4/14/2019 Homework #16b (phy 112)

Homework #16b (phy 112)

Due: 11:00pm on Thursday, April 11, 2019
To understand how points are awarded, read the Grading Policy for this assignment.

A message from your instructor...

There is no homework 16a.

± Understanding Lenses

Learning Goal:

To learn the quantitative use of the lens equation, as well as how to determine qualitative properties of solutions.

In working with lenses, there are three important quantities to consider: The object distance s is the distance along the axis of
the lens to the object. The image distance s′ is the distance along the axis of the lens to the image. The focal length f is an
intrinsic property of the lens. These three quantities are related through the equation

1 1 1
s
+ ′
= .
s f

Note that this equation is valid only for thin, spherical lenses. Unless otherwise specified, a lens problem always assumes that
you are using thin, spherical lenses.

The equation above allows you to calculate the locations of images and objects. Frequently, you will also be interested in the
size of the image or object, particularly if you are considering a magnifying glass or microscope. The ratio of the size of an image
to the size of the object is called the magnification. It is given by
′
y s
′

m=
y
=−
s
,

where y ′ is the height of the image and y is the height of the object. The second equality allows you to find the size of the image
(or object) with the information provided by the thin lens equation.

All of the quantities in the above equations can take both positive and negative values. Positive distances correspond to real
images or objects, while negative distances correspond to virtual images or objects. Positive heights correspond to upright
images or objects, while negative heights correspond to inverted images or objects. The following table summarizes these
properties:
positive negative

s real virtual

s
′
real virtual
y upright inverted
y
′
upright inverted

The focal length f can also be positive or negative. A positive focal length corresponds to a converging lens, while a negative
focal length corresponds to a diverging lens.

Consider an object with s = 12 cm that produces an image with s′ = 15 cm. Note that whenever you are working with a
physical object, the object distance will be positive (in multiple optics setups, you will encounter "objects" that are actually
images, but that is not a possibility in this problem). A positive image distance means that the image is formed on the side of the
lens from which the light emerges.

Part A
Find the focal length of the lens that produces the image described in the problem introduction using the thin lens equation.
Express your answer in centimeters, as a fraction or to three significant figures.
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ANSWER:

f = 6.67 cm

Correct

Part B
Considering the sign of f , is the lens converging or diverging?
ANSWER:

converging

diverging

Correct

Part C
What is the magnification m of the lens?

Express your answer as a fraction or to three significant figures.

ANSWER:

m = -1.25

Correct

Part D
Think about the sign of s′ and the sign of y ′ , which you can find from the magnification equation, knowing that a physical
object is always considered upright. Which of the following describes the nature and orientation of the image?
ANSWER:

real and upright

real and inverted

virtual and upright

virtual and inverted

Correct

Now consider a diverging lens with focal length f = −15 cm , producing an upright image that is 5/9 as tall as the object.

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Part E

Is the image real or virtual? Think about the magnification and how it relates to the sign of s′ .
ANSWER:

real

virtual

Correct

Part F
What is the object distance? You will need to use the magnification equation to find a relationship between s and s′ . Then
substitute into the thin lens equation to solve for s.

Express your answer in centimeters, as a fraction or to three significant figures.

ANSWER:

s = 12.0 cm

Correct

Part G
What is the image distance?
Express your answer in centimeters, as a fraction or to three significant figures.

ANSWER:

s
′
= -6.67 cm

Correct

A lens placed at the origin with its axis pointing along the x axis produces a real inverted image at x = −24 cm that is twice as
tall as the object.

Part H
What is the image distance?
Express your answer in centimeters, as a fraction or to three significant figures.

ANSWER:

s
′
= 24.0 cm

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Correct

Part I
What is the x coordinate of the object? Keep in mind that a real image and a real object should be on opposite sides of the
lens.
Express your answer in centimeters, as a fraction or to three significant figures.

ANSWER:

x = 12.0 cm

Correct

Part J
Is the lens converging or diverging?
ANSWER:

converging

diverging

Correct
You can solve the lens equation for s′ in terms of s and f . If you do this and then substitute your result into the
magnification equation, you will see that the only way to obtain an image of a real object that is larger than the
object itself is with a converging lens.

Part K
Find the focal length of the lens.

Express your answer in centimeters, as a fraction or to three significant figures.

ANSWER:

f = 8.00 cm

Correct

Lens Producing an Image Conceptual Question

A lens produces a real image of a real object.

Part A

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Is the image inverted or upright?

Hint 1. Orientation
A real image is on the opposite side of the lens from the real object. Considering the path of the M ray (the ray
passing through the midpoint of the lens) should allow you to determine the orientation of the image.

ANSWER:

inverted

upright

cannot be determined

Correct

Part B
Is the lens diverging or converging?
ANSWER:

diverging

converging

cannot be determined

Correct

Part C
Is the image enlarged or reduced in size?

Hint 1. Determine the object's location

Is the object within the focal length or beyond the focal length of the converging lens?
ANSWER:

within

beyond

Hint 2. Principal rays for possible object location

The object must be beyond the focal length. The principal ray diagram below shows the object at twice the focal
length. If the object is at a different location beyond the focal length, the image size can be determined by a similar
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diagram.

Hint 3. Find the change in image size if the object is moved closer

If the object is at twice the focal length, the image is exactly the same size as the object. As the object is moved
closer to the lens, does the image become larger or smaller than the object?
ANSWER:

larger

smaller

Hint 4. Find the change in image size if the object is moved farther away

If the object is at twice the focal length, the image is exactly the same size as the object. If the object is moved
farther from the lens, does the image become larger or smaller than the object?
ANSWER:

larger

smaller

ANSWER:

enlarged

reduced

cannot be determined

Correct

Part D
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If two convex lenses identical in size and shape are manufactured from glass with two different indices of refraction, would
the focal length of the lens with the greater index of refraction (lens 1) be larger or smaller than that of the other lens (lens
2)?

Hint 1. Index of refraction

The larger the difference between the refractive index of the lens and the refractive index of the surrounding air, the
more the light will be bent by the action of the lens.

Hint 2. Focal length

The larger the focal length, the less effect the lens has on the path of the light.

ANSWER:

larger

smaller

cannot be determined

Correct

Part E
If lens 1 from Part D were placed in exactly the same location as lens 2, would the image produced by lens 1 be larger or
smaller than the image produced by lens 2?

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

First consider whether the object is within or beyond the focal point of lens 2. Will this change when the focal length
is shortened? Now imagine you are measuring the object distance in units of focal lengths. The actual distance stays
the same, but does the distance in units of focal lengths increase or decrease when the focal length is shortened?
Recall what happens to the size of an image as the object is moved away from or toward the focal point.

Hint 2. Location of the object

The object must be beyond the focal length of a lens in order to form a real image. This means that the object is
beyond the focal length of lens 2. In Part D, you found the focal length of lens 2 to be larger than the focal length of
lens 1. Is the object within or beyond the focal length of lens 1?

Hint 3. Image size when object is located at the focal point

If an object is located exactly at the focal point, the image is "infinitely" large. As the object moves away from the
focal point, in either direction, the image size decreases.

Hint 4. Ratio of distance to focal length

One does not need to know the exact numerical values of the object distance and focal length to determine the
magnification of the image. It is the ratio of the object distance to the focal length that is decisive. For objects beyond
the focal length, as this ratio increases, the image size decreases.

ANSWER:

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larger

smaller

cannot be determined

Correct

The Focal Length of a Lens

An object is located 28.5 cm from a certain lens. The lens forms a real image that is twice as high as the object.

Part A
What is the focal length of this lens?

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

To find the focal length of the lens you can use the thin-lens equation. To do that, you first need to calculate the
object distance and the image distance. In particular, the image distance can be determined from the magnification of
the lens, which can be computed since you know that the height of the image is twice the height of the object. Note
that the lens forms a real image; therefore, it must be a converging lens and the image is inverted.

Hint 2. Find the magnification

What is the lateral magnification of a lens that produces a real image twice as high as the object?

Hint 1. Magnification

The lateral magnification m produced by a lens is the ratio of the image height y ′ to the object height y. It is
also equal to the negative ratio of the image distance s′ to the object distance s:
′
y ′
s
m=
y
=−
s
.
The negative sign indicates that when s and s are both positive, y and y ′ have opposite signs, and the
′

image is inverted.

ANSWER:

− 2

1/2

− 1/2

Hint 3. Find the object distance

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The object is located 28.5 cm from the lens and the image produced by the lens is real. What is the object distance s
measured from the lens?

Express your answer in centimeters

Hint 1. Sign rule

Since the lens forms a real image, it must be a converging lens and the object must be on the same side of
the lens as the incoming rays. Therefore, the object distance is positive.

ANSWER:

s = 28.5 cm

Hint 4. Find the image distance

The object is located 28.5 cm from the lens and the image produced by the lens is real. What is the image distance
s , measured from the lens, if the magnification of the lens is −2?
′

Express your answer in centimeters.

Hint 1. Magnification
The lateral magnification m produced by a lens is the ratio of the image height y ′ to the object height y. It is
also equal to the negative ratio of the image distance s′ to the object distance s. That is,
′ ′
y s
m=
y
=−
s
.
The negative sign tells us that when s and s are both positive, y and y ′ have opposite signs, and the image
′

is inverted.

ANSWER:

s
′
= 57.0 cm

Hint 5. Thin-lens equation

The thin-lens equation expresses a useful relation between the focal length f of a lens, the object distance s, and
the image distance s′ . It can be written as

1 1 1
=
s
+ .
f s′

ANSWER:

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85.5 cm

9.50 cm

10.5 cm

5.26 cm

19.0 cm

Correct

Part B
Now replace the lens used in Part A with another lens. The new lens is a diverging lens whose focal points are at the same
distance from the lens as the focal points of the first lens. If the object is 5.00 cm high, what is the height of the image
formed by the new lens? The object is still located 28.5 cm from the lens.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

To find the image height you need to know the magnification of the new lens, which can be calculated if you know the
image distance and the object distance. To find the image distance you can use the thin-lens equation, but be sure to
use the correct value for the focal length. Recall that the focal length of a diverging lens is a negative quantity.

Hint 2. Find the focal length of the new lens

The lens used in Part A has been replaced with a diverging lens whose focal points are at the same distance from
the lens as the focal points of the first lens. What is the focal length of the diverging lens?
Express your answer in centimeters.

Hint 1. Focal length of a diverging lens

The focal length of a diverging lens is a negative quantity. Its focal points are virtual points, and they are
reversed relative to the focal points of a converging lens.

ANSWER:

f = -19.0 cm

Hint 3. Find the image distance

After you have calculated the focal length of the new lens, find the new image distance s′ .

Express your answer in centimeters.

Hint 1. Thin-lens equation

The thin-lens equation expresses a very useful relation between the focal length f of a lens, the object
distance s, and the image distance s′ . It can be written as

1 1 1
=
s
+ .
f s′

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ANSWER:

s
′
= -11.4 cm

Hint 4. Find the magnification

Once you have computed the new image distance, find the magnification m produced by the new lens.

Express your answer numerically.

Hint 1. Magnification

The lateral magnification m produced by a lens is the ratio of the image height y ′ to the object height y. It is
also equal to the negative ratio of the image distance s′ to the object distance s. That is,
′ ′
y s
m=
y
=−
s
.
The negative sign tells us that when s and s are both positive, y and y ′ have opposite signs, and the image
′

is inverted.

ANSWER:

m = 0.400

ANSWER:

12.5 cm

2.0 cm

10.0 cm

11.4 cm

7.5 cm

3.3 cm

Correct

The Magnification Produced by a Lens

Part A
What can one say about the image produced by a thin lens that produces a positive magnification?

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

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When a lens produces an inverted image, the image lies below the lens axis and its height is taken to be negative. In
such a case, the ratio of the image height to the object height is negative. Relate this to the magnification produced
by the lens and the image location.

Hint 2. Lateral magnification

The lateral magnification m produced by a lens is the ratio of the image height y ′ to the object height y:
′
y
m=
y
.
This means that when the magnification produced by a certain lens is negative, the image height and the object
height have opposite signs.

Hint 3. Find another expression for the magnification produced by a thin lens

For a lens that produces an image at s′ of an object located at s, which of the following expressions gives the correct
magnification produced by the lens?
ANSWER:

′
s/s

′
s /s

′
−s/s

′
−s /s

′
1/s + 1/s

Hint 4. Sign rule for image distances

When the image is on the same side of the lens as the outgoing light, the image distance is positive; otherwise, it is
negative. Also, remember that when the outgoing rays pass through an image point, the image is called a real image.
However, when the outgoing rays do not pass through an image point and instead appear to diverge as if they had
come from an image point, the image is a virtual image.

ANSWER:

It is real and inverted.

It is real and erect.

It is virtual and inverted.

It is virtual and erect.

Correct
Note that the magnification produced by a lens is not a constant property of the lens. In fact, it can change
depending on the location of the object. That is, the same lens can produce a positive magnification for a certain
object distance from the lens, and a negative magnification for a different object distance.

Part B
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If the diameter of a lens is reduced, what happens to the magnification produced by the lens?

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

The magnification produced by a lens depends on the image formed by the lens, which is determined exclusively by
the position of the object relative to the lens and the optical properties of the lens.

ANSWER:

It increases.

It decreases.

It is unchanged.

Correct

Ray Tracing and Image Formation with a Concave Lens

A concave lens refracts parallel rays in such a way that they are bent away from the axis of the lens. For this reason, a concave
lens is referred to as a diverging lens.

Part A
Consider the following diagrams, where F represents the focal point of a concave lens. In these diagrams, the image formed
by the lens is obtained using the ray tracing technique. Which diagrams are accurate?
Type A
if you
think
that
only

diagram A is correct, type AB if you think that only diagrams A and B are correct, and so on.

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Hint 1. A ray parallel to the lens axis

A ray parallel to the axis of a concave lens is refracted along a line that extends back through the focal point on the
same side of the lens.

Hint 2. A ray that passes through the focal point

A ray that is directed toward the focal point on the other side of the lens is refracted parallel to the lens axis.

Hint 3. A ray that passes through the middle of the lens

A ray that passes through the middle of a concave lens continues on its original direction with essentially no
displacement after passing through the lens.

ANSWER:

AC

Correct
A concave lens always forms an image that is on the same side of the lens as the object.

Part B
If the focal length of the concave lens is -7.50 cm , at what distance do from the lens should an object be placed so that its
image is formed 3.70 cm from the lens?
Express your answer in centimeters.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

To determine the object distance you can use the thin-lens equation, but be careful to assign the correct sign to each
quantity involved in the equation.

Hint 2. The thin-lens equation

The thin-lens equation for a lens with a focal length f is

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1 1 1
+ = ,
do di f

where do and di are the object distance and the image distance, respectively.

Hint 3. Find the image distance

What is the image distance di for a concave lens that forms an image 3.70 cm from the lens?
Express your answer in centimeters.

Hint 1. Sign convention for image distances

Conventionally the image distance has a positive sign when the image is on the opposite side of the lens from
the object (a real image), and a negative sign when the image is on the same side of the lens as the object (a
virtual image).

ANSWER:

di = -3.70 cm

Correct

ANSWER:

do = 7.30 cm

Correct

Part C
What is the magnification m produced by the concave lens described in Part B?
Express your answer numerically.

Hint 1. Magnification
The magnification m produced by a lens is given by the formula

di
m=− ,
do

where do and di are the object distance and the image distance, respectively.

ANSWER:

m = 0.507

Correct

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Part D
Where should the object be moved to have a larger magnification?

Hint 1. Magnification and image size.

Recall that a larger magnification corresponds to a larger image. You may find the ray diagrams found in Part A
helpful in determining how the size of the image varies as the object is moved closer or farther from the lens.

ANSWER:

The object should be moved closer to the lens.

The object should be moved farther from the lens.

The object should be moved to the focal point of the lens.

The object should not be moved closer to the lens than the focal point.

Correct

Problem 24.26

A converging lens with a focal length of 6.10 cm forms an image of a 4.60 mm -tall real object that is to the left of the lens. The
image is 1.70 cm tall and erect.

Part A
Where are the object and image located?
Enter your answer as two numbers separated with a comma.

ANSWER:

s s , ′
= 4.45,-16.4 cm

Correct

Part B
Is the image real or virtual?

ANSWER:

real
The image is .
virtual

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Correct

Problem 24.29

shows an object and its image formed by a thin lens. Assume that y =
2.80 mm and L = 36.5 cm .

Part A
What is the focal length of the lens?
Express your answer in centimeters to three significant figures.
ANSWER:

f = 8.84 cm

Correct

Part B
What type of lens is it?
ANSWER:

converging

diverging

Correct

Part C
What is the height of the image?

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Express your answer in millimeters to three significant figures.
ANSWER:

|y |
′
= 1.95 mm

Correct

Part D
Is it real or virtual?
ANSWER:

real

virtual

Correct

Problem 18.28

A 1.8-m-tall diver is standing completely submerged on the bottom of a swimming pool, in 3.0 m of water. You are sitting on the
end of the diving board, almost directly over her.

Part A
How tall does the diver appear to be?
Express your answer with the appropriate units.

ANSWER:

= 1.4 m
′
h

Correct

A message from your instructor...

The diagam on slide 2 (lecture 16) can help you answer the next question.

Reading Question 18.06

Part A
When viewing an object that is immersed in water, the image that is formed is __________.
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ANSWER:

a virtual image

farther away than the object is

a real image

at the same place the object is

Correct
Correct. The image is virtual because the rays don't actually diverge from an image point but instead just seem to
have. Your eyes are able to converge those diverging rays to a point on your retina so you can see the image.

Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 90.8%.
You received 37.23 out of a possible total of 41 points.

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