READING/SEMINAR IN

ARCHITECTURE (PRODUCTION OF
PAINT)
BY
IHENACHO CHINEMEREM I
 ABSTRACT

Everyone would love to have a beautiful house to live in. In addition to

other factors to be considered, paint gives a very pleasant appearance to
houses and other painted objects. Paint is a pigmented liquid that stretches
and gives color and opacity for preserving, protecting and decorating
surfaces as well as enabling such surfaces to be cleaned easily.

This project is on the production of paint from the available paint materials.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page i

Approval page ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Abstract v

Table of content vi

CHAPTER ONE

0.0 introduction
0.1 background of study
0.2 aims of the study
0.3 objectives of the study
0.4 scope of the project report
0.5 significant of study

CHAPTER TWO

1.0 literature review

1.1 composition of paint
1.2 types of paint
1.3 raw materials for paint production
1.4 uses of paint
1.5 paint production flow chart
1.6 quality control test

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 material and methods

3.1 raw material for emulsion paint
3.2 chemicals
3.3 methods
3.4 equipment for large paint productions
3.5 diagram of paint production equipments/paint catalogue

F1 reactor

F2 mobile reactor

F3 scale

F4 mallet

F5 bucket

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 result and discussion

4.1 result
4.2 discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 conclusion/recommendation
5.1 conclusion
5.2 recommendation
5.3 reference
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Paint production is a lucrative business and its profit potential is very high.
Going by the number of houses and other structures in the country, it is
certain that you can never run out of business if you go into paint
production.

Paint is an essential commodity needed for painting houses, offices, etc

and the demand is in the increase. There is hardly any house that is not
painted these days, so the market is there for any aspiring entrepreneur.

Paint production is in three major categories: we have water based and oil
based paints. You can start your home-based paint production with as little
as N 200,000. The raw materials are readily available in the Nigerian
market. You don’t need any expensive equipment to produce paint; you
only need some buckets and your just two hands to do the mixing. What is
left for you to do is to penetrate and capture the market by producing good
quality paint and marketing it very well.

Hence, for a small scale business, it might require you to have at least half
plot of land for the production environment after a successful registration of
your business name and the approvals from standard organization of
Nigeria, S.O.N. with a minimum number of five employees you can fairly
begin the production. Though, with just two people paint production can be
due based on the scale of production in a room space environment
especially for a very small beginner.

In order to survive the cloaking dominance of the market leaders in the

industry, new start-ups can map out their self-sustaining market strategy.
While some could afford to distribute in the open market to compete
amongst others, some may solely depend on personal contact and placing
of orders before embarking on production.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Paint is a term used to describe a number of substances that consist of a

pigment suspended in a liquid or paste vehicle such as oil or water. With a
brush, a roller, or a spray gun, paint is applied in thin coat to various
surfaces such as wood, metal, or stone. Although it’s primary purpose is to
protect the surface to which it is applied, paint also provides decoration.

Samples of the first known paintings, made between 25,000 years ago,
survive in caves in France and Spain. Primitive paintings tended to depict
humans and animals, and diagrams have also been found. Early artists
relied easily available natural substances to make paint, such as natural
earth pigments, charcoal, berry juice, lard, blood, and milkweed sap. Later,
the ancient Chinese, Egyptians, Hebrews, Greeks, Romans used more
sophisticated materials to produce paints for limited decoration, such as
painting walls. Oil were used as varnishes, and pigments such as yellow
and red ochres, chalk, arsenic sulfide yellow, and malachite green were
mixed with binders such as gum Arabic, lime, egg albumen, and beeswax.

Paint was first used as a protective coating by the Egyptians and Hebrews,
who applied pitches and balsams to the exposed wood of their ships.
During the Middle-Ages, some inland wood also received protective
coatings of paint, but due to the scarcity of paint, this practice was
generally limited to store fronts and signs. Around the same time, artists
began to boil resin with oil to obtain highly miscible (mixable) paints, and
artists of the fifteenth century were the first to add drying oils to paint,
thereby hastening evaporation. They also adopted a new solvent, linseed
oil, which remained the most commonly used solvent until synthetics
replaced it during the twentieth century.

1.2 AIMS OF THE STUDY

The aim of this work is to make use of available raw materials in the
production of Emulsion Paint.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives are as follows

1. To facilitate the manufacturing process.

2. To enhance the products stability and durability
3. To enhance the product performance, which include application and
film quality so as to achieve all the desirous goals of the coating.

1.4 THE SCOPE OF PROJECT RESEARCH

Paints is classified according to its application and functions such as

Varnishes, leaguers, fillers etc. Emulsion paint which is a water based paint
is principally used for external and internal surface coatings, mostly in
building for appearance and as a surface protector. Apart from their
protective action, vanishes and leaguers increases the protective action of
manufactured goods.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

On considering the high cost of imported raw materials for the production of
paint in the paint industry, which at the end of the production affect the
market price, likewise causing economy constrain, there is need to lookout
for those locally raw materials, e.g. calcium carbonate which will give such
desirable qualities and properties as those of imported raw materials e.g.
titanium dioxide).

It will be interesting to note that chemical Engineering have some of

possible solutions towards reduction of high cost of emulsion paint
production and also this research project work is directed towards the vital
needs for the used of local pigments and extenders as raw materials for the
production of paint of high quality and standards which will stand the test of
time and also compete with those emulsion paints produced with imported
raw materials.

Finally, this research project work will be of more importance to the paint
manufacturers in the country, who spend lots of money for importations of
raw material, while they are blessed with much raw materials as pigments
and extenders for emulsion paint production in their country, it will also be
of help to students researchers, and also reveals the importance of
research among producers for future betterment and economy
improvement.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

Paint is a mixture of insoluble particles of pigment suspended in a

continuous organic or aqueous vehicle. It is most commonly used to
protect, colour or provide texture to objects. Paint can be made or
purchased in many colours and in many different types. It is typically
stored, solid, and applied as a liquid, but dries into a solid. With a branch, a
roller, or a spray gun, paint is applied in a thin coat to various surfaces such
as wood, metal, or stone.

Samples of the first known paintings made between 20,000 and 25,000
years ago, survive in caves in France and Spain. Primitive painting tended
to depict humans and animals, and diagrams have also been found. Early
artists relied on easily available natural substances to make paint such as
natural earth pigments, charcoal, berry juice, blood, lard, and milk-weed
sap. Later, the ancient Chinese, Egyptians, Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans
used more sophisticated materials to produced paints for limited
decoration, such as painting walls. Oils were used as vanishes, pigments
such as yellow and red ochres, chalk, arsenic sulfide yellow, and malachite
green were mixed with binders such as gun Arabic, lime, egg albumen and
beeswax.

The twenty-first century has seen the changes in paint composition and
manufacture. Today, synthetic pigments and stabilizers are commonly used
to mass produce uniform batches of paints. New synthetic vehicle
developed from polymers such as polyurethane and styrene-butadiene
emerged during the 1940s. Alkyd resins more synthesized, and they have
dominated production since. Before 1930, pigment was ground with stone
mills, and these were replaced by steel balls. Today sand mills and high-
speed dispersion mixers are used to ground dispersible pigments. Perhaps
the greatest paint-related advanced has been its proliferation.

2.1 COMPOSITION OF PAINTS

Generally speaking, components of paints can be discussed under the

following:

1. Pigments
2. Binders (Resins)
3. Solvents
4. Additives

Pigments: pigments can be defined as a substance used for coloring

(hiding) purpose. However, more technically, pigments can be defined as
finely powdered solid substance, essentially insoluble in the medium in
which they are dispersed (if any) and are used in paints to provide the dried
film and such properties as, hiding and colour. There are different kinds of
pigments used in making paints like basic white pigment (titanium dioxide)
selected for its excellent concealing properties, black pigments commonly
made from carbon black. Others are iron oxide and cadmium sulfide for
reds, metallic salts for yellow and oranges, iron blue and chrome yellows
for blues and greens.
Binders (Resins): Simplistically, a binder is anything that binds, while
technically, a binder is a non volatile potion of the vehicle of a paint, it binds
or cement the pigments particles together and also the paint film as a
whole to the material it is applied. Examples of binders are thickener
(Nitrosol) and Acrylic.

Solvents: solvents are various low viscous, volatile liquids. The aid flow
and applicability of the paint products. Solvents can commonly be divided
into two, via: polar solvents and non polar solvent.

Polar solvents are known to contain OH group (alchanol group) whereas

non polar solvents do not contain the OH and are mostly organic in nature.
In the surface coating industry, i.e. paint industry, the universal solvent is
water. Water is found common and generally used in the water based-
paint. In the same way, it can be said that the non polar solvents are used
in the oil based paint.

Additives: additives are those components of paint system other than the
primary components (pigments, binders, and solvents) which are
introduced to serve special purposes.

2.2 TYPES OF PAINT

Paint is a fluid, or semi-fluid material which may be applied to surfaces in

relatively thin layers, and which changes to a solid coating with time. The
change to solid material may or may not be reversible, and many occur by
evaporation of solvent b chemical reaction, or by a combination of the two.
There are many types of paint, which include oil based paints (gross
paints), emulsion paints (water based paint), textured paints (texcote),
cellulose paints, bituminous paints and rubber-based paints.
Gross paints (oil based paints): These are paints that may be classified
according to whether the drying mechanism is predominantly solvent
evaporation, oxidation or some chemical reaction. Gross paints which dry
essentially by solvent evaporation, reply on a fairly hard resin as the
vehicle. Paints which dry by oxidation, the vehicle is usually an oil or an oil-
based varnish, these usually contains driers to accelerate the drying of the
oil. Paint based essentially on oil with suitable pigment such as titanium
dioxide, extenders, and usually zinc-oxide and white lead, are conventional
outside house paint because these materials give the combination of
properties which meet this requirement. Oil paint is a type of slow drying
paint that consist of particles of pigments suspended in a drying oil,
commonly linseed oil. The viscosity of the paint may be modified by the
addition of a solvent such as turpentine or white spirit, and varnish may be
added to increase the glossiness of the dried oil paint film. It is the oldest
and most traditional of the types of paint, generally suitable for all surfaces,
but not the most economical for all occasions. Oil paints have been used in
Europe since the 12th century for simple decoration but were not widely
adopted as an artistic medium until the early 15th century. Common modern
applications of oil paint are in finishing and protection of wood in buildings
and exposed metal structures such as ships and bridges. Its hard-wearing
properties and luminous colour make it desirable for both interior and
exterior use on wood and metal. Due to its slow drying properties, it has
recently been used in paint-on-glass animation. Thickness of coat has
considerable bearing on time required for drying. For those instances when
oil based paint would traditionally be preferable, but you desire a water
based product, a number of companies have introduced “waterborne
enamels” or “waterborne alkyds. “These paints look and behave much like
oil-based options because they have good leveling qualities for a smooth
finish.

ADVANTAGES OF OIL BASED PAINTS

 Attractive gloss
 Good “leveling” (brush strokes fill themselves in to create a smooth
finish)
 Hard durable finish

EMULSION PAINTS (WATER BASED PAINT)

These are paints with water-soluble vehicle and they include, calcimines, in
which the vehicle is glue and case- in paints, in which the vehicles is casein
or soya-bean protein.

This project research study is directed towards producing and formulating

of emulsion paint (water – thinned paint) from local pigments and extenders
as raw materials. The high demand for emulsion paint for protective and
decorative purposes has encouraged the development of different
equipments for the manufacturing operation.

This piece of research work is due to reducing the high cost of emulsion
paint formulation and production, because of the imported raw materials.
(E.g. Titanium dioxide), and thereby disclosing a local raw material from our
natural domain which could also be used for the same purpose. An
example of this locally obtained raw material for emulsion paint production
is calcium carbonate in the form of calcite and dolomite

The majority of wall paint sold today is water-based, but oil-based paint
remains popular for glossy woodwork, doors, and furniture, as well as
demanding surfaces such as floors.
Be cautious when switching to a water-based paint if the surface has
previously been coated with an oil based product, as the new paint may not
stick. In this situation, Sherwin-Williams recommends washing the surface
and then roughening it all over with a medium to smooth grit sandpaper –
making it clean, dry, and dull in order to prevent peeling of the new coat.

ADVANTAGES OF WATER-BASED PAINTS

 Low VOCs (low levels of toxic emissions)

 Easy cleanup with water
 Quick drying
 An elastic, flexible finish resistant to cracking
 Stable colour over time, without yellowing

PAINT FINISHES

Sheen options vary by manufacturer, but share some common

characteristics. As durability improves across all sheen levels with newer
paints, many people are finding creative ways to mix and match them.
“we’ve noticed that customer are becoming more experimental in their use
of paint finish, to create real impact and texture within a scheme, “says
Farrow & Ball director Sarah Cole. “Try painting a stripe of full gloss on a
matte wall in the same colour to create a sticking, textured look, “she
suggests.

Matte paint:

 Is the least reflective sheen available

 Has a velvety texture
 Helps hides imperfections in walls and ceilings
 Offers great depth of color
 Is generally considered the standard sheen for walls
 Can sometimes be difficult to clean
Eggshell and satin paint (satin is slightly glossier than eggshell):

 Have some reflectivity

 Offer improved durability
 Are frequently used in demanding environments, like kitchens and
bathrooms, where easy cleanup without a highly glossy finish is
desired.

SEMI GLOSS PAINT:

 Are the most reflective sheens

 Are highly durable and stand up to multiple cleanings
 Are traditionally used on baseboards, moldings, and doors
 Can make a statement, but also highlight imperfections

Sue Kim, color trend and forecast specialist at Valspar, recommends trying
an accent wall with gloss sheen, while painting the rest of a room matte.
But at the end of the day, “It’s all about how you want to set the
atmosphere of your home, “she says. “A matte sheen gives you a calm and
serene feeling, because of that textural element. “On the other end of the
spectrum, gloss adds energy and excitement. As for eggshell and satin,
Kim likes to use them in smaller spaces with lit.

2.4 RAW MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF EMULSION PAINT

Liquid paint is a composite of a finely divided pigment dispersed in a liquid

composed of a resin or binder and a volatile solvent. Therefore, paints are
manufactured from three main constituents; pigments, binders, and
solvents. In addition to give the paints specific properties for specific
purposes or applications some additives are also used. The liquid portion of
the paints is known as the vehicle. Vehicles are composed of nonvolatile
and volatile parts.

Nonvolatile:
 Solvent-based based paints: oils and /or resins plus driers and
additives.
 Lacquers; cellulose, resins, plasticizers, and additives.
 Water-based paints: styrene-butadiene, polyvinyl acetate, acrylic,
other polymers and emulsions, copolymers plus additives.

Volatile:

Ketones, Esters, Alcohol, Aromatics, and Aliphatic. The pigment is one of

the main and important constituents of the paint. In general, pigments
should be opaque to ensure good covering power and chemically inert to
secure stability, hence long life. Pigments should be nontoxic, or at least of
very low toxicity, to both the painter and the inhabitants. Finally, pigments
must be wet by the film-forming constituents and be of low cost. Different
pigments posses different covering power per-unit weight.

Table below shows the different paints constituents.

Constituent Function
Main constituents
Pigments are usually: An inorganic The function of pigments and fillers is to
substance, such as titanium dioxide, provide simply a colored surface, pleasing
chrome pigment, earths, led pigments, for its aesthetic appeal. The solid particles
zinc pigments. A pure, insoluble organic in paint reflect light rays, and thus help to
dye known as a toner. An organic dye prolong the life of the paints, and protect
precipitated on an inorganic carrier such metals from corrosion.
as aluminum hydroxide, barium sulfate or
clay.
Binders or vehicles. Those are resins or Its function is binding the pigment to the
oils. substrate.
Thinners and solvents; such as petroleum It is the volatile part of the vehicle, its
ether, toluene, xylem. function is to dissolve the binders, adjust
the paint viscosity, and give
homogeneous, regular, and uniform
thickness on the coated surface.
Fillers such as clay, talc, gypsum, and Pigment extender, or fillers, reduce the
calcium carbonate paint cost and control the rheological
properties (viscosity) of paints.
Driers, as cobalt, lead, zinc, zirconium, To accelerate the drying of the paints.
manganese, calcium, barium.
Anti-skinning agents It is added to the paints (unsaturated), to
prevent the solidification of paints surface
during storage.
Anti-settling agents To improve the dispersion efficiency of the
pigments into the vehicle, to prevent the
settling or pigments during storage.

Plasticizers: These materials are special To improve the elasticity of paint films,
types of oils, phthalate ester or and to minimize the paint films tendency
chlorinated paraffin. for cracking
Dispersant, wetting agents, fire retarding, To give the paint specific property for
anti-floating, anti-foaming etc. specific purpose or application

Other raw materials and their uses

Preservatives are also used in the manufacture of water based paints to

prolong their life time.
Water-alkali solutions and solvents for equipment cleaning and washing,
between batches.

Detergents and antiseptics for floor cleaning.

Utilities: Packaging materials: different types of packaging materials are

used (aluminum foil, metallic and plastic containers, tin sheets, and
cartons).

Steam; is generated in boilers that use either Matzoth (fuel oil), solar (gas
oil) or natural gas as fuel. Steam is used for providing heat requirements
and in some large facilities for electric power generations.

Water; is used as process water, as rinse water for equipment and floor, as
boiler feed water, as cooling water and for domestic purpose. Boiler feed
water is pretend in softeners to prevent scale formation. Water may be
supplied from public water lines, wells or canals. The type of water will
dictate the type of pretreatment.

2.4 USES OF PAINT

The great thing about paint is that it is so incredibly versatile-whether the

intended use is a child’s art project, a scale garden fence or the walls of
your home, it is guaranteed that there is a paint specifically designed to suit
any purpose.

Industrial: Within any industry setting, paints often need to be durable and
quick-drying so that business can resume as quickly as possible. The
durability and lifespan of the paint can be improved with the use of primer
before applying the paint to the possible, and a top coats once the layer of
paint has dried. Industrial paints also often come in larger quantities, as a
larger surface area usually needs to be covered. If the paints were to be
used in chemistry industry setting, for example, specialist paint would need
to be used to ensure that it does not react with any chemicals present.
Paints are also specialized should they need to be applied to specific
surfaces, like metal, for example:

Decorative: Decorative paints are for use in homes, but also for use in
anywhere that needs to look attractive-a business, for example. These
paints often come in a wide variety of colors and textures to match up with
any specific requirements that may have for your space. A popular choice
for decorative paints is emulsion – this is basically the pigment of the color
mixed with a synthetic resin that binds with water to form the basis of the
paint. Most use emulsion for decorative purposes as it has less of paint
smell and is easy to apply.

Outdoor: Paints for your outdoor needs are generally specialized to be

applied on wood-wooden fences, decking and patios. This paint is the most
durable, as it needs to withstand weather conditions and precipitation. A
preserver can be applied before the paint to help it withstand moisture and
keep the color for longer. You could also opt FOR oil as opposed to a paint
for your decking or fences can –they leave a slight color which enhances
the look of the wood, instead of an opaque color.

Agricultural: Agricultural paints are hard-wearing and available in lots of

different colors, for us in a farming environment. Paints can be used on
tractors, barns, and steel, to name only a few possible uses. Primers are
specifically designed for use on ferrous materials (iron) so that they are
protected for their tractors.
 2.5 Production Flow Chart

Inputs Processing steps Pollution Source

pigments
Titanium dioxide (TiO2)
Raw materials spills or leaks
Filler (Talc, Calcium Carbonate)
Mixing
Linseed Oil
Alkyd resin
Solvent (turpentine) Spent solvent (mixers washing & Cleaning

Rollers Cooling Water Spent cooling water (closed or open circuit

Grinding Spent solvent (mills washing &cleaning)

Spent solvent (vessels and tanks washing

Cobalt drier
Lead drier Finishing &cleaning)
Zirconium

Solid waste (sludge from filter press)

Filtration

Packaging &
Packages Storage Leaks or spills

Solvent-based
paints (building)

2.6 Quality Control Test

Quality control test carried out on the two (2) samples of emulsion paint
showed that the local pigment and extenders used (titanium iv oxide,
calcium trioxo-carbonate iv, kaolin, yellow iron oxide and red iron oxide)
fitted in so well in the paints to give the necessary adhesion, opacity and
coverage, with excellent binding effect observed.

PAINTING OF WALL

It is important that surfaces are prepared adequately to receive coats of

paint. Each surface has its peculiar characteristics and the steps to be
taken to ensure a successful painting operation and the precautions
necessary.

In this section, we shall demonstrate how to paint wall and ceiling surfaces.

The painting of dry plaster does not present any problems and depending
on the time of year and the amount of internal heating in the building, the
complete drying out of plasters and brick, concrete or masonry backing
walls takes a few days in the tropics to up to twelve months in the
temperate regions

Where the time to dry out takes very long, it is seldom practicable to wait
that long before decorating and a sensible temporary measure is to apply a
soft nonwashable distemper which can easily be removed prior to final
decorating at a later date.

SURFACE TREATMENT OF WOOD AND PAINTING

Wood surfaces, like any other surface, require treatment to ensure a

successful operation in painting.
New Wood: The moisture content should not exceed 15%, else moisture
will cause the paint to blister. After the timber has been cleaned, smoothed,
dust removed, any grease cleaned off with white spirit and nails punched
down, the usual specification is that it should be “knotted, primed and
stopped;” it is important that these operations be executed in order. A
successful job depends on how well the surface is prepared.

SPRAYING USING MACHINE

Painting techniques are either by

1. Brush

2. Spraying.

Brush Method: Having correctly prepared the surface and using good
quality brush (hog’shair bristle is considered to give the best results), the tip
of the brush is dipped in the paint and the excess removed by drawing it
against the edge of the container. Working from right to left a narrow strip
of the work is covered with vertical strokes, the area is then “crossed” (i.e.
brushed laterally to ensure even distribution of the paint). The surface is
then finally “laid off” (i.e. lightly brushed vertically once more). A strip must
be joined to its neighbor as soon as possible and the work so arranged that
the surface is finished without interruption.

Spraying is an alternative technique essential for cellulose paints. Simple

spray equipment comprises a motor and fan giving current of air delivered
by tube to a container and spray gun. The gun has a nozzle from which the
paint is forced out in a fine spray when a trigger is pressed. An air
compressor is used in larger equipment. Painting by spray is quicker for
large areas than by brushing; it also uses less paint for this has to be
thinner; it is not recommended for the application of primers (except for
cellulose ones) because priming by brush gives better penetration and
adhesion. Spray painting demands the use of masking paper or other
material to protect surfaces from paint which are adjacent to those being
decorated. It is intended that this section will demonstrate the steps taken
in paint spraying.

Safety and Upkeep of paint factories

Safety can be defined as a condition under which we have gained almost
or complete degree of freedom from danger, injury or damage; it should
come first in anything we have to do in our everyday life. It is widely known
that the construction industry as a whole, of which painting is a part,
accounts for many of the accident statistics recorded; and what is not often
appreciated is the huge cost, both to the individuals who are unfortunate
enough to have an accident and to the industry as a whole in terms of lost
manpower, time and materials.

Tools and First Aid Equipment Storage

Tools storage is one of the requirements of safety in the workshop. The

tools must therefore be properly kept to avoid injuries as well as possible
damage to these tools; it is also imperative to ensure that these tools be
kept clean, in their right positions, and under the right conditions as
specified by the standard requirements for each tool.

Despite the great care taken and all safety procedures followed, note that
accidents still sometimes happen. In this situation, if an injury occurs, you
must be in a position to know what to do, who to contact and how to attend
to the injured person until help arrives. These actions fall under what is
called First Aid. First Aid is the immediate treatment given to an injured or ill
person before professional help and treatment can be given. First Aid is not
a substitute for professional help. It is temporary help given whilst waiting
for professional help to arrive.

Safety and First Aid Policy

It is usual these days, often by law, for all employers to have a safety policy
that outlines such things as roles and responsibilities and procedures to
follow in the event of an emergency. It is important to find out if such a
policy exists and ask to have a look at it to familiarize yourself with it.

Large organizations employing many people there should have a safety

officer who has the responsibilities for co-coordinating safety policy. First-
Aiders who have been trained should be found in both large and small
organizations.

Reporting Safety or Health Hazards:

It is the responsibility of all workers to report potential safety or health

hazards. This is best done in writing, stating the nature and location of the
hazard and the date it was see and then passed on to someone in authority
in the company or to the company safety officer if there is one. Typical
hazards include:

• Faulty, damaged or badly maintained tools and equipment including

electrical equipment.

• Untidy work areas;

• Obstructions in passageways and other access routes;

• Poor lighting in the workplace and passageways;

• No safety guards on machinery;

• Slippery floor surfaces;

• Poor ventilation where dust or fumes are present;

• No protective clothing;
• Badly stored materials, including substances hazardous to health (gas
cylinders, acids, solvents, etc.)

• Unsupported excavations and trenches.

Reporting Accidents and Emergencies:

All accidents and incidents involving injuries should be reported in order to

identify the cause of the accident so that steps can be taken to make sure
that it does not happen again. The procedure to follow, including who to
inform, depends on the nature and severity of the accident/occurrence.
Types of incident are usually classified as:

• Fatal accident;

• Major injury;

• Other injury;

• Dangerous occurrence;

• Fire or explosion (other than a dangerous occurrence).

All accidents, no matter how small, must be reported and copies of the
reports should be kept for inspection by health and safety officers

First Aid Box

These should be highly visible, usually colored green, and clearly marked
with a white cross. They should be fixed where easily accessible. In
workshops they are often fitted close to wash basins. On building sites they
can be positioned in the site offices or workers canteen or shelter. If you
work on your own you should carry one in your vehicle. The contents of a
first aid box will vary according to where it is fitted, the number of workers
employed and the type of work carried out in that place. A typical first aid
box contains the following:

* Various sizes of bandages;

* Various sizes of sterile dressings;

* Sterile eye pads with bandage;

* Triangular bandage;

* Various sizes of gauze;

* Safety pins;

* Moist antiseptic cleansing wipes;

* Cotton wool;

* Disposable plastic gloves.

First aid boxes should not contain any medicines or pills.

First aid boxes should be kept in a clean and tidy condition and anything
used should be replaced immediately. An up-to date list of contents should
also be kept inside

General Safety Habits

The existence of health and safety laws does not guarantee that accidents
will not happen; care and common sense in all activities are essential. It is
always important to be safety conscious and adopt a responsible attitude
where safety is concerned in the workplace.
General safety habits would include the following:

a. Protective Clothing: Where ever possible, and regardless of the

actual job being done, you must wear some form of special work
clothing, overalls or boiler suit either instead of everyday clothes or
over the top of them. Working clothes prevent your everyday clothing
from becoming contaminated by oils, grease, fluxes or general dust
and dirt. They also cover loose clothing, ties etc., which could get
caught in machines. At the end of a working day, you can leave the
overalls or boiler suit at the workplace, which helps to reduce the
amount of dirt and dust being brought into the home.
b. Safety Goggles: Working without eye protection causes eye injuries,
since one cannot see one’s own eyes, and one is apt more careless
of their safety. It is wise to wear clear, unsplinterable goggles when
working on a job such as cutting away brick or concrete where a chip
could easily fly into, and damage the eyes.
c. Safety Helmet: You should always wear a safety helmet or hard hat
when working on large building sites. Sometimes this is a legal
requirement; if so a safety notice at the site entrance will tell you.
Safety helmets are usually made of toughened plastic or steel. They
give some protection against injury caused by objects falling from
scaffolding, for example, and against injury caused by walking into
projections on buildings and scaffolds.
d. Hand Gloves: Heavy-duty gloves can give protection against a range
of things. There are various types hand gloves. Rubber or plastic
gloves give protection against skin irritation when handling materials
like cement, oils or grease, or they can give general - protection when
 handling dirty or contaminated materials. Heavy-duty gloves are used
when handling materials with sharp edges, like glass or sheet metals,
and can also be used when handling hot materials.
e. Safety Footwear: Many injuries result from not wearing appropriate
footwear or in some cases from not wearing any footwear. If a job
Involves moving or using heavy equipment or handling heavy
materials, wear some form of boots to protect your feet in case
something falls on them. Boots with steel toe caps will provide even
more protection. Boots also give some protection against standing on
sharp objects. Boots with steel inner soles give even better
protection, especially if you are working in an area where there is
likely to be a lot of metal turnings or swarf, such as a machine shop,
or where there could be discarded timber with protruding nails, as on
a building site.
f. Face Protector: The simplest form of mask is one that covers the
mouth and nose. This will give moderate protection against general
dust inhalation, where there is a high concentration of dust or fumes,
wear some kind of respirator. In some situations, for example when
welding in a confined space, some form of fume extraction system
must be installed.
g. Ear Protectors: Plumbers do not often carry out work that involves or
brings them into contact with loud and constant noise, but sometimes,
particularly in a workshop, some form of ear protection is necessary.
On these occasions, wear either cotton ear plugs or full car
protectors.
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Materials And Methods

3.1 Raw Materials for Emulsion Paint

1. Water actinide
2. Calgon
3. Silicate
4. Titanium dioxide
5. Calcium carbonate
6. Genepor
7. Deformer
8. PVA
9. Formalin
10. Nitrosol
11. Ammonium solution
12. Colored paste

3.2 CHEMICALS:

These are the chemical used in the production of emulsion paint

1. Water
2. Titherni (used only for the production of white paint)
3. Calcium carbonate (Calcium)
4. Coloriute
5. PVA
6. Formalin
7. Nitro sol
8. Ammonia
9. Hydrosol
10. Marble dust
11. Acrydex
12. Geniple
13. K14
14. Bama cork

Functions of the Chemicals

1. Water: water is used to mix all the chemicals together. It must not be
a hot water. You can use any type of clean and neat water with
normal water temperature. However, I prefer soft water to cold water.
It helps to mix the paints more easily.
2. Titherni: it is whitening chemical in Powderly form. You can always
get it where they are selling paint chemicals, or rather industrial
chemical. Just ask of titherni, it will be given to you. It performs the
functions of making sure that your paint is shining and not dull. This is
the secret of some big names in painting industry. We shall give you
the ratio down the line. It is only used when you are producing white
paint. That does not mean you can not use it in other colors but the
functions is more significant in white paints.
3. Calcium carbonate: this chemical is also in powderly form. It is
packaged in bags and they write CalCo on it. It is made by so many
 companies. I would not like to advertise any but just ask of calcium
and it will be given to you. Now calcium carbonate is of two types: we
have the dolomite and calcite. Both are good but dolomite is
recommended if you are producing pure white paint and calcite is
better in off white (dirty white) paint.
4. Colourite: this is the most important of the entire course. It involves
the ability of mixing some colours to get a desired result. It is not
difficult at all if you have initiative and artistic eye. These are the
colors we have in raw form (please permit me to call them primary
colors because all other colors in the painting industry is gotten from
them. They are: yellow (painters call it cream), Red, Black, Blue, and
Green. All other colors are gotten from a combination of one or two of
these. What about white paint? You might ask; well we do not need to
have a pure white color because we make our paints with CalCo and
it gives us white naturally. In fact once you put your calcium in water,
you get white paint. I hope that is clear. We shall cover how to mix
the paints to get particular result. But for now just know that colors
can be found in paste or oxide. When we say colors are in paste we
mean that they are in condensed liquid form (like your pomade),
when they are in oxide it means they are in dust form (like your wife’s
powder). A color like cream has both oxide and paste. Red and Black
are mostly in oxide, green and blue are in paste. For those who might
be wondering which one to use between the yellow oxide and yellow
paste. I suggest that if you want the colour you are producing to be
deep yellow like MTN colour, you should paste, otherwise use oxide.
CAUTION: you MUST dilute the colours very well with a little water
before applying it to your paint. For example, if get a Red oxide, pour
 a cup of water in a different container mix thoroughly. If not your paint
will be having dotted stains as you roll it on the wall.
5. P.V.A.: This chemical is very important. I guess you might have seen
a situation where after painting a building, when you rub your hand on
the surface it will be dusting. This is as a result of ill usage of this
liquid formed chemical. In my experience, some big names in the
painting industry do not even know how to use it. But do not worry, I
will tell you and who knows you might become their next consultant.
6. Formalin: it does the function of preservative.
7. Nitrosol: it helps to hold the paint together i.e. it is a thickener. Its
correct usage makes the paint more durable on the wall.
8. Ammonia: this is your secondary school laughing gas. It is also used
to make the paint more durable. It serves as a preservative agent too.
9. Hydrosol: this is the chemical that integrates the colours and brings
out the best in them. It is used to correct dullness in paints.
10. Marble Dust: This is usually used in the production of textcoat paints.
It is of two types rough and smooth. The preference is determined by
what you want to achieve. If you wand sandy texcote i.e. the one
without lining, you use only rough type. However, the combination of
both in the same ratio gives you a better result.
11. Acrydex: this is used as a thickener. It holds the seemingly watery
paint together.
12. Geniple: this one just does the function of giving the painter a
scintillating perfume as he does his job.
13. K14: it is also a preservative.
14. Bama cork: it does the function of nitrosol. If you use bama cork you
do not need to use nitrosol.
3.3 Methods

Emulsions are those ordinary paints that are not roughened with sand-like
objects. The once that are sand-like are regarded as emulsion. You need to
be aware that there are other types of paint as well. Satin, oil e.t.c we shall
treat them separately but for now let us concentrate with emulsion.

Procedure:

Step 1

Mix calcium with water; for one bucket production (hence we shall be
referring to bucket of paint i.e. normal litres of paint as drum), pour water in
the bucket up to half (--litres of water) you can always increase the volume
of water at any stage if necessary. Add less than half bag of calcium (add
until the mixture rises to about 17 litres in the bucket) by now the drum will
be quarter empty. NOTE: if you are producing white paint, you will mix
titherni in water before adding calcium. – spoons of titherni are enough. Mix
very well.

Step 2:

Add your colour. It is assumed that by now you must have diluted the
colours as required with water if they are oxide. Now put colour in small
rations and keep turning until you get your desired result. You can always
add more if you like. Supposed you added more yellow for example, than
you need, you can correct if by adding more calcium (but not after this
stage) bear in mind that the colour may be deeper when wet and lighter
when the paint is dried.
Step 3

Add –kg of P.V.A. to the mixture. After turning add half glass cup of
nitrosol. Nitrosol is always in Powderly form so you must dilute it in small
water before you add to your mixture. Next add about – centiliter of formalin
and about same volume for ammonia and hydrosol sequentially. Turn very
well at any addition of a new chemical.

Final step

When you have completed the above steps, make sure you turn the above
mixture very well. As you are turning it you might be little fidgeted that you
have wasted your recourses. You don’t need to be afraid. Just add acrytext
to the mixture and turn. Add it in small quantity until you get the thickness
you desire. However, if you add access you might spoil your mixture. Now
that your paint is ready, just take your scraper, brush and roller and roll
away your newly built house.

Warning: please the chemicals must be added in order I have given you. If
not you may have problem for example if you put ammonia before Nitrosol,
the paint will get blocked. And again if ammonia drops in Nitrosol, the
Nitrosol will block. More so, when formalin is poured into ammonia it will
explode. The only time you can add ammonia before Nitrosol is when you
are turning on machine speed. Just be careful.
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.0 RESULTS

After the production, quality emulsion paint was formed. The product was
compared with industrial standard of paint gotten from the market and the
product was found to be good off to market standard due to its viscosity,
aroma, texture and quality. It was found to be more viscous with better
texture and composition when compared with market standard.

4.2 DISCUSSION

The results show that gloss increases as time of dispersion increased. This
is as a result of reduction in the particle size of pigment which is
accompanied by thorough dispersion of the pigment particle. The results
obtained from testing the gloss of films applied (spread) on a smooth
surface at some hour interval (24 h, 48 h, and 72 h). The result shows that
the degree of dryness of films had effect on the glossy nature of the films.
The more dried a film is, the more glossy that film portrays. From the result
in table 12, it was shown that gloss increase steadily from 11. 0uA to 17 .8u
A. therefore, increase in the quantity of alkyd resin increases the gloss of
the paint. This confirmed the fact that optical properties of binder in paint
affect the emulsion of the paint.

The results generally indicated that below CPVC, more gloss-emulsion

paints were produced while less gloss-emulsion paints were obtained
above the CPVC.
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.0 Conclusion

In conclusion, the process involved in paint production, qualities and

performances of emulsion paint in particular are largely dependent on the
properties of its constituents and the ratios of these constitutions include
pigments, pigment extenders, additives and vehicles. Failure to make
proper formation before production causes deterioration. Emulsion paint
production from available materials must meet the present need for a high
standard of performance so as to cater satisfactorily for the needs of the
society, at a particular point in time and to demonstrate a credible record of
an ability to challenge external and future influences.

In conclusion, glossy-emulsion paint can be produced at the optimum

composition of 6.2% (0.062). Gloss is dictated by factors such as degree of
pigment dispersion and the quantity of binders etc. the gloss of such paints
on surfaces can be conveniently measured using Luminometer and to
achieve maximum glossy, paint formulation should be at PVC below CPVC.

5.1. Recommendations

The following are the recommended application methods; although latex –

and oil-based paints can be applied with rollers or pads as well as brushes,
cleaning them after using oil paints is difficult and will require lots of white
spirit or thinner.
 Primer: Use a brush, roller or pad.
 First Coat: use a brush, roller or pad.
 Flat: Use a brush, roller, pad, or sprayer.
 Eggshell: Use a brush, roller or pad.
 Gloss: Use a brush.
 Floor paint (on Wood): Use a brush.
 Floor paint (on Concrete): Use a brush or roller.
 Metal Paint: Use a brush.
 REFERENCES:

1. New Encyclopedia Britannica. 10th Edition, Volume 21 Peter B.

Norton Publishing Group Chicago (1968).
2. Kirk- Orthmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 2nd Edition.
Volume 14, John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York (1976).
3. Encyclopedia of polymer Science and Technology Volume 5. A.C.
rheineck, usa (1933) p.1086.
4. Lambourne, R. paint and surface coating Ellis Horwood
ltd.,chichester.
5. Temple c. Patton. Paint flow and pigment dispersion. Second edition.
John Wiley and sons, New York (1979).
6. Kirk Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 2nd edition.
Volume 1, john Wiley and Sons Inc. New York (1969).
7. Martens, C.R. Technology of Paint Vanishes Lacquers 2nd Edition.
Reinhold, New York (1968)
8. McGraw –Hill., encyclopedia of science and technology. Volume 9.
McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc. USA, (1960).
9. Morgans, W.M. Outlines of paints Technology. Charles Griffins and
Co, Ltd., London (1969).
10. Nwosu U.J., production of surface coating agents (wood finish),
undergraduate research project. UNN. Bently J. & Turner G.P.A.
1997. Introduction to paint chemistry and principles of paint
technology. Unk. ISBN 0-412-72320-4