Heat Transfer

DM23815

Chapter 6. Introduction to convection

Eunseop Yeom
esyeom@pusan.ac.kr

School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University

 6. Convection
Heat transfer due to a superposition of energy transport by the random motion
of the molecules (diffusion), and by the bulk motion of the fluid
(advection).
(The term convection refers to heat transfer that will occur between a solid surface and the adjacent
fluid when they are at different temperatures.)

Newton's law of cooling

Convective heat flux   hTs  T 

qconv Ts and T∞ : Temperatures at surface and fluid [K].
h : Convection heat transfer coefficient [W/m2·K].
 Example of convection
Cooling of boiled-egg

Fluid motion forced by fan or buoyancy forces cool

boiled-egg down.

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 6. Convection
Cooling fan
 Forced convection
Fluid motion is forced by external means, such as
a fan, a pump, or the wind. Hot air balloon
 Natural (or free) convection
Fluid motion is set up by buoyancy effects resulting
from density difference caused by temperature
difference in the field.
 Convection with phase change
A latent heat exchange is associated with phase change between liquid and vapor states of the
liquid. Two special cases are boiling and condensation.

 Convection heat transfer coefficient

Process h (W/m2·K)
Free convection
h depends on conditions in the
Gases 2 - 25
boundary layer, which are influenced by
Liquids 50 - 1,000
① Surface geometry Forced convection
② The nature of the fluid motion Gases 25 - 250
③ An assortment of fluid thermodynamic properties Liquids 100 - 20,000
Convection with phase change
Boiling and condensation 2,500 - 100,000
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 6. Convection
 Dimensionless Parameters
Reynolds number

inertia force
Re 
viscous force
A criterion to determine the change from laminar to turbulent flow.
Prandtl number

molecular diffusivity of momentum

Pr 
molecular diffusivity of heat
A measure of relative effectiveness of momentum and energy
transport by diffusion in the velocity and thermal boundary layers.

Nusselt number

heat transfer by convection

Nu 
heat transfer by conduction
When convection and conduction have similar magnitude,
Nusselt number closes to one.
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 6. Convection
Stanton number

heat flux to the fluid h

St  
thermal capacity of fluid flow ρC p u
Stanton number arises in the consideration of the geometric similarity of
the momentum boundary layer and the thermal boundary layer.

Eckert number

kinetic energy of flow

Ec 
boundary layer enthalpy difference
The magnitude of the Eckert number becomes the criterion in
deciding whether the viscous-energy-dissipation effects should be
considered in the heat transfer analysis.

Grashof number

buoyancy force g  T x - T  L c
3
Gr L   β: the coefficient of thermal expansion
viscous force  2

It is important parameter in the study of natural convection.

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 6.1.1 Velocity Boundary Layer
 Velocity boundary layer δ (x)
- A consequence of viscous effects associated with relative motion between a fluid and
a surface.
- For external flow, the distance from the surface of the plate where the velocity
becomes 99% of the free-stream value.

On the flat plate In a circular tube

Critical Re

Hydrodynamic entry length

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 6.1.1 Velocity Boundary Layer
 Surface Shear Stress
When a viscous fluid is stirred, the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces occurs.
Friction force per unit area, τ

u μ : viscosity
τs  μ
y y 0 [N/m2] A measure of resistance to flow, and a strong function of temperature

A more practical approach in external flows relate τs to the upstream velocity u∞ as

τs
Cf 
u 2 /2

where Cf is the dimensionless friction coefficient(마찰계수), whose value in most cases is

determined experimentally. Thus, the friction force (Ff) over the entire surface (As) is
determined from
u 2
F f  C f As
2

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 6.1.1 Thermal boundary layer
 Thermal boundary layer δt(x)
- As velocity boundary layer develops, a thermal boundary layer also develops. When
there is temperature difference between the fluid and surface.
- A consequence of heat transfer between the surface and fluid.
- The distance from the surface at which the temperature difference equals 99% of
temperature difference between fluid and surface.

Ts  T  y 
δt   0.99
T s  T

As thermal boundary layer develops along streamwise direction, thermal gradient at

8 surface is varied.
 6.2 Local and Average Convection Coefficients
Considering condition that fluid flows over a surface of arbitrary shape and area,
surface heat flux and convection heat transfer coefficients vary along surface.

 Total heat flux based on local heat flux

q   qdAs  Ts  T   hdAs

As As

 Total heat flux based on

 Average convection coefficient h

1
h
As  hdA
As
s w

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 6.3 Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Velocity boundary layer development on a flat plate

- Velocity distribution determines advection component

of thermal energy transfer.
- Similar to velocity boundary layer, thermal boundary
layer grows along streamwise direction.
- Turbulent mixing promotes increase in heat transfer.
- Difference in velocity and thermal boundary layers is
much smaller in turbulent flow than in laminar flow.

Variation of boundary layer(δ) and heat transfer

coefficient(h) for isothermal flat plate
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 6.4 boundary Layer Equations
 Continuity equation (연속 방정식)
This is essentially the equation for the conservation of mass.

Differential control volume


ρv   ρv dy
y

dy
Net rate at which Rate of increase of
 mass enters the = mass stored within
ρu ρu   ρu dx control vol. the control vol.
x

x, y  dx
x
dz  1 ρv

 ρu dy   ρu  
 ρu dx dy   ρv dx   ρv    ρv dy dx  0
 x   y 

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