmolysis.

• Compare and contrast active and passive diffusion.

1. Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment.

Substances diffuse down their concentration gradient.

2. Active transport requires energy, usually in the form of ATP hydrolysis, to move substances
against their concentration gradient.

• Name the different functions of the membrane proteins.

a. Transport

b. Enzymatic activity
 c. Signal transduction

d. Cell-cell recognition

e. Intercellular joining

f. Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix(ECM)

• Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis Meiosis

DNA replication Occurs during interphase before mitosis begins Occurs during interphase
before meiosis I but
not meiosis II

Number of divisions One, including prophase, prometaphase, Two, each including

prophase, metaphase,

metaphase, anaphase and telophase anaphase and telophase

Synapsis of Does not occur Occur during prophase I

along with crossing homologous over
between nonsister chromatid: resultig chromosomes
chiasmata hold pairs togther due to sister
chromatid cohesion

Number of daughter Two, each genetically identical to the parent Four, each haploid (n):
genetically different ells and genetic cell, with the same number of chomosome
from the parent cell and from each other composition

Role in animals, Enable multicellular animal, plant and fungi to Produces gamete (in
animal) or spores in arise from a single cell, produces cell for growth, plant
sporophytes and fungi, reduces the repair and in some species asexual
reproduction: chromosome set by half, and introduces produces
gamete in lant gametophyte genetic variability among the gametes and
fungi and plants spores

• Name the phases of cell cycle

The cell cycle consists of

mitotic phase (M) - mitosis and cytokinesis

Interphase (Cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division)

- can be divided into three phases :

G1 phase

S phase

G2 phase

• Diagram the process of meiosis for an imaginary cell with six chromosomes in a diploid cell.

• How many homologous pairs are present in this cell? Create a drawing that
distinguishes between homologous pairs.

three

• Label each homologue to indicate whether it is maternal (M) or paternal (P).

• Draw a new cell showing how these chromosomes would arrange themselves during
metaphase of meiosis I. Do all the maternal homologues have to line up on the same

side of the cell.

• How would this picture differ if you were diagramming anaphase of meiosis II?

• Aneuploid gametes are cells that contain the wrong number of chromosomes. Aneuploidy
occurs as a result of nondisjunction, or lack of separation of the chromosomes during either
phase of meiosis.

• At what point in meiotic cell division would nondisjunction occur?

Anaphase
 • Imagine a cell had a diploid chromosome number of four. Create a diagram to illustrate
the effects of nondisjunction of one pair of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I
versus meiosis II.

• A heterozygous fly (LlGg) is crossed with a homozygous recessive (llgg). What are the chances
of offspring with long wings and a black body? (L = long wings, l = vestigial (short) wings, G=
gray bodies, g = black bodies)

LG Lg lG lg

lg LlGg Llgg llGg llgg

long and gray long and black vestigal and gray vestigal and black

25%

• A woman is color-blind.

• What are the chances that her sons will be color-blind? 100 %

• If she is married to a man with normal vision, what are the chances that her daughters
will be color-blind? 50 %

• Will be carriers? 50 %
 • Three characters (flower color, seed color, and pod shape) are considered in a cross between
two pea plants (PpYyIi X ppYyii). What fractions of offspring are predicted to be homozygous
recessive for at least two of the three characters?

PYI PYi PyI Pyi pYI pYi pyI pyi

pYi PpYYIi PpYYii PpYyIi PpYyii ppYyIi ppYYii ppYyIi ppYyii

pyi PpYyIi PpYyii PpyyIi Ppyyii ppYyIi ppYyii ppyyIi ppyyii

The genotypes that fulfill this condition are ppyyIi, ppYyii, Ppyyii, ppYYii, and ppyyii.

Use the multiplication rule to find the probability of getting each genotype, then use the addition rule to
find the overall probability of meeting the conditions of this problem... fraction predicted to have at
least 2 recessive traits= 3/8

• Explain how the stomata is opened and closed and state the stimuli which regulate the
opening and closing of the stomata.

Changes in turgor pressure open and close stomata

When turgid, guard cells bow outward and the pore between them opens.

When flaccid, guard cell become less bowed and the pore closes

Changes in turgor pressure result primarily from the reversible uptake and loss of potassium ion by the
guard cell

Proton pumps generate the membrane potential required to move K+ across the plasma membrane

The stimuli which regulate the opening and closing of the stomata are

i. Light

ii. CO2 depletion

iii. An internal clock in guard cells

Drought stress can cause the stomata to close during day time

The hormone abscisic acid (ABA)is produced in response to water deficiency and causes the closure of
stomata

• Tabulate the major differences between monocots and dicots.

Monocot Dicot
Embryo One cotyledon Two cotyledons

Leaf venation Parallel vein Network vein

Stem Vascular tissue scattered Vascular tissue usually arranged in ring

Root Fibrous Tap root

Pollen grain With one opening With three openings

Floral Petal in multiple of three Petal in multiple of four and five