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Su Wei1, Gong Yanfeng1, Li Yan1
1. North China Electric Power University, Beijing102206, China
Abstract—This paper presents a novel traveling-wave-based algorithm is provided. In Section ċ, the simulation case is
fault location algorithm for a hybrid multi-terminal HVDC showed. And the conclusion is stated in Section Č.
system. Traveling-wave-based line fault location in hybrid
circuits is a challenging task because the impedance is II. PROCEDURE FOR PAPER SUBMISSION
discontinuous in the point of overhead lines and cables which
makes the reflection wave recognition more difficult. This
A multi-terminal HVDC system consisting of an overhead
algorithm can identify the faulty branch correctly and locate the line, collector bus and several cables is showed in Figure 1.
distance accurately only by using the arrival time of the initial The multi-terminal is labeled as 1~N. These lines are
traveling wave. And corresponding simulation cases were connected to a common point o. The lengths of each line is
carried out to verify this algorithm has good robustness which is known as L1~LN, and the wave traveling times in each line are
not affected by fault distance, fault resistance, fault type and known as IJ1~IJN.
faulty line.
Overhead line
2
.H\ZRUGV²)DXOWORFDWLRQWUDYHOLQJZDYHK\EULG Overhead line 0
WUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHVPXOWLWHUPLQDO+9'& 1 cable
3
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, distributed generation has been increasing
in proportion to power generation, and the number of DC loads
is increasing. Using cable to transmit power not only can
increase the transmission capacity of the line, but also can cable
N
reduce the pressure on the line channel, improve the channel
utilization, simplify the network connection [1~3]. With the
development of urban power grid, the proportion of cable lines Figure 1. hybrid multi-terminal transmission line
in the power grid is increasing gradually, so the hybrid line
consisting of overhead lines and cables is increasing. Accurate A. Identification of faulty branch
and quick fault location algorithm is necessary to prevent more Assume that the fault occurs at time t0 in line 1, the distance
economic losses when a line fault occurs in a hybrid from fault location to terminal 1 is Xf and the time from fault
multi-terminal HVDC system [4]. location to terminal is IJXf. The arrival times of the initial
The traveling-wave-based fault location principle has been traveling wave at each terminal are given by t1~tN. So each of
successfully applied to transmission line fault location because these travel times can be expressed as follow:
of the advantages of less effect of fault resistance and fault
t1 =W Xf +t 0
location. Traveling-wave-based line fault location in hybrid °
circuits is a challenging task because the impedance is ° t 2 =W 1 W Xf +W 2 +t 0
discontinuous in the point of overhead lines and cables which ® (1)
° #
makes the reflection wave recognition more difficult [5~8].
The two-terminal method, which makes use of only the initial ° t =W W +W +t
¯ N 1 Xf N 0
surge generated by the fault, is far more reliable and accurate
than the single-terminal method which requires the use of For canceling out fault inception time t0, tmn is defined as
secondary reflections [9]. Therefore, it is generally necessary tmn tm tn (2)
to use two-terminal method to realize accurate and reliable
transmission line fault location. Therefore, the time differences can be shown by
In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed for fault location subtraction of any two arrival times:
in a hybrid multi-terminal HVDC system consisting of one
overhead line and multiple cables. The remainder of this paper
is organized as follows: in Section Ċ, the line fault-location
,(((
N
t 12 =2W X W 1 W 2 ¦ (tmn W m W n )
°
f
n 1, n z m
° t 23 =W 2 W 3 WX (7)
® (3)
f
2 u ( N 1)
° #
Where m is the faulty branch, n is other non-faulty branch, N
° t ( N 1) N =W N 1 W N
¯ is the number of the transmission lines.
Then the distance can be expressed as
The differences between each pair of the wave traveling
times in transmission are defined as which are known a priori. WX
Xf Lm u (8)
f
«W u "
W 23 W 2N »
« 21 »
' = « t 31 t 32 t3N » (5) Y
«W u " »
If all the elements are The fault is occur on
W 32 W 3N equal to one the common point o
« 31 »
« # # # % # »
N
« »
« t N1 t N2 t N3
" u »
«¬ W N1 W N2 W N3 »¼ If the elements are not
equal to one are in the
N
Fail to find the
faulty branch
same row/column
When fault occurs on the line 1, elements in row 1 and
column 1 in matrix ǻ are not equal to one. On the contrary, the
other elements in matrix ǻ are equal to one if ignoring error. So Y
the matrix to identify the faulty branch can be shown as:
Calculate the distance from
the fault location to terminal
Finish
ªu z1 z1 " z 1º
«z 1 u =1 " =1 » Figure 2. Faulty branch identification and fault calculation method
« »
' « z 1 =1 u " =1 » (6) Through the analysis of the first two sections, the main
« » steps of the fault location algorithm are shown as follow:
«# # # % #
» 1) Using the Karenbauer’s transformation to decouple the
«¬ z 1 =1 =1 " u »¼ current signal and obtain mode-1 current which is relatively
According to (6), the faulty branch identifying principle of stable and can reduce the effect of the outside environmental
multi-terminal can be concluded as: excepting the main parameters [10~12].
diagonal, elements of faulty row and column are not equal to 1 2) Using modulus maxima of discrete wavelet transform
and other elements are equal to one. If all the elements are (DWT) method to capture the arrival time (t) of the initial
equal to one, the fault is occur on the common point o. traveling wave. In this paper, db4 mother wavelet is used to
B. Calculation of fault distance deal with all the current signal.
Once the faulty branch is identified, the time that the fault 3) Calculating the time differences (tmn) between each pair
traveling wave propagate from the fault location to the of the wave traveling times by (2) and forming the time
terminal can be calculated by differences matrix ǻW like (4).
4) The ratio of the tmn and IJmn are calculated and forming
the matrix ǻ by (5). ª 0 -214 131 -77 º
« 214 0 345 137 »
5) Excepting the main diagonal, if all the elements are not 'W = « » (9)
equal to one are in the same row f and column f, and the faulty « -131 -345 0 -208 »
branch is f. If all the elements are equal to one, the fault is «¬ 77 -137 208 0 ¼
»
occur on the common point o.
6) Using (7) and (8) to calculate the distance from the fault B. Simulation result
location to the terminal once the faulty branch is identified. Assuming a single pole grounding fault is located 50km
The steps of the fault location algorithm can be conclude DZD\IURPWHUPLQDO)DXOWUHVLVWDQFHLVVHWDVȍ
by Figure 2. Using the Karenbauer’s transformation to decouple the
current signal and Figure 4 shows the mode-1 current signal
D. Amendment principle of identified matrix
which is the wave traveling propagate from fault location to
In practical engineering, the environment and other factors each terminal.
will cause the error in the calculation. In order to eliminate the
influence of various factors, a certain error margin need to use 0.8
0.2
Time
A. Simulation model
A schematic diagram of a four-terminal VSC-HVDC Figure 4. Mode-1 current signal
system is shown in Figure 3 and the simulation is carried out
Figure 5 shows the high frequency information after DWT.
with PSCAD/EMTDC. The HVDC transmission line consists
Daubechies-4(db4) mother wavelet in scale 16 is used in the
of one overhead line branch of 100km in length and three cable
transformation. Using modulus maxima method to obtain the
branch of 80, 30 and 60km in length. Because of the high
arrival time of traveling wave.
frequency of single pole grounding fault, this paper use single
pole grounding fault in simulation. Sampling frequency is set 5
10
-6
set as 0.05.
2
1
T1
-1
F 80km Convertor -2
Station 1 -4
30km Convertor -5
3
10
-6 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Station 3
2
X: 442
Y: 2.853e-06
60km Convertor 1
Station 4
T2
-1
-3
-6 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
10
2
in table. 1. 1
0.5
T3
X: 511
-1
Y: -1.595e-06
X: 721
1
Y: 2.029e-08
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Time