GST

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific research
Department of INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

College of AKRE TECHNICAL COLLEGE
University of DUHOK
Subject:
Geospatial science and Technology
(GST)
Course Book – Year 4
Lecturer's name: Dr: Sameer S. Akreyi
Academic Year: 2018/2019
Directorate of Quality Assurance and Accreditation ‫بهخشین‬

‌ ‫تی‌دڵنیایی‌جۆری‌و‌متمانه‬
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‫رایه‬‌ ‫ڕێوه‬
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Course Book
1. Course name Geospatial science and Technology (GST)
2. Lecturer in charge Sameer S. rajab
3. Department/ College Information Technology (IT)
4. Contact e-mail: Sameer.akreyi@yahoo.com
Tel: + 964- 750 – 452- 67139
5. Time (in hours) per week Theory: 2
Practical: 4
6. Office hours 6
7. Course code GST(F4-2017)
8. Teacher's academic profile 2005-2009 Lecturer Akre Technical Institute
2010-2013 Lecturer Duhok university ( Akre Collage)
2011-2015 Lecturer Duhok University( Humanity science
Collage )
2013-2013 Lecturer Duhok technical Institute ( Surveying
Department)
2012-2016 Lecturer Akre Technical Institute ( Surveying
Department)
2015-2016 Lecturer Duhok University/ Akre Technical
Collage
9. Keywords Geo-spatial, Spatiality ,spatial technology, spatial

Elements , GIS, RS, GPS, Pc Basic for Geo-spatial, project
system, Coordinate system .Geoid, Geo-spatial
Applications
10. Course overview:
This course aims to equip students with a sound understanding of Geospatial Science concepts
and most Important technologies use to analysis and storage and processing and outputting spatial
Data and Information , including objects, classes, methods, parameter passing, information hiding,
inheritance and polymorphism are introduced and their implementations using C# language. The
course also covers combine both data and the functions that operate on that data into a single unit
called an object. And how visualize our programing problems in the form of objects and their
interactions as happens in real life.
11. Course objective:

On completion of the course, a student should be able:
 To understand Geospatial Science concepts.

 To understand Geospatial Technologies .
 To understand the concept of Most Important Geospatial technique
 To demonstrate the differences between traditional spatial technique and modern Spatial
technique
 To become familiar with GIS and GPS with RS .
 To be able build Geospatial Database and running its analysis and management .

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 Have a better to manage the spatial Data and info
 Have the ability to great Geospatial Applications.
12. Student's obligation

Geospatial Science and technology has the Theory and Practical side, for this the student
have to be attendant in order to cover all the duty about this subject and also have to
doing all the practical exercises and exams in order to get and satisfy the information need
for this subject.
13. Forms of teaching

Tools and techniques needs for this lecture are:
 Whiteboard.
 Data show.
 Computers Lab.
 And Arc- Gis V10.3 with GPS simulator. and ENVI v5.1
14. Assessment scheme
First Exam Final Exam

40% 60%
Theory Practical Activity Theory Practical
15% 15% 10% 30% 30%
15. Student learning outcome:
After completion this course, the student will be able to understand better Geospatial Science
approach in spatial applications and will be able to Build Spatial Geo-database that make
appropriate use of Geospatial Technology facilities common to many pythons languages such as
classes, message passing, overloading and inheritance. Also understand user-add in and models
conceptually and be able to apply them in programs. Finally students should be able to analyse
and design a spatial database to solve real world problems based on spatial Data.
16. Course Reading List and References‌:

 John D. Bossler(2016), Manual of Geospatial Science and Technology
‫ مقدمة في العلوم و التقنيات المكانية‬,)2015(‫ جمعة داود‬.‫د‬ 
)‫ الجيوماتكس( علم المعلوماتية االرضية‬,)2014(‫ جمعة داود‬.‫د‬ 
 ESRI(2015), ARC-GIS 10.3(What is Arc_Gis),.
 Dr.YUJI MURAYAMA and RONALD C. ESTOQUE(2010), Fundamentals of Geographic
information System
.‫ دراسات تطبيقية في الجيوماتكس‬,)2014(‫ جمعة داود‬.‫د‬ 
17. The Theory and Practical Topics: Week
Theory Part
Introduction To Geospatial Science &Technology
 Geospatial Technologies, Definition 1 (2 hours)
 Geospatial Data
 Spatial data infrastructure

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Geospatial technology: 2 (2 hours)
 Three important geospatial technologies
 GIS , RS,
 GPS, Other Technology
 Spatial elements
COORDINATES & COORDINATE SYSTEMS: 3 (2 hours)
 Coordinates and coordinate systems
 Type Of Coordinate systems
 Datums and geodetic systems,
Geodetic reference systems: 4 (2 hours)
 Geodetic datums
 Horizontal datum's
 Vertical datums
Computer basics for GST: 5 (2 hours)

 guidelines for dealing with computer technology
 Assembling the right computer system
 Computers and their operating systems
Geographical Information Systems: 6 (2 hours)

 Introduction about GIS
 What is a GIS
 3-Basic core knowledge in GIS
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and science 7 (2 hours)

 A brief history of GIS.
 Geographic Information Systems components
 GIS architecture
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS: 8 (2 hours)
 Components of a GIS
 GIS workflow
 Theoretical models of GIS
FUNDAMENTAL of GIS, 9 (2 hours)
 Functional elements OF GIS

 Fundamental operations
 GIS categories
SPATIAL DATA MODELLING: 10 (2 hours)
 Introduction
 Stages of GIS data modelling
 Graphic representation of Spatial Data
 Raster data representation, Vector data representation
SPATIAL DATA MODELLING 11 (2 hours)
 Spatial data models
 Raster GIS models

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 Types of raster GIS model
 Vector GIS models,
 Comparison of Raster and Vector Models.
Remote Sensing : 12 (2 hours)
 Definition,
 History of Remote Sensing.
 Basic components of Remote sensing
Remote Sensing : 13 (4 hours)
 Electromagnetic Remote sensing process
 Passive and active remote sensing.
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS): 14 (2 hours)
 Introduction
 Background
 The space segment, The control segment
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS): 15 (2 hours)
 The performance of GPS
 GPS positioning
 Fundamentals of GPS application .
Practical part GIS Lab
Scanning , Digitization, Creation of Personal Geo-database, Feature 1 (4 H)
Dataset and Feature classes Using Arc catalog
Geo-Referencing of raster image using Arc-map 2 (4 H)
On Screen Digitization Using Arc map 3 (4 H)
Editing od spatial Feature using Arc map 4 (4H)
Addition Of Tabular Data to Feature Class & Their Editing 5 (4H)
Defining Domains in a Feature class for Adding field value 6 (4)
GPS Linkage and Attribute data entry 7 (4H)
Creation Validation and Modification of Topology 8 (4H)
Viewing of GIs Data using Arc catalog / Arc Map 9 (4H)
Selection of Features 10 (4H)
Labelling using ArcGIS 11 (4H)
Symbolization using Arc Map 12 (4H)
Creation of Graph Using Arc map 13 (2H)
Generation Report 14 (2H)

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Creation of layout Using Arc Map 15 (4)
19. Examinations:
20. Extra notes:
21. Peer review
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GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017
Geospatial Science &Technologies, Definition (‫)تعريف علم و تكنولوجيا الجيومكانية‬

Geospatial Science & technology(GST) (also known as geomatics) is a multidisciplinary
field that includes disciplines such as surveying, photogrammetry, remote sensing, mapping,
geographic information systems (GIS), geodesy and global navigation satellite system
(GNSS). Or it’s a Technology relating to the collection or processing of data that is
associated with location……….
Geospatial technologies is a term used to describe the range of modern tools contributing to
the geographic mapping and analysis of the Earth and human societies. These technologies
have been evolving in some form since the first maps were drawn in prehistoric times. In the
19th century,
According to the U.S. Department of Labour, geospatial industry can be regarded as “an
information technology field of practice that acquires, manages, representing , displays,
analyzes, or otherwise uses data focusing on the geographic, temporal, and spatial context.
It is a new integrated academic field that has a diverse range of applications. The applications
of geomatics are in the fields of precision farming, urban planning, facilities management,
business Geographic’s, security and intelligence, automated mapping, real estate
management, environmental management, land administration, telecommunication,
automated machine control, civil engineering and so on, Even applications of some devices
such as cellular phones, RFID (radio frequency identification) tags and video surveillance
cameras can be regarded as part of geospatial technologies
Geospatial Data (‫)البيانات المكانية‬
Spatial data, also known as geospatial data, is information about a physical object that can be
represented by numerical values in a geographic coordinate system.
spatial data represents the location, size and shape of an object on planet Earth such as a
building, lake, mountain or township. Spatial data may also include attributes that provide more
information about the entity that is being represented. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) or
other specialized software applications can be used to access, visualize, manipulate and analyze
geospatial data.
Features shown on maps or those organized in a digital database that are tied to the surface of the
earth by co-ordinates, addresses, or other means are collectively called geospatial data. These
data are also called spatial or geographic data. Almost 80 per cent of all data are geospatial data.
Microsoft introduced two spatial data types with SQL Server : geometry and geography.
Geometry types are represented as points on a planar, or flat-earth, surface. An example would
be (5,2) where the first number represents that point's position on the horizontal (x) axis and the
second number represents the point's position on the vertical (y) axis. Geography spatial data
types, on the other hand, are represented as latitudinal and longitudinal degrees, as on Earth or
other earth-like surfaces. Also A house whose address is provided or a geodetic control
monument with its latitude and longitude are examples of geospatial data. An example of data
that are not geospatial is a budget for an organization.
Geospatial data can be acquired by digitizing maps, by traditional surveying, or by modern

positioning methods using GPS. Geospatial data can also be acquired using remote sensing
techniques, i.e. by airborne or space borne platforms. After such data are acquired, they must be
organized and utilized. A GIS serves that purpose admirably by providing organizing capability
through a database and utilizing query capability through sophisticated graphics software
Spatial data infrastructure (‫)البنية التحتية للبيانات المكانية‬
A large number of futurists believe that we are probably in the middle of the information age.
The ramifications of this assertion require us to collect, process, manage, and distribute
geospatial and other data. In the US, there are a process (not an organization!) called the
National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), which is comprised of the people, policies,
information, technology, and institutional support needed to utilize geospatial data for the
enhancement of society
A spatial data infrastructure (SDI) is a data infrastructure implementing a framework of
geographic data, metadata, users and tools that are interactively connected in order to use
spatial data in an efficient and flexible way. Another definition is "the technology, policies,
standards, human resources, and related activities necessary to acquire, process, distribute,
use, maintain, and preserve spatial data
That mean the ( SDI ) Content the :
Peoples
policies
Information
SDI
Technology
Support
enhancement of
society
Relationship of geospatial science to other disciplines ( ‫عالقة علم المكانية مع فروع المعرفة‬
‫)االخرى‬:
The foundation of the geospatial sciences Based on mathematics, computer science, physics,
and engineering. And the practitioner may find biology, cartography, geodetic science,
geography, geology, and surveying very helpful.
Table 1.1 shows the basic educational needs when working with Geospatial Technologies
Geospatial technology(‫)تكنولوجيا الجيومكانية‬

The important geospatial technologies:
Today, geospatial technology encompasses a broad range of tools including remote sensing
imagery, GIS software for data analysis and map making, GPS satellites for precise location
and positioning, and Internet mapping applications such as Google Earth. Leaders in the
industry influence the direction of technological developments and help keep this technology
in the forefront of several industries’ efforts.
The Most Important Geo- Technologies that have a wide range of Usages is :
First \\ GPS ( Global Position System) :
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a space-based radio
navigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States
Air Force. It is a global navigation satellite system that provides geolocation and time
information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed
line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of at

least 24 satellites. GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a
day, with no subscription fees or setup charges. The U.S. Department of Defense (USDOD)
originally put the satellites into orbit for military use, but they were made available for civilian
use in the 1980s.
The single most powerful feature related to GPS, which is not true of traditional surveying
techniques, is that its use does not require a line of sight between adjacent surveyed points.
This factor is very important in understanding the impact that GPS has had on the surveying,
mapping, and GIS communities.
GPS has been used by the surveying and mapping community since the late 1970s, when only
a few hours of satellite coverage were available. It was clear even then that centimeter-level
accuracy was obtainable over very long baselines (hundreds of kilometers). In the early 1980s,
users of GPS faced several problems: the cost of GPS receivers; poor satellite coverage, which
resulted in long lengths of time at each survey location; and poor user-equipment interfaces.
Today, instantaneous measurements with centimeter accuracy over tens of kilometers and with
one part in 108 accuracy over nearly any distance greater than 10 km can be made. The cost of
‘surveying and mapping-level’ receivers in 1999 ranged from $10,000 to $25,000, and these
costs are falling. Practitioners are developing numerous new applications in surveying, such as
the use of GPS in a kinematic (real-time) mode to determine the elevation of terrain prior to
grading .
Second\\ GIS ( Geography Information System) :
A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate,

analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data. The acronym GIS is sometimes used
for geographic information science (GI Science) to refer to the academic discipline that studies
geographic information systems and is a large domain within the broader academic discipline
of geoinformatics. What goes beyond a GIS is a spatial data infrastructure, a concept that has
no such restrictive boundaries.
In general, the term describes any information system that integrates, stores, edits, analyzes,
shares, and displays geographic information. GIS applications are tools that allow users to
create interactive queries (user-created searches), analyze spatial information, edit data in
maps, and present the results of all these operations. Geographic information science is the
science underlying geographic concepts, applications, and systems.
GIS can refer to a number of different technologies, processes, and methods. It is attached to
many operations and has many applications related to engineering, planning, management,
transport/logistics, insurance, telecommunications, and business. For that reason, GIS and
location intelligence applications can be the foundation for many location-enabled services
that rely on analysis and visualization
Today’s GIS, which are fundamentally a marriage of database management systems with
graphics capability, are designed to allow for changes in the processes of individuals and
organizations and changes in the data. Therefore, they are able to serve the complete spectrum
of individuals, from political appointee to supervisor to computer programmer. It is now an

indispensable tool for policy makers as well as technicians.
Third \\ RS ( Remote Sensing ) :
Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without

making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site observation. Remote
sensing is used in numerous fields, including geography, land surveying and most Earth
Science disciplines (for example, hydrology, ecology , oceanography, glaciology, geology); it
also has military, intelligence, commercial, economic, planning, and humanitarian
applications.
In current usage, the term "remote sensing" generally refers to the use of satellite- or aircraft-
based sensor technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth, including on the surface and
in the atmosphere and oceans, based on propagated signals (e.g. electromagnetic radiation). It
may be split into "active" remote sensing (i.e., when a signal is emitted by a satellite or aircraft
and its reflection by the object is detected by the sensor) and "passive" remote sensing (i.e.,
when the reflection of sunlight is detected by the sensor).
Spatial elements (‫ )العناصر المكانية‬:

An element is the basic building block of a geometric feature for the Spatial Data Option. The
supported spatial element types are points, line strings, and polygons. For example, elements might be
modeled to historic markers (point clusters), roads (line strings), and county boundaries (polygons).
Each coordinate in an element is stored as an X,Y pair Point data1 consists of one coordinate and the
sequence number is 0. Line data consists of two coordinates representing a line segment of the
element, starting with sequence number 0. Polygon data consists of coordinate pair values, one vertex
pair for each line segment of the polygon. The first coordinate pair (with sequence number 0),
represents the first line segment, with coordinates defined in either a clockwise or counter-clockwise
order around the polygon with successive sequence numbers. Each layer's geometric objects and their
associated spatial index are stored in the database in tables.
The Geographic entities can be spatially (graphically) represented as spatial elements Including:
–points 0 dimensional
–lines 1 dimensional
–areas 2 dimensional
–surfaces 2.5 dimensional
–volumes 3 dimensional
1- Point : Uses a single coordinate pair

to define location
 Considered to have no dimension
 (They may have actual real-world dimensions, but for the purposes of a GIS, no dimension is assumed)
Attribute information is attached to the point
Ex: Light poles, manhole covers, crime location
2- Line : Use an ordered set of coordinates to define location
 Each line (and curve) is made up of multiple line segments
 Occasionally, curved lines are represented mathematically
 Starting point of a line is a node.
 Intermediate point of a line is a vertex.
 Attributes may be attached to whole line, or node, or vertex
 Ex: Road, pipeline, object outlines, power line
3- Polygon : Formed by a set of connected lines
 Polygons must close. The start and end point must have the same coordinate, or the polygon must
close to an adjacent feature
 Polygons have an interior region
 Attribute information is attached to the polygon

 Ex: Lake, city, tree stand, political boundary
Coordinates and coordinate systems(‫)االحداثيات و انظمة االحداثيات‬
In geometry, a coordinate system is a system which uses one or more numbers, or

coordinates, to uniquely determine the position of a point or other geometric element on a
manifold such as Euclidean space.
the most important and commonly used coordinate system associated with Global
positioning System (GPS), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and Remote Sensing
(RS) usage is provided.
The are Many types of the Coordinates systems depend on the Geometry Shape that the
Coordinates Representing, this type Dived to :
1- Rectangular coordinates
2- Polar coordinates
3- Spherical coordinates
4- Ellipsoidal coordinates
5- State Plane Coordinate system ( Just for USA)
6- Universal Transverse Mercator ( UTM )
Rectangular coordinates :
The Cartesian coordinate system in two dimensions (also called a rectangular
coordinate system or an orthogonal coordinate system) is defined by an ordered pair of
perpendicular lines (axes), a single unit of length for both axes, and an orientation for
each axis.
Polar coordinates :
In mathematics, the polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system in
which each point on a plane is determined by a distance from a reference point and an angle
from a reference direction.
The reference point (analogous to the origin of a Cartesian coordinate system) is called the
pole, and the ray from the pole in the reference direction is the polar axis. The distance from
the pole is called the radial coordinate or radius, and the angle is called the angular
coordinate, polar angle, or azimuth.
Spherical coordinates:
In mathematics, a spherical coordinate system is a coordinate system for three-dimensional space

where the position of a point is specified by three
numbers: the radial distance of that point from a fixed
origin, its polar angle measured from a fixed zenith
direction, and the azimuth angle of its orthogonal
projection on a reference plane that passes through the
origin and is orthogonal to the zenith, measured from a
fixed reference direction on that plane. It can be seen
as the three-dimensional version of the polar
coordinate system.
The radial distance is also called the radius or radial

coordinate. The polar angle may be called colatitude,
zenith angle, normal angle, or inclination angle.
Ellipsoidal coordinates:
Ellipsoidal coordinates are a three-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system. the ellipsoidal

coordinate system is based on surface of the earth that found by rotating an ellipse around its
shortest (minor) axis. Its called an ellipsoid of revolution or simply an ellipsoid. It is defined
by its semi-major axis a and semi-minor axis b (see Figures ).
State Plane Coordinate system ( Just for US):
The State Plane Coordinate System (SPS or SPCS) is a set of 124 geographic zones or
coordinate systems designed for specific regions of the United States. Each state contains one
or more state plane zones, the boundaries of which usually follow county lines. There are 110
zones in the contiguous US, with 10 more in Alaska, 5 in Hawaii, and one for Puerto Rico
and US Virgin Islands. The system is widely used for geographic data by state and local
governments. Its popularity is due to at least two factors. First, it uses a simple Cartesian
coordinate system to specify locations rather than a more complex spherical coordinate
system (the geographic coordinate system of latitude and longitude). By using the Cartesian
coordinate system's simple XY
coordinates, "plane surveying"
methods can be used, speeding up
and simplifying calculations.
Second, the system is highly
accurate within each zone (error
less than 1:10,000). Outside a
specific state plane zone accuracy
rapidly declines, thus the system is
not useful for regional or national
mapping. Most state plane zones
are based on either a transverse
Mercator projection or a Lambert conformal conic projection. The choice between the two
map projections is based on the shape of the state and its zones.
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) :
The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) conformal projection uses a 2-dimensional

Cartesian coordinate system to give locations on the surface of the Earth. Like the traditional
method of latitude and longitude, it is a horizontal position representation, i.e. it is used to
identify locations on the Earth independently of vertical position. However, it differs from
that method in several respects.
. The UTM is simply a transverse Mercator projection to which specific parameters, such as
central meridians, have been applied. The UTM covers the earth between latitudes
84(Degrees) north and 80(Deg) south.
The UTM system is not a single map projection. The system instead divides the Earth into
sixty(60) zones, each being a six-degree band of longitude, and uses a secant transverse
Mercator projection in each zone.
Geodetic datum’s (‫)المراجع الجیودیسیه‬:
According to the (Geodetic Glossary, 1986), a geodetic datum is ‘a set of constants

specifying the coordinate system used for geodetic control, i.e. for calculating coordinates of
points on the earth.
In Generally there are two types of Geodetic Datum’s :
A- Horizontal Datum’s
B- Vertical Datum’s
 Horizontal datum’s
If surveying, mapping and geodesy activities are carried out over large areas, the use of
plane coordinates becomes impractical. Therefore, for geodetic purposes especially, the earth
is considered as a whole body. Prior to about 1650, the earth was assumed to be spherical in
shape. However, the results of using more accurate measuring instruments, combined with
increased knowledge of earth physics, yielded the fact that an ellipsoid of revolution best
approximated the figure of the earth .
During the period from about 1700 to 1850 numerous measurements were made along arcs
of meridians to verify the ellipsoidal assumption and then to determine the flattening of the
ellipsoid. An accounting of these activities can be found in (Torge 1980). Once the
ellipsoidal figure of the earth was accepted, it was logical to adopt an ellipsoidal coordinate
system. Then, the problem was to establish these coordinates, i.e. to assign coordinates to a
monument on the surface of the earth. In the days before the ‘deflection of the vertical’
(Geodetic Glossary 1986) was known or understood, astronomic positions were used to
establish these coordinates. Later, in the pre-satellite era, using classical geodetic techniques,
the horizontal coordinates, geodetic latitude and longitude, defined a horizontal datum. This
was usually accomplished on a country by country basis. A few examples of such datums
are the North American Datum (NAD) 1927, European Datum (ED) 1950, Tokyo
Datum (TD), Australian Geodetic Datum (AGD) 1966 and South American Datum
(SAD) 1969.
 Vertical datum’s
Heights1 of surveyed stations or Bench Marks (BMs), which may or may not be part of
the horizontal geodetic network, are used to adjust and define a vertical datum. In keeping
with the general definition of a datum, there must be a quantity that serves as a referent. In
the case of a vertical datum this quantity is the geoid or, more practically, a surface which
approximates the geoid. The geoid is defined as ‘The equipotential surface of the earth’s
gravity field which best fits, in the least squares sense, mean sea level,’ (Geodetic Glossary
1986). In the past, geodesists could not determine the geoid accurately enough over land
areas for it to serve as a reliable reference surface. Hence, historically, Mean Sea Level
(MSL) was used as the vertical datum. Sea level was (and still is) monitored and measured at
Tidal Bench Marks (TBM) for a minimum period of 18.67 years to compute MSL.
guidelines for dealing with computer technology :
First \\ Finding a system to satisfy your needs will not be too difficult or too expensive because
there are many suitable computer hardware and software products on the market at very
reasonable prices.
It is important to remember that in the volatile, rapidly changing field of computer technology, ‘a
while’ may mean ‘a year or less,’ so the fact that a company has a large customer base may also
be relied upon to provide the inexperienced user with a sense of security and confidence in a still
unfamiliar product. Companies like Microsoft, IBM, or ESRI have had their products tested over
time by millions of users, and the products are constantly being fixed, improved, and fine-tuned
by the industries’ top software developers.
second \\ acquiring a suitable computer system is aimed at improving chances that the
components that need to work together actually do work together. To avoid having to resolve
conflicts due to incompatible parts and settings, buy assembled systems and subsystems
whenever possible. This applies both to hardware and to software systems.
Assembling the right computer system
there is a logical order to putting the pieces together. We borrow our next ‘common sense’
advice on buying a computer from Dan Gookin (1998):
Five steps to buying a computer

1 Find out what you want your PC to do
2 Look for software to get that job done
3 Find the proper hardware to run the software
4 Shop for service and support
5 Buy it!
The key sequence of events here is :
(1) assess goals,
(2) search for software that will achieve those goals,
(3) identify the hardware needed to run the appropriate software.
The order is important. Buying the wrong hardware may leave the user with no
appropriate software that runs on it. A logical corollary that needs be seriously considered
by owners of established or ‘legacy’ information systems is that already owning the wrong
hardware may actually become an impediment to successfully setting up a GIS/GPS/image
processing/surveying/mapping system.
Computers and their operating systems:
The way by which software applications and hardware communicate is through a software
program called the operating system. Different computers require different operating
systems. Personal Computers (PCs), sometimes called ‘IBM clones’ or ‘x86 clones’, are the
most common computers, making up over 95 per cent of all computers in the world.
According to the Computer Industry Almanac (1998), in 1998 there were 129 million PCs in
use throughout the US and 364.4 million PCs in use throughout the world. Over 120 million
of the PCs in the US run one of the following operating systems: DOS, Windows 3.x,
Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows NT.
software applications must be tailored to the computer’s operating system. Some applications
run under DOS, but not under Windows NT, or vice versa. Applications written to run under
Windows 98 will not run on a computer using a UNIX operating system.
Table 5.1 shows some of the most popular operating systems and the machines that they run on:
Not every software product is available for every operating system of every computer. Table 5.2
clearly reveals that the vast majority of commercial GIS/GPS/surveying software products need PC
hardware to run1. On the other hand, if your computer is not a PC, then your choice of software
products will be much more limited. These figures do not mean that you must choose a PC, but
before you choose some other computer, you should make very sure that the rather limited selection
of software products for that other computer’s operating system will actually meet your data
processing requirements
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and science

Introduction :
Geographic information science or GSci is a relatively new discipline, having emerged

from the quantitative revolution and evolution of a digital cartography, and rapid
improvements in computer technology over the past 20 years. However, the term most
commonly used until the mid 1990s was GIS, which focused on the software itself.
More recently, the term GSci, has been applied to describe the theoretical underpinnings of
the technology, including database theory, methods of analysis, and visualization techniques
whereas GIS is the term that still refers to the hardware and software component.
Unfortunately, most individuals use the term GIS to refer to the systems themselves, and are
unaware of the rapidly evolving science. From its incipient roots in digital mapping
technology, GIS has now become a billion dollar industry in the US, being utilized by the
private sector (including environmental consulting and engineering companies), the public
sector (including local, state, and the federal government), and in academia (nearly all
universities offer a series of courses, and often a minor/major, in GIS.
GIS is becoming a routine analysis and display tool for spatial data, and used extensively in
applications such as:
1-† Land use mapping (for urban planning purposes)
2-† Transportation mapping and analysis (for determining efficient transportation
routes for deliveries and emergency response)
3-† Geodemographic analysis (for store location)
4-† Utilities infrastructure mapping (for precise gas, water, and electric line mapping
and maintenance)
5-† And multiple applications in natural resource assessment (including water quality
assessment and wildlife habitat studies)
GIS allows efficient and flexible storage, display, and exchange of spatial data, as well as use
in models of all kinds. More recently, the term GSci has emerged as representing ‘the science
of spatial data processing’ – including conceptual problems in spatial data acquisition,
storage, analysis, and display – while GIS is reserved for the actual hardware/software
component of the technology.
What is a GIS
1- Background :
The term GIS is often applied to any package that involves mapping capability or
spatial data. However, as Kraak and Ormeling (1997) point out, there are actually
several different types of systems – spatial information systems – that may be categorized
based on their functionality. Figure 24.1 arrays these systems based on both their
cartographic and spatial analytic capabilities (Kraak and Ormeling 1997). The
simplest of the systems involves Computer-Aided Design (CAD). CAD systems are
used by engineers, architects, and designers to assist with automated drawing, and
normally provide powerful design tools. A typical application would be in the architectural
design of a house. There is no real cartographic or spatial-analytic capability
with CAD systems. Similarly, facilities management software allows for the organization of
complex ‘spatial’ databases such as those used by utilities companies for the
maintenance of customer accounts, yet allow for no analysis or mapping. More
sophisticated software involves computer mapping, where spatial databases may be
displayed and complex symbolization types portrayed. Many computer mapping :
1
systems allow for limited analyses, such as non-topological overlay and address
matching, but are still not considered full GISs. Land Information Systems (LISs)
are designed for the storage and cartographic display of large-scale property – cadastral –
databases. Normally urban LISs are utilized for maintaining the parcel-level data
needed for city management – taxation, infrastructure repair, and the mapping of
crime. Finally a true GIS allows for the powerful spatial analysis and cartographic
display of spatial databases. A working definition of a GIS is a computer-based set of
methods for the acquisition, storage, analysis, and display of spatially-addressable
data.
2- What is GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS):
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for mapping and

analyzing spatial data. GIS technology integrates common database operations such
as query and statistical analysis with the unique visualization and geographic analysis
benefits offered by maps. These abilities distinguish GIS from other information
systems and make it valuable to a wide range of public and private enterprises for
explaining events, predicting outcomes, and planning strategies. GIS is considered to
be one of the most important new technologies, with the potential to revolutionize many
aspects of society through increased ability to make decisions and solve problems.
The major challenges that we face in the world today -- overpopulation, pollution,
deforestation, natural disasters – all have a critical geographic dimension. Local problems
also have a geographic component that can be visualized using GIS technology, whether
finding the best soil for growing crops, determining the home range for an endangered
species, or discovering the best way to dispose of hazardous waste. Careful analysis of
spatial data using GIS can give insight into these problems and suggest ways in which they
can be addressed.
Map making and geographic analysis are not new, but a GIS performs these tasks
better and faster than do the old manual methods. And, before GIS technology, only a
few people had the skills necessary to use geographic information to help with decision
making and problem solving. Today, GIS is a multi-billion-dollar industry employing
hundreds of thousands of people worldwide. GIS is taught in high schools, colleges,
and universities throughout the world. Professionals in every field are increasingly
aware of the advantages of thinking and working geographically.
2
Basic core knowledge in GSci

There are a core set of basic topics that are considered fundamental to GIS. Some of
these include:
1-† Geometric aspects of coordinate systems and map projections, including

construction methods and geometric distortions produced;
2-† Basic cartometric techniques including measurement of distance and area from
maps and digital databases;
3-† The notion of map scale as the mathematical relationship between map and
earth distance, as well as mathematical transformations of scale in computer-based
map display operations;
4-† The derivation of multiple scale databases and automated generalization;
5-† Statistical classification and analysis of attribute data for effective thematic map
display;
6-† Geographical data structures including vector and raster-based methods;
7-† Spatial analysis and geographical problem solving using a map algebra;
8-† Data quality, error propagation through databases, and error assessment;
9-† Principles of cartographic representation, including four-dimensional
cartographies and multimedia cartography.
A brief history of GIS?

A comprehensive history of GIS/GSci is not possible in this short chapter, but the reader may
refer to Foresman’s recent edited volume on, A History of GIS (Foresman 1998). Several key
events will be reviewed in the chapter, including the State of Minnesota’s MLMIS, the
Harvard Laboratory for Spatial Analysis and Computer Graphics, the National Center for
Geographic Information and Analysis, and the recently created University Consortium for
GSci.
The Following Flowchart Give Basic Sequences about GIS History :
MLM IS • The Minnes ota land man agement

1960 inform ation system
SYMAP
• Harvard University’s Laboratory for
Computer Graphics and Spatial
1970 Analysis
NCGIA
• National Center for Geographic
Information an d Analysis
1980
UCG IS • University Consortium for

1990
GIS
SIGIS  Societal
Over 2000 implications of GIS
For More details about above back to Reference Text book

GIS Basic Components :

A working Geographic Information System seamlessly integrates five key components:
hardware, software, data, people, and methods.
A) H A R D W A R E:
Hardware includes the computer on which a GIS operates, the monitor on which results
are displayed, and a printer for making hard copies of the results. Today, GIS software
runs on a wide range of hardware types, from centralized computer servers to desktop
computers used in stand-alone or networked configurations. The data files used in GIS
are relatively large, so the computer must have a fast processing speed and a large
hard drive capable of saving many files. Because a GIS outputs visual results, a large,
high-resolution monitor and a high-quality printer are recommended
B) S OFTWARE
GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display
geographic information. Key software components include tools for the input and
manipulation of geographic information, a database management system (DBMS), tools
that support geographic query, analysis, and visualization, and a graphical user
interface (GUI) for easy access to tools. The industry leader is ARC/INFO, produced by
Environmental Systems Research, Inc. The same company produces a more
accessible product, ArcView, that is similar to ARCINFO in many ways .
C) DATA
Possibly the most important component of a GIS is the data. A GIS will integrate spatial
data with other data resources and can even use a database management system,
1
used by most organizations to organize and maintain their data, to manage spatial data.
There are three ways to obtain the data to be used in a GIS. Geographic data and
related tabular data can be collected in-house or produced by digitizing images from
aerial photographs or published maps. Data can also be purchased from commercial
data provider. Finally, data can be obtained from the federal government at no cost .
D) PEOPLE
GIS users range from technical specialists who design and maintain the system to those
who use it to help them perform their everyday work. The basic techniques of GIS are
simple enough to master that even students in elementary schools are learning to use
GIS. Because the technology is used in so many ways, experienced GIS users have a
tremendous advantage in today’s job market.
E) METHODS
A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed plan and business rules, which
are the models and operating practices unique to each organization.
2
The literature of GIS/GSci

The literature in the discipline of GIS has grown rapidly over the past 15 years, with a
growing number of conferences, books, and journals. Some of the literature tends to be very
basic, while increasingly we see more applied publications. Some of the resources available
for both researcher and practitioners include:
1-Scholarly journals :
+ Cartography and GIS

+ International journal of GIS
+ Geographical analysis
+ Geographical systems
+ Transactions in GIS
+ Geoinformatica
+ The URISA journal
2- Popular magazines:
+GeoWorld (GIS World)

+GeoSpatial Solutions (GeoInfo Systems)
+ARC news
+ARC user
+Business GEOgraphics
+Proceedings
+Auto-Carto-xx, 1972–97
+Spatial data handling, started in 1984
+GIS/LIS, 1988–98
+GI Science 2000
3-Major textbooks
+Aronoff, S., GIS: A Management Perspective, 1989.
+Bernhardsen, T., Geographic Information Systems, 1992, 1999.
+Burrough, P.A. and McDonald, R.A., Principles of Geographic Information
Science, 1988.
+Chrisman, N., Exploring Geographic Information Systems, 1997.
+Clarke, K., Getting Started with Geographic Information Systems, 1999.
+DeMers, M., Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems, 2000.
+Heywood, I., Cornelius, S. and Carver, S., An Introduction to Geographical Information

Systems, 1998.
+Huxhold, W.E., An Introduction to Urban Geographic Information Systems, 1991.
+Korte, G.B. The GIS Book, 1997.
+Laurini, R. and Thompson, D., Fundamentals of Spatial Information Systems,1992.
+Longler, P.A., et al., Geographic Information Systems, 1999.
+Obermeyer, N.J. and Pinto, J.K., Managing Geographic Information Systems,1994.408 R. B.
McMaster and W. J. Craig
+Peuquet, D. and Duane M.F., Introductory Readings in GIS, 1990.
+Pickles, J. Ground Truth: The Societal Implications of Geographic Information Systems,
1995.
+Tomlin, C.D. Geographic Information Systems and Cartographic Modeling, 1990.
4-Conferences and workshops
+GIS/LIS conferences
+ACSM/ASPRS conferences
Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Background :
The purpose of GIS software is to transform geographically referenced data using a set
of software tools that facilitate the capture, storage, manipulation, analysis, and
display of geographical data. Each of these processes can be expressed as a
transformation of format, attributes, or geometry. Consequently, we can view GIS
software as a kind of ‘transformational engine’ that uses data inputs and produces
information that has some value-added component (e.g. decision support). This
transformational view has a lineage traced back to early work by Tobler (1979) that has
persisted through cartography, analytical cartography (Clarke 1995) and GIS
(Chrisman 1999). Clarke (1995) identifies four types of cartographic transformations
that can be placed directly into the context of GIS projects:
1 Geometric (e.g. changes in coordinate systems)

2 Dimension (e.g. from a two-dimensional polygon to a one-dimensional point)
3 Scale (e.g. from 1:24,000–1:250,000 scale map), and
4 Map symbolization (e.g. the selection, classification and presentation of elements
on a map)
While it is true that the functional gap between digital cartographic software and
GIS software has essentially disappeared, users of GIS software are, in general, more
interested in the analysis and management of geographical data and the phenomena
that these data represent (e.g. streets networks, land use, watersheds). GIS software,
therefore, typically includes transformational functions that:
1 Change the form of geographical data (e.g. capture spatial data by transforming
paper maps into digital form, or change digital data (bits) into scientific visualizations
(pixels));
2 Change the digital representation of geographical data (e.g. a raster-to-vector data
transformation (Flanagan et al. 1994), transforming data stored in Spatial Data
Transfer Standard (SDTS) format (USGS 2000) into a proprietary format); and
3 Change the content of geographical data (e.g. eliminate unneeded data, add
information content to raw data through analysis).
These three basic categories can be further decomposed into more specific functional
classes. For example, changes in content can be classified into transformations
that assist in the:

1 Modification of data (e.g. update cadastral maps to reflect new subdivisions or
new owners). The transformations traditionally associated with automated cartography
belong in this category.
2 Extraction of data (e.g. create a new dataset as a subset of a larger dataset,
proximity operators, the extraction of topographic features from Digital Elevation
Models (DEM), the extraction of the shortest path between two points
in a street network).
3 Analysis of data (e.g. synthesize or abstract data to make it compatible with other
datasets, provide analytical value to raw data, integrate multiple datasets into a
single dataset).
GIS workflow
GIS applications can be described as a sequenced series of transformations functions that

begins with the :
During the GIS design process the application developer must carefully define the
problem. This definition can begin by seeking to delimit the scope of inquiry:
1- What are the key questions that must be answered to solve the problem under
consideration?
2- What are the essential geographical features that must be captured in the digital
domain to answer these questions?
3- How do these features vary across space or through time?
4- What tools are required to quantify and analyze these spatio-temporal patterns?
Theoretical models of GIS
1- Background :
One of the first challenges that a user of digital geographic data must confront is how
to best represent the geographical systems of interest within the digital domain (Peuquet
1988). Real world geographical systems are complex, dynamic and interrelated. While
seemingly complex to the new user, geographical datasets are normally simplified, static
models of reality (Peuquet and Duan 1995). The choice of a particular model, or
representation, will affect almost every aspect of a GIS project, from the cost of data
acquisition to the types of conclusions that can be drawn from associated analyses.
In 1982 the US National Committee for Digital Cartographic Data Standards set out to
standardize the terminology associated with the digital representation of geographical data.
This work evolved into the SDTS, which was first ratified as US Federal Information
Processing Standard number 173 in 1994 (FIPS 1994). The current version of this standard
is known as ANSI NCITS 320-1998, which was ratified by the American National
Standards Institute in 1998 (ANSI 2000). These standards provide a conceptual foundation
on which application developers can build digital representations of geographical
phenomena and a language that allows them to communicate this representation, either
verbally or in digital form, to others in an unambiguous manner
There are Different Methods use to represent the geographical systems within the digital
domain like :
A))The conceptual model :

GIS datasets store a digital representation of real world geographical phenomena
(Figure 25.2a). Such phenomena can be tangible features (e.g. the segment of Main
Street between 1st and 2nd Avenue) or they can be more abstract, like a measurement
of elevation at a particular point on the earth’s surface. GIS datasets typically represent
a specific class of geographical phenomena (e.g. the phenomenon Main Street between
1st and 2nd Avenue is a kind of street, Figure 25.2b). These classes are referred to as entity
types. While the representation of entity types as independent datasets (often referred to as a
layer or theme) is useful from a data management perspective, the choice of a particular
data classification scheme can have a significant effect on the outcome of any subsequent
analyses (Anderson 1980: 104; Bowker and Star 1999). Each entity type is associated with
a set of attributes that are used to uniquely identify specific phenomena (key attributes) and
provide information of value to users (e.g. street name, length, and ownership). A
geographical phenomenon (e.g.

the segment of Main Street between 1st and 2nd Avenue) is known as an entity instance and
the digital representation of this instance is an entity object (Figure 25.2c). Entity objects
often contain data on location, attribute, and topology (relative location)
B)) Dimensionality and entity objects:
The Following Figure give concept about this Modeling (for More back to reference book)
C)) US Geological Survey (USGS) datasets
The USGS provides four commonly used datasets: Digital Line Graphs (DLG), Digital
Raster Graphics (DRG), DEM, and Digital Orthophoto Quarter-quadrangles (DOQ), The
USGS distributes these data in SDTS format. However, it is often possible to find these data
in proprietary data formats (e.g. Environmental Systems Research Institute’s (ESRI’s)
vector or raster formats),
all USGS datasets are available for all areas in the US. The status of these datasets is
documented at http://mapping.usgs.gov/www/product s/status.html and much of the data
can be downloaded from the EROS Data Center (http://edc.usgs.- gov/).
D)) US Census Bureau

The US Census Bureau maintains geographically referenced datasets derived from a variety
of data collection activities. Among the most commonly used datasets are the Decennial
Census of Population and the associated Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and
Referencing (TIGER) files.
E)) Natural Resource Conservation Service

Increasingly, soils data are being made available in digital form. These vector datasets
represent soil series polygons and can be linked to a wealth of descriptive data that are
stored in the Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO). These datasets include
information on the physical and chemical properties of the soil
Basic Functional elements of GIS:
• Data input: )‫(أدخال البيانات‬bringing data in the GIS environment.
• Data manipulation: )‫(معالجة البيانات‬allowing alteration of primary data.
• Data output: )‫(اخراج البيانات‬moving data (or analysis results) out of the GIS.
• Data management: )‫(ادارة البيانات‬controlling access to data and ensuring data integrity and
storage efficiency.
• Data retrieval: )‫(تبديل البيانات‬calling data from a stored format into use.
• Data display: ) ‫(عرض البيانات‬visualizing primary or derived data.
• Data analysis and modeling:)‫ (نمذجة و تحليل البيانات‬gathering insights into relationships in the
data, and modeling spatial phenomena.
What are the functional elements of GIS?
There are five functional elements of GIS acting as a continuous process and guiding principle
for the analyst to develop an end to end model, which are as follows:
1- Data Acquisition(‫)اشتقاق البيانات‬: It is the process of identifying and gathering the

data required for application which involves a number of procedures to gather new
data by preparing scaled maps.
2- Preprocessing)‫(تجهيز البيانات‬: It is the manipulation of data in several ways so that it may
be entered into GIS. Two of the principal tasks of preprocessing include:
A- data format conversion and identifying the locations of objects in the original data in a
systematic way.
B- to establish a consistent system for recording and specifying the locations of objects in
the datasets.
3- Data Management)‫(ادارة البيانات‬: It governs the creation of, and access to, the database
itself. It provides consistent methods for data entry, update, deletion, retrieval, and
security.
4- Manipulation & )‫(المعالجة‬
5- Analysis)‫ (تحليل البيانات‬: It focuses on system analytical operators that work

Fundamental operations Of GIs )‫)اساسيات عمليات نظم المعلومات الجغرافية‬
Background :
Theoretical Models of Gis Used for obtaining information from real World objects and Data
are Classified into 2 Types :
1- Functional elements of Gis

2- Fundamental operations of Gis
Conceptual models however represent only operation or composition of Gis system, and do
not talk anything about the nature of data .
The components in the above mentioned models are almost similar to the different software
components in “ general purpose Gis “ system .
To overcome these limitations bracken and Webster (1989) suggested an alternative

classification of theoretical Models and it comprises of 3 components :
A- Problem – processor Model

B- Database model
C- Interface Model
However this is still considered as software approach and is not deal on our present discussion
First \\ Functional Elements of Gis :

Bracken and Webster 1987 outlined four functional elements for Gis technology :
1- Database approach
2- Process approach
3- Application approach
4- Toolbox approach
Database approach : talk about data structures to contain complex geographical data.
Process Approach : Focuses on the sequence of system elements used by analyst running an
application
An Application Approach : defines Gis based on the kinds of information manipulated by the
system and the utility of the derived information produced by the system .
Toolbox approach : Focus on the software components and algorithms that should be
contained in the Gis .
Second \\ Fundamental Operations of Gis :
This approach considers the functions which Gis is able to perform , and all operations are
completely Internal to Gis ,
The Fundamental classes of Operations Performed by Gis have been characterized as ( Map
Algebra operations ) in which processing operations are considered to the mathematical
operations, The Classes of analytical operation are divided into :
A- Reclassification
B- Overlay
C- Distance / Connectivity Measurement
D- Neighborhood of Data
Reclassification Operations: transform the attribute information associated with a single map
Coverage .
Overlay Operations : involve the combination of two are more maps according to boolean
conditions and may result in the delineation new Boundaries ,
Distance and Connectivity measurement: include both simple measure of inter- point distance
and more complex operations such as the construction of zones of increasing transport cost
away from specified location .
Neighborhood : involves the value to a Location both summary and mean measures of a
variable and include smoothing and enhancement filters
GIS Software’s categories ??
First \\ GIS software companies:

•Autodesk
1
•Blue Marble Geographics

2
•Caliper Corporation
3
•MapInfo Corporation
4
•Smallworld
5
•ESRI
6
Second \\GIS software :

A B C
Address Point Bing Maps Platform Caliper Corporation
ARC Macro Language CartoDB
ArcEditor Cartopedia
ArcExplorer CIETmap
ArcGIS CityEngine
ArcGIS Engine Commercial Joint Mapping
ArcGIS Server Toolkit
ArcGIS Viewer for Flex CommunityViz
ArcIMS Comparison of geographic
ArcInfo information systems software
ArcMap Crime concentration
ArcObjects CrimeStat
ArcSDE
ArcView
ArcView 3.x
D E F
DeLorme Easy Trace FalconView
Dialogue-Assisted Visual Ecosystem Management Decision Feature Analyst
Environment for Geoinformation Support
Digital Cadastral DataBase Erdas Imagine
User:ESpatial/sandbox
G I L
Garmin BaseCamp INDEX PlanBuilder Planning Land allocation decision support

GeoMedia Support Software system
GeoMod Intergraph LandSerf
GeoSTAC Internet Map Server LIDAR Analy
GeoTime
GIS Live DVD
Global Mapper
Google Earth
Green Kenue
M O P
MagicTracer Oracle Spatial and Graph Panorama (GIS)
Manifold System PurVIEW
Map Overlay and Statistical
System
MapBasic
MapInfo Professional
Maptitude
Microsoft MapPoint
Q R S
QGIS RegioGraph Sedris
Remote sensing application Site Recorder
RemoteView Smallworld
RoboGEO Spatial ETL
SpatiaLite
SPRING
T M W
Tactician (company) Visual Nature Studio Web Map Service
Teledyne CARIS. VMDS Web Map Tile Service
TeraVue Web Processing Service
TerrSet Whitebox Geospatial Analysis
Tile Map Service Tools
TimeMap Wikiloc
TNTmips WorldMap
Third \\ Esri software :
Fourth \\ Free GIS software :
C D D I
Capaware Deegree GDAL ID (software)

Chameleon (GIS) Generic Mapping Tools ILWIS
GeoDa
GeoNetwork opensource
GeoServer
GeoTools
GPSBabel
GRASS GIS
GvSIG
J K L M
JOSM Kosmo Leaflet (software) Mapbender
JUMP GIS LibLAS MapGuide Open Source
Mapnik
MapServer
MapWindow GIS
O P Q S
Open Source Geospatial PostGIS QGIS SAGA GIS
Foundation Potlatch (software)
OpenEV Pycsw
OpenLayers
T U W
TerraAmazon UDig Whitebox Geospatial
TerraLib Analysis Tools
TerraView
Fifth \\ Google Earth :
1- Google Earth 2- BlooSee 3- Google Earth Engine 4- Google Earth Outreach
5- Google Street View 6- Hancock Cemetery 7- Lion (2016 film) 8- Wikimapia

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Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific research

Department of INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Directorate of Quality Assurance and Accreditation ‫بهخشین‬

9. Keywords Geo-spatial, Spatiality ,spatial technology, spatial

11. Course objective:

 To understand Geospatial Science concepts.

Directorate of Quality Assurance and Accreditation ‫بهخشین‬

12. Student's obligation

13. Forms of teaching

First Exam Final Exam

16. Course Reading List and References‌:

Directorate of Quality Assurance and Accreditation ‫بهخشین‬

Computer basics for GST: 5 (2 hours)

Geographical Information Systems: 6 (2 hours)

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and science 7 (2 hours)

FUNDAMENTAL of GIS, 9 (2 hours)

 Functional elements OF GIS

Directorate of Quality Assurance and Accreditation ‫بهخشین‬

On Screen Digitization Using Arc map 3 (4 H)

Editing od spatial Feature using Arc map 4 (4H)

Addition Of Tabular Data to Feature Class & Their Editing 5 (4H)

Defining Domains in a Feature class for Adding field value 6 (4)

GPS Linkage and Attribute data entry 7 (4H)

Creation Validation and Modification of Topology 8 (4H)

Viewing of GIs Data using Arc catalog / Arc Map 9 (4H)

Selection of Features 10 (4H)

Labelling using ArcGIS 11 (4H)

Symbolization using Arc Map 12 (4H)

Creation of Graph Using Arc map 13 (2H)

Generation Report 14 (2H)

Directorate of Quality Assurance and Accreditation ‫بهخشین‬

20. Extra notes:

21. Peer review

Directorate of Quality Assurance and Accreditation ‫بهخشین‬

Geospatial Science &Technologies, Definition (‫)تعريف علم و تكنولوجيا الجيومكانية‬

Geospatial Data (‫)البيانات المكانية‬

Geospatial data can be acquired by digitizing maps, by traditional surveying, or by modern

Spatial data infrastructure (‫)البنية التحتية للبيانات المكانية‬

That mean the ( SDI ) Content the :

Geospatial technology(‫)تكنولوجيا الجيومكانية‬

First \\ GPS ( Global Position System) :

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of at

Second\\ GIS ( Geography Information System) :

A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate,

of individuals, from political appointee to supervisor to computer programmer. It is now an

Third \\ RS ( Remote Sensing ) :

Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without

Spatial elements (‫ )العناصر المكانية‬:

–surfaces 2.5 dimensional

1- Point : Uses a single coordinate pair

 Attribute information is attached to the polygon

Coordinates and coordinate systems(‫)االحداثيات و انظمة االحداثيات‬

In geometry, a coordinate system is a system which uses one or more numbers, or

In mathematics, a spherical coordinate system is a coordinate system for three-dimensional space

The radial distance is also called the radius or radial

Ellipsoidal coordinates are a three-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system. the ellipsoidal

State Plane Coordinate system ( Just for US):

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) :

The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) conformal projection uses a 2-dimensional

Geodetic datum’s (‫)المراجع الجیودیسیه‬:

According to the (Geodetic Glossary, 1986), a geodetic datum is ‘a set of constants

guidelines for dealing with computer technology :

Assembling the right computer system