UNIT II

Chapter:5 Morphology of flowering plants

Content at a glance.

1. Studying the external features of plants is called Plant Morphology.

A flowering plant has root (underground) and shoot (above ground)
systems.
2. Root is meant for anchorage and absorption of water and minerals.
Some roots are modified to perform special functions as storage,
Respiration and support .
3. Stem holds leaves,flowers and fruits. Stems are modified to perform
The function of storage, protection,climbing and photosynthesis.
4. Leaves are photosynthetic organs.They are modified in certain plants
to perform the job of climbing(tendril in Pea),trapping insects(Pitcher
plant),protection(spines in cactus) etc.
5. Leaves have either reticulate venation(Dicots) or parallel
venation(Monocots)
6. Leaves are arranges on stem in 3 ways. Alternate,opposite or
whorled.
7. Inflorescence is the arrangement of flowers on the floral axis.It is of 2
types.Racemose and cymose.
8. Based on the position of ovary flowers are 3 types. Hypo, Peri and
Epigynous.
9. 4 whorls in a complete flower. Calyx(sepals) Corolla(Petals)
Androecium(Stamens and Gynoecium(pistil)
10. Arrangement of ovules in the ovary is called placentation.
Marginal,axile,free central,parietal and basal are different types of
placentation.
11. Fruits are formed after fertilization.Parthenocarpic fruits are
formed without fertilization. Fruit wall has epi,meso and endocarp.
12. Seeds have seed coat and embryo.Embryio has cotyledons, plumule
and radicle.Monocot seeds generally have endosperm
(endospermouus seeds) ans dicots are mostly non-endospermous
seeds.
13.Description of flower can be simplified with the representation of
floral formula and floral diagram.
14. Fabaceae(Pea family/Lugume family)Solanaceae(Potato/Brinjal
family),(Both dicots) Liliaceae(Lily/Onion family-Monocots) include
many economically important plants
 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

1. Draw a labelled diagram of a monocot seed to show its embryo.

2. Differentiate between Racemose and Cymose inflorescence.

Ans.
Racemose Cymose
Indefinite growth of inflorescence Definite growth
axis
Acropetal arrangement of flowers basipetal
3. Draw the floral diagram and write the floral formula of Fabaceae
flower.

Br, K(5) C 1+2+(2), A (9)+1, G 1

 Definitions

Pulvinus: The swollen leaf base in legume plants

Venation: Arrangement of veins in lamina of leaf
Phyllotaxy: Arrangement of leaves on stem.
Inflorescence: Arrangement of flowers on inflorescence axis.
Parthenocarpy: Development of fruit without fertilization

Mind mapping
1. Explain various stem modifications.

STEMS

Underground Sub-aerial Aerial

stems stems stems

Storage and Grass/strawberry,mint/jasmine tendrils & thorns

Perennation Pisia,Chrysanthemum/Banana/Pineapple

Ginger,Potato,Colacasia,
Onion etc

2. Explain various types of placentation.

Ans. Placentation is arrangement of ovules in the ovary.

Placentation

Marginal Axile Parietal free central Basal

Ovules on ovules on on inner on central axis, from base,

ridge axial wall of ovary no septa single ovule
Eg. Pea Eg Hibiscus Eg.mustard Eg.Primrose Eg.sunflower
 HOTS
1. While digging the soil, you find a tuberous, swollen plant part. How
would you identify whether it is a stem or root?
A.
Stem Root
Nodes and internodes present No nodes and internodes. .
Scale leaves and axillary buds present No leaves and buds

2. What benefits are offered to a leaf by a long petiole ?

A. 1.hold the leaf lamina to light 2. Allows leaf blade to flutter in wind
and helps in cooling of leaf/allow fresh air to leaf surface.
3. What kind of root modifications are found in the following?
a. Banyan b. Maize c. Mangrove plants d. Carrot
Ans. Prop roots for support, stilt roots for support, Pnematophores for
breathing, Storage of food.(respectively)
VBQs
1. A student of class XI feels that the introduction of plant morphology in his
syllabus is to load his mind with many technical terms and botanical names. His
teacher tells him that studying morphology has several traditional values and is of
economic importance. List any 3 advantages of studying it. What value is being
shown by the teacher?

Ans. Help in identifying the plants, to use them as medicines, to predict the
flowering period and plan accordingly (to help the farmer)
Concern for nature and promoting the enthusiasm to learn.

2. Students of class XI along with their biology teacher went on excursion to a

Botanical garden.They saw a few pitcher plants.Rajesh plucked 2 such pitchers
and wanted to preserve them in the lab museum while Rakesh took its photograph
in various angles. Teacher appreciated Rakesh.

i. What values(any 2) did Rakesh show?

ii. What is the speciality of pitcher plant?
iii.What kind of soils support such plants?

Ans. Respect for nature/Scientific attitude/Vision for future/Protecting the

vulnerable sps/biodiversity
ii. Its an insectivorous plant.
 Chapter 6 ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
Content at a glance

1. Studying the internal structure of plants is Plant Anatomy.

2. Cells form tissues to perform a specific function.
3. Plant tissues are basically of 3 types .Protective
tissue(Epidermis),Temporary tissue(Meristematic) and Permanent
tissue.(Simple tissues such as Parenchyma, Collenchyma and
Sclerenchyma) Complex tissues such as Xylem and Phloem(These are also
called Vascular tissue)
4. In transverse section(TS), stem shows collateral,conjoint vascular
bundles,endarch condition. Dicot stem vascular bundles are OPEN
while in monocots they are closed.Monocot stem has scattered vascular
bundles.
5. In TS of root,vascular bundles appear radial,separate, exarch.The
number of xylem elements are less and no pith in dicot root while the
xylem elements are more with pth in monocot root.
6. Leaves have upper and lower epidermis with mesophyll in
between. Dicots have palisade and spongy parenchyma in mesophyll
while such differentiation is not seen in monocot leaves.
7. Dicots undergo secondary thickening of stems and roots in a specific
manner. Seasons influence the activity of cambium and regulate
secondary growth of plants.
8. Plants grow girth-wise due to secondary growth in their stelar and
cortical regions.
9. Secondayr Xylem secondary Phloem and medullary rays are formed
during secondary thickening.Epidermis is replaced by bark. Stomata are
 replaced by lenticels.
Most important questions

1. Draw a labeled diagram to show the location of 3 different types of

meristems.

2. What are the differences

between dicot and monocot stem
anatomy?

Dicot stem Monocot stem

Ring like arrangement of vascular bundles Scattered bundles
Open with cambium No cambium hence closed

3. What are the differences between dicot and monocot root anatomy?

Dicot root Monocot root

Less number of xylem elements(3-5) More number( > 5)
No pith Pith present

5. Differentiate between the anatomy of stem and root.

STEM ROOT
Multi cellular epidermal hairs Unicellular hairs
Collateral conjoint bundles Radial,separate
endarch exarch

Important Definitions

Exarch: Protoxylem towards periphery and metaxylem towards

centre.
Endarch: Protoxylem towards centre and metaxylem towards
 periphery.

Mind mapping

PLANT TISSUE
Epidermal tissue
(Protection,gaseous
exchange Transpiration Permanent tissue
Temporary(Meriste
matic, actively
dividing,produce
new tissues

Simple tissue Complex tissue

Parenchym collenchym sclerenchym Xylem

Phloem
a a a

Living, Dead Dead,

Storage Transportation Living,
of water Transportation
Rigidity of food
 HOTs
1. Mango and coconut are categorized as Drupe fruits.What are the edible
parts in these fruits in terms of Morphology? What does the water in
tender coconut represent?
A. Mango—Mesocarp, Coconut- endosperm, Coconut water represents
free nuclear endosperm.
2. While eating guava or custard apple, we find gritty substance in their
pulp.What are these structures called?Do these cells have the ability to
divide. Give reason.
Sclereids, no..they are dead and hence can not divide.
3. Cattle graze on grass. Still grass continues to grow. Which tissue makes
it possible?Why don’t grasses grow girth-wise like that of mango or
tamarind plants?
Ans. Due to intercalary meristem in grass stems.
No cambium between vascular bundles,Closed vascular bundles. No
secondary thickening.
4. The TS of an old stem shows concentric rings/growth rings.How are
these rings formed? How are they significant to us?
Ans. These rings are called Annual rings which are formed due to the
formation of secondary xylem.Helps us calculate the age of the
tree.
5. Cell organ organ system organism. What is the link missing
in this chain?What adavantage do organisms with different levels of
organization have?
A. Tissue is the missing link. Division of labour, loss of few cells do not
have major impact on the organism, efficiency in metabolism.
6. A student is given 3 microscopic slides of plant anatomy and observed
the following. What can he identify them as?
i. Open vascular bundles with collateral and conjoint arrangement.
ii. Scattered vascular bundles,collateral conjoint arrangement.
iii. Radial,separate and a few vascular xylem elements with no pith.
Ans. i. Dicot stem ii. Monocot stem iii. Dicot root.
7. Why are maize and rice considered grains but not seeds.
Ans. In many monocots ,the fruit wall is attached to the seed.
Hence they are fruits or grains.
8. Differentiate between a lenticel and a stomata.
Ans.
Lenticel Stomata
Pore on the surface of older stems present in younger parts and leaves.
not bound by guard cells. Bound by guard cells.
They have complementary cells No cpmplementary cells

9. Justify the statement that blood is a connective tissue.

Blood connects various body parts through its flow.It has loosely
arranged cells such as RBCs and WBCs and fluid matrix called Plasma.

10. How do gap junctions facilitate communication between cells?

Ans. By connecting the cytoplasm of adjoining cells and transferring
ions,molecules very rapidly.

VBQs
1. Ajit’s sister finds the leaves of grass rolled in winter.She thinks
that their long lamina is responsible for the rolling.Ajit
explains her the mechanism.
i. What is the reason for such rolling?
ii.What advantage does it offer to the plant?
iii. Mention any 2 values shown by Ajit.

Ans. Bulliform cells, it minimizes water loss,

sharing knowledge and dispelling myths.

2. Ranbir went to a village fair but refused to go for a ride on merry go round.He
feels that the fast movement of the chair will displace his internal organs.His
friends convinced him saying that it will not happen by mere fast circular motion.

1.What supports the internal organs of our body and prevents

their displacement??
2. Give 2 examples of such supporting structures in our body.
3. What value is shown by his friends?

Ans. Connective tissue, tendon/ligament/areolar/adipose.

Concern for friend/sharing knowledge/dispelling myth/awareness
************************************************************
 Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in Animals
Content at a glance
1. Animal tissues are classified in to Epithelial tissue,Connective tissue,Muscle
tissue and Nerve tissue.
2. Epithelial tissue is meant for protection, absorption and secretion.
It covers or lines the organs.Glands are modified epithelial tissue.
3. Connective tissue links and supports other tissues.
Areolar,adipose,Bone,Cartilage,tendon, Ligament and Blood
are some connective tissues.
4. Muscle tissue has ability to contract and relax. Striated
muscles,smooth muscles and cardiac muscles are 3 different types of muscle
tissues.
5. Nerve tissue has neurons and non-neural neuroglia.
6. Insect body has 3 parts, Head,Thorax and abdomen.
7. Male cockroach differs from female cockroach in having anal styles and
position of genital pouch.
8. Trachea are the respiratory organs, Malpighian tubules are the excretory
organs in cockroach.

Important Definitions:
Monoecious: One organism bearing male and female sex organs.
Eg. Earthworm
Dioecious: male and female sex organs in different organisms of
the species Eg. Cockroach,Humanbeings

Most important questions

1. Explain various types of muscle tissue with the help of diagrams.
 Striated Unstriated/smooth cardiac
cylindrical,unbranched spindle shaped cylindrical branched
multi nucleated single nucleus single nucleus
dark and light bands No bands Faint bands
voluntary involuntary involuntary

2. Differentiate between a tendon and a ligament

Tendon Ligament
Connects muscle to bone Connects bone to bone
More strength and less flexibility More flexibility

3. Differentiate between bone and cartilage.

Bone cartilage
Cells in concentric rings Cells occur single or in pair
Matrix rich in Ca and P Matrix with sugar and protein

4. Explain the functions of the following in cockroach

i. hepatica caeca(in digestive system) ii. Gizzard(in digestive system)
iii. malpighian tubules iv. Trachea v. ootheca
structure function
hepatica caeca Secretion of digestive enzymes
gizzard grinding of food
Malpighian tubules excretion
trachea respiration
ootheca Protects eggs (in cockroach)
HOTs

1. Justify the statement that blood is a connective tissue.

Ans. Blood connects various body parts through its flow.It has loosely
arranged cells such as RBCs and WBCs and fluid matrix called
Plasma.

2. How do gap junctions facilitate communication between cells?

Ans. By connecting the cytoplasm of adjoining cells and transferring
ions,molecules very rapidly.
3. What is the advantage of having ciliated epithelium in the inner
linings of bronchioles?
Ans. To move mucus in a specific direction and to clean up.
VBQs

1. Ranbir went to a village fair but refused to go for a ride on merry go round.He
feels that the fast movement of the chair will displace his internal organs.His
friends convinced him saying that it will not happen by mere fast circular motion.

1.What supports the internal organs of our body and prevents

their displacement??
2. Give 2 examples of such supporting structures in our body.
3. What value is shown by his friends?

Ans. Connective tissue, tendon/ligament/areolar/adipose.

Concern for friend/sharing knowledge/dispelling myth/awareness

***************************************************
Unit III Chapter 8, Cell-The unit of life
Content at a glance
1. Cell theory states that all living beings are made of cells and their products.
2. Prokaryotes have no membrane bound nucleus and no membrane bound
organelles.Their genetic material is concentrated at NUCLEOID
region.Bacteria are of 2 types based on stainability (gram +ve and Gram –ve)
3. Depending on the shape of bacteria are classified as bacilli(rod)
cocci(spherical),spirilli(spiral) and vibrio(comma shape).
4. Plant cell,animal cell and fungal cell have proper membrane bound nucleus
and are called Eukaryotic.
5. Plant cell has cell wall ,large vacuole and plastids.
6. Mitochondria,ER,golgi,lysosomes,ribosomes etc are various common cell
organelles of eukaryotes.
7. Animal cell has no cell wall. It has centriole and centrosome.
8. Chromosomes are classified as metacentric, Sub-metacentric, Acro-centric and
telocentric based on the position of centromere.

Important Definitions:
Osmosis: Movement of water from the area of low solute conc to
the area of high soplute conc through a semi-permeable
membrane.
Active transport: Movement of ions against concentration
 gradient(Up-hill tranasport). ATP used.
Eg. Na-K pumps

Passive transport: Movement of ions down the concentration

gradient(down-hill tranasport). No ATP used
Eg. Osmosis, Diffusion

Most important questions

1. Differentiate between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell.

Prokaryote Eukaryote
No membrane bound nucleus Proper nucleus
No membrane bound organelles Membrane bound organelles such as
mitochondria,vacuole are present.

2. Explain fluid mosaic membrane concept.

i. Protein icebergs in sea of lipids
ii. Protein-bi-lipid membrane
iii. Peripheral and integral proteins are present.

3. Draw labelled diagrams of 4 types of chromosomes based on the

position of their centromere.

4. Wrie the functions of the following .

i. Chloroplast ii Mitochondria iii ER iv. Golgi v. Vacuole
Photosynthesis respiration lipid and Packing storage
and ATP protein synthesis &
release transport
Mind mapping
3. Various types of cells, organelles and functions.
CELLS

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Eg. Bacteria
Plant cell Animal cell
i. Cell envelope cell wall Nucleus
ii.mesosome Nucleus Mitochondria
iii.pili Plastid Golgi and ER
iv. flagellum Mitochondrion Centrosome
v. NUCLEOID Golgi and ER Centriole
vi. ribosome Vacuole
Lysosome
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUCLEUS contains genetic material
Mitochondrion respiration-energy storing
Plastids photosynthesis/colours/storage
Cell wall rigidity and shape
Cell membrane osmosis/transport
Vacuole storage
ER lipid(SER) and Protein synthesis(RER)
Golgi packing and transport
Lysosomes suicide bags
Ribosomes protein synthesis

HOTs
1. Reason why
i. nucleoli are larger in cells which carry active protein synthesis.
ii. Water soluble compounds are transported across the membrane.
iii. Golgi apparatus remains closely associated with ER.
Ans. Nucleoli are the sites for RNA synthesis.
Polar substances cannot pass through lipid part of membrane and
 hence they are transported through membrane receptor proteins
across the membrane.
Materials synthesized by ER are packed and transported by Golgi.
2. What advantage does a cell get by having membranous extensions?
A. increased surface area for activities.
3. Ribosomes are invariably found in the cytoplasm all types of cells. What
other sites within the cell lodge them?
A. Plastids and Mitochondria
4. If the cell membrane of the cell is damaged, which cell organelle is
associated with its formation? Why?
Ans. ER. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum forms lipids and RER forms
proteins.Cell membrane is made of proteins and lipids.
5. In the sequential order of formation, arrange the following layers of a
plant cell.
Middle lamella, secondar wall and primary wall.
Ans. Middle lamella, primary wall and secondary wall.

VBQs

1. A farmer adds cyanobacteria to his rice fields every year.His son aged 15 years
thinks that these filaments are eaten by the rice plants and produce more grains.
How will you make him understand the fact?
i.What value are you following to make him understand?
ii. How is adding Cyanobacteria helping the farmer?
iii. What additional advantage is the farmer getting out of it?

Ans. Plants are autotrophs and do not “eat” any food from
Outside.
Sharing the knowledge/creating awareness about organisms
It makes soil fertile.
He can save money/no chemical fertilizer-no pollution.

2. A student of class V thinks that Trees are hard to touch and

a cat is soft because trees are non-living and dead while cat is
a living being.His teacher tells him that both these organisms
Have life and harming a tree is as bad as killing a cat.
i. Why are the surfaces of tree hard?
ii. Why is cat’s body soft to touch?
iii. What 2 values did the teacher show in this situation?
Ans. Presence of cellulose and suberin
Absence of cell wall.
Concern for nature, sharing knowledge, Professional ethics.
Chapter 9, Biomolecules
Content at a glance

1. Chemical analysis of living tissue reveals the presence of various

organic compounds such as Carbohydrates,Proteins,Lipids, Nucleic
acids etc.
2. Sugars are the simple carbohydrates (Micro-molecules)They are
pentoses and hexoses.(Both called Monosaccharides)
3. Monosaccharides join through glycosidic bond to form
polymers(polysaccharides) such as cellulose,starch,Chitin and Glycogen.
4. Aminoacids are the monomers of Proteins.Essential aminoacids are to
be taken in our diet as our body can not synthesise them.Proteins play
several roles in the body of organisms.Eg Collagen is structural
protein,Antibodies are protective and Enzymes and hormone regulate
several chemical reactions.
5. Lipids have glycerol and fatty acids in them.
6. Nucleic acids are polynucleotide chains.
7. Each nucleotide has a pentose sugar, N2 base and phosphate group.
8. Nucleotides are linked through phosphor-diester bonds.RNA has AUGC
bases while DNA has ATGC.
9. Enzymes have 3-d structure such as tertiary and quaternary.They form
temporary complex with substrate and catalyse the reaction to form
products.
10. Enzymes are very sensitive and get denatured at high temperature and
pH change. This is called inhibition of enzymes.
11. Enzymes have a protein part called apoenzyme and a non-protein part
called co-factor.

Definitions:
Glycosidic bond: The bond between two monosaccharide units.
Peptide bond: The bond between two amino acids.
Phospho-di-ester bond: The bond between 2 nucleotides.

Co-factor: The non protein part of enzyme which makes it

functionally active.
 Important questions

1. Schematically represent an aminoacid. What bond is found between 2

aminoacids, on dehydration?

Peptide bond is formed between two aminoacids.

2. What is a nucleotide?
Pentose sugar+ N2 base+ PO4 group
3. What are N2 bases in nucleic acids. Categorise them in to Purines and
Pyrimidines.
Adenine and Guanine Purines
Thymine,Cytosine,Uracil Pyrimidines.

4. Differentiate between DNA and RNA.

DNA RNA
Double stranded Single strand
Deoxyribose sugar Ribose sugar
A,T,G,C bases A,U,G and C bases
Universal genetic material Genetic material in a few viruses

5. Write any 4 important features of enzymes.

Ans. i. reaction specific ii. Sensitive to chnge in temp. and pH iii. Has
3-D structure to be functional, iv. Binds with substrate at active site like
a key is bound to the lock.

6. How does competitive inhibition of enzyme occur?

Inhibitor molecue, which is structurally similar to substrate will bind to
the active site of the enzyme stops the activity no product
formed. Inhibitor concentration should be higher to inhibit the action.

7. What are the 6 classes of enzymes?

Ans. Oxido-reductases, Transferases, Hydrolases, Isomerases,
Ligases and Lyases
 Mind mapping

ENZYME

non-protein part
Protein part called called co-factor
Apoenzyme
pAPOENZYME

Prosthetic Co-enzyme metal ions

Organic molecule, organic molecule inorganic ions

tightly bound to the bound loosely only
apoenzyme during catalytic action

HOTs

1. Why are certain amino acids be included compulsorily in our diet?What

are such amino acids called?
2. Reason why Iodine gives blue black colour with Starch but not
cellulose.
Ans. Starch forms helical secondary structures which can hold iodine
while cellulose does not have such helices.
3. The first amino acid of a polypeptide is termed N terminal while the last
one is called C terminal.Why?
Ans. The first amino acid has free amino group while the last one has free
carboxylic acid group(no peptide bonds) at that end.
4. Classifythe following in to Primary and secondary metabolites.
Cellulose, RNA, Lectins, Carotenoids,Glucose
Ans
Primary metabolites Secondary metabolites
Cellulose,RNA and Glucose Lectins and carotenoids.
 VBQs
1. Karun’s father asked Karun to book a ticket online and hand over the printout.
Instead Karun opted for sms. His father scolded Karun for not obeying his words.

i.What value did Karun exhibit?

ii.What reason would have been given by Karun for not taking the print-out?
iii. Name the biomolecule and its composition that constitutes the paper.

Ans. To save paper/conservation of trees/concern for nature and natural resources.

The amount of cellulose manufactured in plants is far less than the amount of
paper used by the people. Cutting more trees to meet the demand results in de-
forestation and global warming.

Cellulose, a polysaccharide,monomeric unit is glucose.

2. While treating an infection, Dr.Sumanth enquired the patient whether he is

allergic to sulpha drugs. He also tested the patient’s tolerance to this antibiotic and
cured his infection.

i.What value was shown by the doctor?

ii.How do sulpha drugs cure the infection?
iii . Show schematically the kind of action in the above reaction.

Ans. Professional ethics/concern for patient

They control bacterial multiplication/growth and control infection.
Sulpha drugs are the competitive inhibitors for bacterial enzymes.
They occupy active site(similar in structure of bacterial substrates)
of the enzyme in higher conc. And prevent the formation of growth
promoting substances in bacteria and thus control the infections.

3. Eswari’s grandson has been suffering from cold and weakness for 5
days and she thinks that it is due to the black magic performed against
him by her neighbour. Donghi baba of their village gives her 3 lime
fruits after performing pooja and the child consumes them for 3 days and
feels relieved. The village head says that lime contains some vitamin which will
regulate the activities in the body and black magic is all a myth.

i. What vitamin is present in lemon ?

ii. What values did the village head show?
iii. How will you justify the statement of the village head with your knowledge in
biology?
Ans. Vitamin C

Social responsibility/scientific attitude

Vitamins become a part of co-enzymes to make the enzymes functional. Due to the
deficiency of such vitamins, chemical reactions are not catalysed and body suffers
discomfort. Thus lemon makes a good nutritive supplement to relieve the patients
from common cold /weakness

Chapter 10- Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Content at a glance

1. Every cell capable of dividing will undergo CELL CYCLE.

2. Cell cycle has 2 stages….Interphase and Mitotic phase.
3. Interphase has G1,S and G2 phase. During S phase DNA is
duplicated.
4. Mitosis is called EQUATIONAL DIVISION.The daughter cells get
same chromosomal number as that in the parent cell. It serves
growth, repair and also reproduction(in case of unicellular)
5. Meiosis is called REDUCTION DIVISION as the daughter cells get
half the number of chromosomes.

2n=1
2
2n=12

MITOSIS 2n=1
2
Final product 2 cells
 n=6

n=6
2n=12
n=
MEIOSIS 6

n=6
Final product 4 cells
Important Definitions

Karyokinesis: Division of nucleus during cell division.

Cytokinesis: Division of cytoplasm during cell division.
Chiasmata: The X shaped structures where the bivalent
chromosomes have contact, even after crossing over.
Bivalent/tetrad: Complex formed by a pair of synapsed
homologous chromosomes

Most important questions

1. What are the important phases of cell cycle?

Interphase

G1 S G2

Mitosis

2. What are the steps in Mitosis division.

Karyokinesis Cytokinesis

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and telophase

3. What are the various sub phases of Prophase I of meiosis I.

Leptotene,Zygotene,Pachytene , Diplotene and Diakinesis.
4. What is the significance of Mitosis?
Growth,repair, reproduction in case of unicellular organisms,maintain
cytoplasm and nucleus ratio

5. What is the significance of Meiosis?

Reduction in the number of chromosomes(halved), crossing over ,
recombination which leads to variations

HOTs
1. How would Mitosis be affected if interphase does not precede it?
Ans. No S phase occurs.No duplication of genetic material hence mitosis
can not occur.
2. When a fungal cell underwent cell division thrice,it is expected to
produce 8 cells but instead a single cell with 8 nuclei is found.What
could have happened?
Ans. Absence of cytokinesis resulted in this effect.
3. How is interphase different from interkinesis?
Ans.
Interphase Interkinesis
the phase of cell between two the gap between Meiosis I and
mitotic divisions Meiosis II.
VBQs
1. Atul took part in a “walk” protesting the use of plastics.His skin in the
sole of feet is ruptured due to his long walk.His mother is scared that he
lost the skin of his feet and will never get it back. Atul consoled her by
saying that the skin will become normal within few days.

1. What value did Atul show by taking part in such walks?

2. What mechanism will his feet undergo to come back to normalcy?
3. What value did he show while consoling his mother?
Ans. Social responsibility/ creating awareness in public/concern for
environmental safety
Mitosis division to repair the damaged cells.
Concern for parents/sharing knowledge
 Values that are to be imbibed among the students.

1. Professional ethics 2.Civic sense 3. Concern for nature and conservation of natural
resources 4. Concern for others/elders/family members/friends.
5. Sharing knowledge/creating awareness/dispelling myths
6. Social responsibility 7. Protection of bio-diversity 8. Helping attitude
9. respecting the government/respecting the OTBA-CLASS
law XI
10. SocialTips for answering
commitment OTB questions.
and sensitivity towards social issues.
1. Do not copy the content from
11. Sympathy 12. Alertness/maturity/openness the text book/material supplied.
13.love for animals/nature
2. Understand
14. Scientific the observation.
attitude/keen question and write your answers in your own
15. Care forwords with originality
environment andhealth
and public creativity
. without bothering much
about
16. Brave and the grammatical
protesting errors.
the injustice and inequality /
3. OTBA is not to test your content and memory. Its to test your
discrimination
level of thinking skills.Feel free to express your opinions as
there are no fixed answers for these questions. Any convincing
answer will fetch you marks.

UNIT I : DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD

Chapter: The Living world
VSA type qns (1mark)
1. In higher plants, growth and reproduction are mutually exclusive
events.What do you understand by this?(Pg No 4)
2. A student has taken copper sulphate crystal and arranged in the
following way.The crystal grew bigger after some time. If he thinks that
the growth of the crystal is a feature that living beings show, how can you
convince him that it is not so always.(Pg No 4)

Cu SO4

Water

3. Justify the statement that “metabolism and consciousness are the

defining features of life while reproduction is not”, citing an example.
(Pg No 4 &5)
4. Give two examples to show that organisms are aware of their
 surroundings.(pg no 5)
5. Mention any two “quick” referral systems in taxonomical studies.
(pg no 11 & 12)
SA 1 and SA2 type qns (2m and 3m qns)

1 We come across autotrophs, heterotrophs, saprophytes, parasites,

symbionts and decomposers. How do they all act as a team to maintain
equilibrium in nature in terms of energy, nutritional requirement and
population control?
2. What is the advantage of having scientific names to organisms?
3. A student while typing thscientific name of mango as “ mangifera
Indica”. List any 3 mistakes that he committed in typing it.
4. Kingdom Phylum Class order family Genus Species
Observe the hierarchial arrangement and answer the following.
i. Which taxa will include more number of organisms? Class or genus?
ii. The members of which taxa exhibit more similarities than
dissimilarities? Class or Family?(pg nos 9-10)
iii. Is the number standard and constant in each taxa every year?Reason
your answer.(Pg no 6)
5. Small kids enjoy visiting botanical gardens, museums and
Zoo.What is their objective in visiting them?What other purpose do
these places serve for school and college students?(pg no 13)

5m questions.
1. Match the following jumbled organisms/taxa in to the correct
phylum/division/class/family/order/Genus they belong to.(pg No 11)

Man Ma
Bat go Ric n
e
insect
Dipter
an Hom Mamma
o Monoc l
Dicot ot

2. “Taxonomic groups are distinct biological entities and not merely

morphological aggregates”. Explain.(pg nos 8-10)
 UNIT I : DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD

Chapter: BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

VSA type qns(1m)
1. How are cyanobacteria superior to Rhizobium bacteria?(pg no 19)
2. What property of diatomaceous earth make them suitable for filtration
of syrups?(Pg no 20)
3. Most of the members of “once” deuteromycetes are at present either
asco or basidiomycetes. Give reason for this change in their placement.
(pg no 24)
4. Why are viruses not considered “living” by Whittaker?(pg no 26)
5. Justify the statement that Lichens are considered “bio-indicators”.
(pg no 27)

SA1and SA 2 type questions (2& 3 marks)

1. Bacterial structure is very simple but they exhibit complex behaviour.
Discuss.
2. Observe the strategies folooed by 3 scientists.Whose classification is
artificial and whose is natural and why?

Taxonomist 1: Classified animals based on presence or absence of

wings.
Taxonomist 2: Classified yeasts under fungi but not under Protista.
Taxonomist 3: Classified Chlamydomonas under Algae but not under
Protista.
3. Give any four reasons why 2 kingdom classification was inadequate.
4. What features of euglena make it exhibit dual mode of life?
5. Protistan forms a link between various other groups of eukaryotes.
Discuss whether this statement is appropriate and why.

LA type qns(5m)
1. Discuss i. various ill effects of fungi on other living beings.
ii. economic importance of fungi in nature.
2. Explain in detail
i. the role of useful bacteria in our daily life as well as in nature.
ii. harmful effects of virus.

*************************************************************
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER CLASS XI
2014-2015.
Blue print
MARKS VSA SA I SA II VBQ LA TOTAL
1M 2M 3M 4M 5M
UNIT

II - 1(2M) 3(9M) - 11M

(Structural
organization in
Plants and
Animals)
III 2(2M) 1(2M) 2(6M) 1(5M) 15M
(Cell structure
and functions)
IV 1(1M) 1(2M) 3(9M) 1(5M) 17M
(Plant
physiology)
V 1(IM) 2(4) 4(12M) - 17M
(Animal
Physiology)
I (OTBA) 1(1M) 2(4) - 1(4M) 1(5M) 10M
(Diversity in the
living world)
TOTAL 5M 10M 36M 4M 15M 70M
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN, BHUBANESWAR REGION
MODEL QUESTION PAPER 2014-2015

Class: XI Max. Marks : 70

Sub: BIOLOGY Time allowed: 3 hrs

Section A ( 1 m questions)

1. How are bacteria classified based on their stainability?

2. Name the i. abundant animal protein ii. most abundant protein in
biosphere.
3. Name the primary CO2 acceptor in C4 plants.
4. Name any two disorders related to muscular and skeletal system.
Section B ( 2 m questions)

5. How do the excretory organs in Cockroach facilitate the removal of

nitrogenous wastes?In what form are these wastes excreted by the
insect?
6. What are the salient features of the model of the cell membrane
according to Singer and Nicolson?
7. What experiment do you perform so as to know and identify the tissue
through which food is transported? What inference do you draw from
your observations?
8 Explain the terms deglutition and chylomicron.
9. Name the hormones that are released to perform the following actions
in human body
i. initiating vigorous contractions of uterus during child birth.
ii. reducing water loss through urine.
iii. increasing the Ca 2+ levels in the blood.
iv. reducing the cellular glucose uptake.

Section C ( 3m questions)
10. Draw a labeled diagram of maize seed to show its
a. cotyledon b.aleurone layer c. endosperm d. seed coat
11. Observe the following diagrams and answer the questions that follow.
i.

ii. If A and B are two different molecules, what kind of transport is

shown in each unit of the cell membrane in the above picture?
ii.

q. i. What structures facilitate the movement of water from epidermis to

cortex through symplast path way?
ii. What chemical makes the casparian strips of endodermis?
iii. Why is symplast the only way for movement of water through
endodermis?
12 . After the secondary growth in stems, how are the new protective cell
layers in cortical region be formed?Explain.
OR
What are the three types of cell junctions found associated with
epithelial tissue? What function do they perform?
13. Draw the general floral diagram of member of Fabaceae family and
write its floral formula.
14. Highlight the differences between RNA and DNA
15. In which stage/phase of Meiosis,the following events occur?
i. terminalisation of chiasmata. ii. Pairing of homologous
chromosomes iii. Crossing over of non-sister chromatids
16. Show diagrammatically the sequential order of events of
Glycolysis in a plant cell.

17. The growth of lateral buds is inhibited by the terminal part of

plant. What is this phenomenon called? Which PGR is
responsible for it? Name one such natural PGR of this group.
18. How is CO2 transported in our blood?Explain.
OR
Define the terms (with reference to respiratory volumes and
capacities) i. TV ii RV iii. VC
19. What causes the formation of reddish brown scum at the site
of a cut/injury? Explain the events in the sequential order.
20. Which theory best explains the mechanism of muscle
contraction?Show diagrammatically the formation and
breaking of cross bridges.
21. How does a protein hormone enters the target cell and shows
its effect?

Section D ( 5m questions)

22. Explain various steps in the formation of root nodules in

legumes.Draw thwe nitrogen cycle to show the relationship between the
3 main nitrogen pools.
OR
Differentiate between cyclic and non-cyclic photo-phosphorylation. How do light
and temperature affect the rate of Photosynthesis?

23. A plant cell with 2n= 6 undergoes cell division to produce 2

daughter cells with 12 chromosomes each in them. Name the type of
cell division and explain its various phases with the help of diagrams.

OR
What are the 6 classes of enzymes? What reaction do they catalyse? Give
one example each of such class of enzyme.

SECTION E (OTBA)
24. How is the genetic material of a bacteriophage different from
that of a TMV? (1 mark )
25. Ajit’s grandmother finds a colony of white button shaped structures on
the logs and stumps near the cattle shed after a spell of rain. She thinks
that this is a wonder and these structures are some heavenly bodies.
She,being a pure vegetarian, also feels that eating them is equal to
eating meat. Ajit being a student of Biology tries to explain and
she is convinced and will prepare a traditional delicacy using them.
i. What value is shown by Ajit?
ii. What convincing explanation did he give to dispel the myth?
iii. Write two features of these organisms with reference to their mode of
nutrition and mode of reproduction. (VBQ) (1+1+2 marks)

26. Ratan found a horticulturist transporting stem cuttings wrapped in a

biotic/living packing material. On enquiring, he found that the packing material
keeps the stems fresh during trans-shipment. OTBA
(5 m)

i. What could be the probable living packing material used in this case?
ii . What ability of the material keeps the stem cuttings fresh
during trans-shipment?
iii. What fuel of economic importance is obtained from it?
iv. What ecological impact do they have with reference to water
run off?
v. With which other organisms do they combine to colonise rocks
during ecological succession?

OR
We find lot of diversity among animals and plants around us and understand that
these adaptations help them to survive successfully. Discuss how such adaptations
in these organisms help them to cope up with their habitat, metabolic demands,
nutritional demands and waste elimination.

***********************************************************
 MARKING SCHEME Pg No 1
Q. No Value Points Division of tota Remarks
marks l
1 Gram +ve and Gram –ve ½+ 1/2 1
2 Collagen and RUBISCO ½+1/2 1
3 PEP 1 1
4 Any two disorders ½+1/2 1
5 Bacteriophage-DNA, TMV- RNA ½+1/2 1 OTBA
6 Malpighian tubules collect wastes from ½+1/2+1 2
haemolymph and excrete them in the form of
uric acid.
7 Protein-bi-lipid membrane, Peripheral and Any 4 points 2 Diagrammatic
integral proteins, fluid-mosaic model, quasi- 1/2 m each representation
fluid/ fluidity enabling the lateral movement of with relevant
proteins, Protein icebergs in a sea of lipids, material also
hydrophilic head with 2 hydrophobic tails for can be
lipid molecule. considered.
8 Girdling expt 1m 2 Procedure of
Phloem tissue is responsible for transport of 1m the expt need
food. not be written.
9 Deglutition:conveyance of bolus in to pharynx 1+1 2
and then to food pipe by swallowing.
Chylomicrons: end products of fat digestion are
insoluble in water and hence are reformed to
fat globules coated by proteins and are
transported to lymph vessels in the form of
chylomicrons.
10 Oxytocin, ADH/ Vasopressin, PTH, Glucagon ½ m each 2
11 Diagram and parts Correct 3 Pg no. 77, fig
diagram 1 m, 5.19 b.
each labelling
1/2 m
12 i. Antiport, symport and uniport i. ½ m each 3
ii. i. Plasmodesmata, ii. Suberin iii. Strips are ii. ½ m each
impervious to water
13 Mentioning the names of Phellogen, formation ½ X 6= 3 m Alternate
of Phellem and Phelloderm.Their position common
either needs to be explained or diagrammatic names of
 representation layers may be
OR mentioned.
Names of three types of ½ X 6= 3m
junctions(Tight,adhering and gap
junctions)and their functions(stops leakage of
substances,cementing neighbouring cells,
communication between the cells respectively)
14 Floral diagram & Floral formula 2m+ 1m 3

15 DNA RNA Any 3 3

Double helix Single stranded differences 3
Universal genetic A few viruses have m
material this as genetic
material
Thymine Uracil
De-oxy ribose sugar Ribose sugar
16 Diakinesis,Zygotene and Pachytene 1m each 3
respectively.
17 Pg 229,Fig 14.1 3 No of
ATP,order of
events are to
be valued.
18 Apical dominance, Auxin 1 m each
IAA and IBA ½ m each
19 In 3 forms- as CO2 in plasma,as carbamino 1+1+1 3 Partial
haemoglobin and as bicarbonate ions in RBC. pressures need
When pCO2 is more in tissues,CO2 binds with to be
Hb and on reaching lungs this carbamino mentioned.
haemoglobin dissociates.
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3-+ H+
in alveoli pCO2is less and hence CO2 diffuses
out.
OR Each
TV: Vol of air inspired and expired during definition 1 m 3
normal respiration(6000 to 8000ml/min)
RV:Vol of air left in lungs even after forceful
expiration(1100ml to 1200 ml)
VC:max volume of air a person can breathe in
after a forceful expiration/ max vol of air a
 person can breathe out after forceful
inspiration.(ERV+TV+IRV)

20 Injury stimulates platelets release Each step 1m 3 Sequential

Thrombokinase. order to be
Thrombokinase converts pro-thrombin to written
thrombin
Thrombin converts inactive fibrinogen to fibrin
which traps RBCs and form the clot.

21 Sliding filament theory 1m

3
2m

22 1. hormone binds with membrane receptor and Each 3

forms hormone-receptor complex 1m/diagramm
2. second messenger such as C AMP,IP3 /Ca2+ atic
generated. representation
3. cellular effects regulated.
23 Value: dispelling the myth/any relevant value 1m each point 4
They are mushrooms,fungi and are not animals
Saprophytic, umbrella shaped structures are
fruiting bodies,a mode of sexual reproduction

24 3 steps in the formation of nodules 3m 5

Fig 12.4 in Pg no 201 2m
OR
Cyclic Non-Cyclic
P 700 involved Both P680 and P700
involved
Electron lost by the Electron lost from the
pigment reaches back pigment is not
the same returned back Any 3
Only ATP is produced Both ATP and differences 3
 NADPH are produced m
Water is not involved Spliting of water 5
hence no Oxygen occurs and hence O2
evolves is evolved.

Low temperatures inactivates enzymes and

high temperature denatures the enzymes
hence rate of ph.synth reduces.

At high light intensity, Ph.Synth rate 2m

increases.But very high light intensity may
destroy photo centres and rate may reduce.

25 MITOSIS (1m) 5m
Diagrams with explanation 4m

OR Each ½ m=
Names of 6 classes 3m
Actions of any four enzymes with example 2m

26 Bog moss,retains more water,Peet 1m each

fuel,prevent soil erosion, with Lichens 5
OR 1m each
Relevant adaptations of plants and
animals(any five)

CHAPTER-11
TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
 IMPORTANT TERMS/ SUMMARY
1. Plants obtain a variety of inorganic ions and salts from the soil dissolved in
water.
2. Transport across the cell membrane takes place by passive transport (diffusion,
facilitated diffusion) or active transport.
3. In the plants water and minerals are transported through Xylem and organic
food materials are transported through Phloem.
4. In the passive transport nutrients move- down the concentration gradient and
does not require energy.
6. Water moves across the semi-permeable membrane by the process of
Osmosis.
7. The movement of water in the plants depends on Water potential.
8. Water potential is the potential energy of water which helps in the absoption
and movement of water across the semi-permeable membrane.
9. In active transport absorption and movement molecules or ions takes place
against the concentration gradient.
10. In the hypertonic medium plant cells get Plasmolysed.
11. In the higher plants water, minerals and food are transported by a mass flow
system in bulk from one part to another as a result of pressure difference.
12. Water absorbed by the roots moves into the deeper parts two paths namely-
Apoplast and Symplast pathway.
13. In the herbacious plants absorption and upward moment of water takes place
mainly by the process of root pressure upto a small height.
14. In the taller trees root pressure alone is not sufficient therefore transpiration
pull helps in such plants.
15. Transpiration is the process of loss of water in the form of vapour from aerial
parts of the plants through stomata.
16. Rate of transpiration is influenced by environmental factors like temperature,
light, humidity, wind speed and internal factors like number of stomata in the
leaves.
17. Excess of water in the herbacious plants water is removed through leaf tips and
margins in the form of liquid by the process of Guttation.
18. Phloem is responsible in the transport of food in the form of sucrose solution
from leaves to other parts.
19. Trans location in the Phloem is bidirectional.
20. It is explained by Pressure flow hypothesis.

HOTS
1. Why does the water potential of pure water decrease when you add some
sodium chloride to it?
A) * Water potential is the kinetic energy of the water molecules in a system.
* When we add some solute like sodium chloride to pure water, the free
movement and kinetic energy of the water molecules decrease.
Hence the water potential of pure water decreases, when we add solute to it.
2. Two systems A and B, containing sodium chloride solutions of 5% and 10%
respectively are separated by a semi-permeable membrane.
(i) solution of which chamber has higher water potential?
(ii) In which direction will Osmosis occur?
(iii) Volume of which system will increase?
Ans.(i) Solution-A
(ii) From system A to B
(iii)Volume of system B
3. In an experiment a thistle funnel was covered with egg membrane, filled with
sucrose solution and kept inverted in a beaker containing water. After 1 hour, it
was observed, that the water level in thistle funnel raised.
(a) What is the process of movement of water called as? (Ans.
Osmosis)
(b) What causes the raise water level in thistle funnel?
(Ans. Because the water potential in thistle funnel is less than pure water into
thistle funnel. This causes the raise of water level in thistle funnel.
4. How could prehistoric man use the swollen wood to split rocks and boulders?
A) The imbibition of water by the wood causes its swelling and creates
imbibitions pressure.
* This imbibition pressure is high and could be used by the prehistoric man to
split rocks and boulders.
5. Why do we find the exudation of water drops from the leaf margins and leaf
tips in the early morning?
A) Loss of water in the liquid state from the leaf margins and tips is known as
“Guttation”. During night time, absorption of water through the roots continues
by the root pressure, while transpiratory loss of water is low in the early
morning.
Therefore excess of water in the plant is lost in liquid phase through the
special openings along the tips and margins of leaves in the early morning.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. A plant cell when kept in a certain solution got plasmolysed. What was the
nature of the solution?
A) Hypertonic solution
2. What are 'Porins'?
A) 'Porins' are the proteins in the outer membranes of plastids and mitochondria
allowing smaller proteins to pass through.
3. What will happen to the water potential, when solutes are added?
A) Water potential decreases.
4. What are Plasmodesmata?
A) Cytoplasmic strands which connecgt the neighbouring plant cells.
5. In which group of the plants are the guard cells kidney shaped and in which
group are they dumb-bell shaped?
A) a) Kidney shaped guard cells in -Dicot plants.
b) Dumb-bell shaped guard cells in - Monocot plants.
6.. What is translocation? (1M)
A) The bulk moment of water, sugars, hormones and amino acids through Phloem.
7. Explain the influence of two factors on the rate of diffusion.
A) (i) Size of the substances – smaller substance diffuse faster.
(ii) Solubility in lipids – substances soluble in lipids diffuse faster through the
membrane.
8. Distinguish between uniport and symport?
9. What is transpiration? Mention its significance in plants.
10. Explain the two path ways by which water is absorbed and moved through the
root hair. (3M)
A) Water is absorbed and moved through the root hair by two path ways.
(i) Apoplast path way:- Water exclusively moves through non-living
components like cell wall and intercellular spaces.
(ii) Symplast path way:- Water moves through living components like
Cytoplasm & Plasmodesmata.
 11. What is Root pressure? How does it help in absorption and upward moment of
water? (3M)
A) Active absorption of ions into the root cells/ decrease of water potential in the
roots/ entry of water into the root/ positive hydrostatic pressure in the roots
(root pressure)/ adhesive and cohesive forces in the Xylem vessels/ continuous
chain of water molecules in the Xylem.
12. Explain the process of upward moment of water in the taller trees. (5M)
A) Transpiration through leaves / negative pressure in the leaves / cohesive
tension - transpiration pull through Xylem.
VALUE BASED QUESTIONS (VBQ S )
Q-1 One day in the evening while Mohan was standing under a tree, a few watery drops
fell on his head.
He tried to find out the source of watery fluid. He found that drops were dripping from
the tips of the leaves. He shared his observation with his botanist uncle who
explained the reason.
(I) what is the name of this phenomenon?
(ii) What are hydathodes?
(iii) What is the cause of guttation?
(iv) Which quality of a good student of biology is exhibited by Mohan?
Q-2 Biology teacher asked shivani to keep gram seeds overnight on wet cotton in a
petri dish to study seed germination. In the morning, she observed that seeds
increased considerably in size and the water in the petri dish disappeared. In the class,
teacher asked the reason for the increase in the size of the seeds from the students.
Read the above passage and answer the following question:
(I) what is osmosis?
(ii) What is the significance of this phenomenon?
(iii) Can you give one example of practical application of osmosis in your home?
Q-3 In rainy season ,Ramesh always had difficulty in closing the wooden door of his
room .However in summer months, he faced no such problem .so, he asked his
father ,who was a biology teacher, the reason for this problem. His father explained
that it is due to the phenomenon known as imbibition.
Read the above passage and answer the following question:
(I) what is imbibition?
(ii) How is it different from osmosis?
(iii) What is the importance of imbibition to the plant?
 CHAPTER- 12 MINERAL NUTRITION
SUMMARY:
1. Plants obtained the inorganic nutrients from air, water and soil.
2. The essentiality of minerals to the plants is determined by hydroponics.
4. The elements which are required in excess amount (more than 10m moles kg-1
of dry matter) are knows as Macro nutrients. (C, H, O, N, P, S, K, Ca and
Mg).
5. The elements needed in very small amounts (less than 10 m mole kg-1 of dry
matter) are known as Micro nutrients. (Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo, Zn, B, Cl and Ni).
6. Deficiency of these essential elements lead to deficiency symptoms like
Chlorosis, Necrosis, Stunted growth, impaired cell division, etc.,
7. The concentration of essential element below which the plant growth is
retarded is turned as critical concentration.
9. The deficiency symptoms tend to appear in the younger tissues earlier.
10. The accumulation of micro nutrients in higher concentration in the plants leads
to toxicity of micro nutrients.
11. Absorption of elements takes place by passive or active process through the
roots.
Nitrogen Nutrition:
13. Plants cannot absorb the molecular nitrogen from the atmosphere.
14. Some plant like legumes fix the atmospheric nitrogen in the root nodules with
the help of symbiotic nitrogen fixing Rhizobium bacteria.
15. The enzyme nitrogenase plays important in the biological N2 fixation.
16. It is an Anaerobic enzyme and the Anaerobic environment is created by
Leghaemoglobin pigment.
17. Free living nitrogen fixing microbes like Azotobacter, Anabaena and Nostoc
also fix the atmospheric Nitrogen.
18. Ammonia produced by the nitrogen fixation is used to synthesize various
amino acids either by the process of reductive amination or trans amination.
HOTS
1. Why do in certain plants deficiency symptoms appear first in younger parts of
the plant while in other plants they appear in mature organs? (2M)
A) The deficiency symptoms appear first in the young tissues whenever the
elements are relatively immobile and or not transported out of the matured
organs.
Eg:- sulphur and calcium.
2. If a plant shows a symptom, which could develop due to deficiency of more
than one nutrient, how would you find out experimentally, the real deficient
mineral element?
A) by Hydroponic experiments
3. How does the presence of oxygen in the roots of a plant effect the nitrogenase
enzyme activity on nitrogen fixation?
A) Nitrogenase being the anaerobic enzyme, can not fix Nitrogen.

4. A farmer adds Azotobacter culture to the soil before sowing maize. How does it
increase the yield of maize?

Ans. Azotobacter provides nitrogen fixing bacteria which converts free nitrogen into
nitrate and nitrites it increases soil fertility.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. What are Hydroponics? (1 M)
A) The technique of growing plants in a nutrient solution.
2. What is Necrosis? (1M)
A) Death of the tissue particularly leaf tissue due to deficiency of Ca, Mg, Cu, K.
3. Give example of two free living nitrogen fixing Cyano bacteria. (1M)
A) Anabaena, Nostoc.
4. Name a microbe which produces nitrogen fixing nodules in the non-
leguminous plants like Alnus.
A) Frankia. (1M)
5. What is toxicity of micronutrients? Name the mineral whose deficiency causes
chlorotic veins? (2M)
A) The requirement of micronutrients to the plants is low. When such
micronutrients accumulate in the higher concentration in the plant tissue they
become toxic to the plant.
Manganese toxicity results in chlorotic veins.
6. Explain the two main ways of amino acid synthesis in plants. (2M)
A) (i) Reductive amination-Ammonia reacts with alpha/ ketone/ glutaric acid and
forms glutamic acid.
(ii) Trans amination-The enzyme Transaminase transfers amino group from
one amino acid to the keto group of a keto acid to form various amino acids.
7. List out the criteria for essentiality of elements to the plant. (3 M)
8. Explain the steps involved in the formation of root nodule with the help of
labelled diagram? (5 M)
A) Contact of root hair of legume plant with Rhizobium / curling of root hair /
infection thread / transport of bacteria into the cortex of the root / Division and
differentiation of cells into root nodules
9. Mention the absorbable form and function of the following elements to the
plants. (5M)
(A) Nitrogen. (B) Calcium (C) Magnesium (D) Boron (E)Phosphorus
10. Explain the mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation in the legume plants
through different steps. (5M)
A) Rhizobium in the root nodules/ nitrogemase enzyme/ leg haemoglobin/
anaerobic condition/progressive reduction/ ammonia.
CHAPTER-13 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Important terms/ Summary:
(1) Photosynthesis: It is the process by which the green plants use carbon dioxide
and water to synthesize carbohydrates in the presence of light energy, with the
help of chlorophyll.
(2) The plants contain various photosynthetic pigments like Chlorophyll
(Chlorophyll-A / Chlorophyll-B) and accessory pigments (Carotene /
Xanthophyll/ Anthocynin).
(3) In the leaves the Mesopyll cells have more chloroplasts which are responsible
for CO2 fixation.
(4) In the Chloroplast photosynthesis takes place in two stages-(1) Light reactions
and (2) Dark reactions
(5) The photosynthetic pegments are organized into two photo systems- PS I
(hasChlorophyll-A P700 molecule )and PS II (has P680 molecule.)
(6) Light reactions : Take place in grana of chloroplast ,involve
Photophosphorilation either by cyclic or non cyclic process.
(7) Cyclic photophospori relation involves P700 (PS-I) where the path of
electrons is cyclic. It results in ATP production.
(8) Non-cyclic photophosphorilation follows Z- scheme and involves PS-I (P700)
and PS-II (P680). It produces ATP, NADPH. and oxygen as bi-product.
(9) In the C3 plants carbon dioxide fixation takes place by Calvin cycle.
(10) In Calvin cycle, CO2 is added to RUBP by the enzyme RuBisCO to form two
molecules PGA.
(11) PGA is then reduced to sugars and RUBP is regenerated.
(12) During this process ATP and NADPH synthesized during light reactions, are
uitilized.
(13) Photo respiration:
At high temperature and high oxygen concentration RuBisCO acts as
oxygenase and oxidizes RUBP into 3C-compound- Phosphoglycerate and 2C-
compound Phosphoglycolate by the process of Photorespiration.
(14) Photo respiration takes place in chloroplast, peroxisome and mitochondria.
(15) C4 Pathway:
Some tropical plants like Maize, sugar cane, overcome photorespiratory losses
by C4 pathway or Hatch-Slack pathway.
(16) C4 plants exhibit Kranz anatomy with dimorphic chlorplast and bundle
sheath around the vascular bundle.
(17) In these plants, carbon dioxide acceptor is a 3carbon compound called PEP
and the first stable product is OAA (4C).
(18) Photosynthesis is effected by external factors like light, CO2, temperature,
water and internal factors like amount of Chlorophyll, age of the leaf etc.,
19) Absorption Spectrum: Absorption spectrum is the graph plotted with the
amount of light absorbed by chlorophyll as a function of wavelength of light.
20) Action Spectrum: Action spectrum is the graph plotted with the rate of
photosynthesis as a function of wavelength.
21) Photolysis of Water: It is the process of breakdown of water into H + and OH -
ions by the chlorophyll molecules, making use of solar energy.
 HOTS
1. Why do green plants start evolving carbon dioxide instead of oxygen on a hot
sunny day? (2M)
A) On a hot sunny day, at high temperature, RuBP carboxylase acts as oxygenase
and carries out oxidation of RuBP (photo respiration).
2. RuBisCO is an enzyme that acts both as a carboxylase and oxygenase. Why do
you think RuBisCO carries out more caroxylation in C4 plants.
(2M)
A) C4 plants exhibit Kranz anatomy and RuBisCO enzyme carries out
carboxylation in the bundle sheeth cells which are deeply located with less
oxygen concentration.
3. Why are the plants that consume more than the usual 18 ATP to produce one
molecule of glucose, favoured in the tropical regions?
(2M)
A) In the tropical regions, photo respiratory loses take place at high temperatures.
It is C4 plants which consume more than 18 ATP to reduce the photorespiratory
loses.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Name two carotenoids. (1M)
A) Carotene, Xanthophyll.
2. How many molecules of ATP are required to synthesize one molecule of
glucose in C3 and C4 pathways respectively?
(1M)
A) C3 cycle = 18 ATPS
C4 pathway - 30 ATPS .
3. Name the most abundant enzyme in the world. (1M)
A) RuBisCO
4. How many turns of Calvin cycle are required to synthesize one molecule of
glucose? A) 6 turns (1M)
5. Name the cell organelles involved in Photo respiration. (1M)
A) Chloroplast, Peroxisome, Mitochondria.
6. Name the CO2 acceptor in C3 cycle. (1M)
A) RUBP.
7. Name the first stable compound formed in C4 particle. (1M)
A) OAA (Oxalo Acetic Acid).
8. Name the enzyme which catalyses the formation of OAA in C4 cycle. (1M).
A) PEPCase.
9. Define Blackmans law of limiting factors. (1M)
A) When a bio-chemical process is affected by more than one factor, then the rate
of the process is determined by the minimal factor.
10. How can we distinguish a C4 plant from C3 plant based on the anatomy?
(2M)
A) C4 plants exhibit Kranz anatomy with the following features:
(i) Dimorphic chloroplasts (Granal and Agranal).
(ii) C4 plants have bundle sheeth around the vascular bundle in the leaves.
11. Explain the different steps of cyclic photophosporilation? Why is it called a
cyclic process? (3M)
A) PS-I/ primary acceptor/ETS/NADP
12. Explain the important steps involved in Photorespiration. (3M)
A) Oxidation of RuBP/ PGA/ Phosphoglycolate/ oxidation/ loss of
photosynthetically fixed CO2.
13. Explain how does ATP and NADPH formation take place and oxygen is
evolved in Non -cyclic photophosphorilation through Z-scheme.
(5M)
A) PS II/ primary electron acceptor/ETS/PS I/NADP/Photolysis of
water/evolution of Oxygen.
14. Explain the improtant steps of different stages of Calvin cycle and significance
of each stage. (5M)
A) 1.RuBP Carboxylation 2.Glycolytic reversal(Reduction) 3.RuBP
regeneration.(explain)
15. What are C4 plants? Give two examples. Explain how do C4 plants overcome
photo respiratory losses by Hatch-Slack pathway. (5M)
A) C4 plants/ Maize, Amaranthus/
C4 pathway-in mesophyll cells-reduction of PEP by PEPCase/ OAA(C4
acid)/ in bundle sheath cells/ decarboxylation/ C3 cycle/ RuBisCO/
Carbohydrate synthesis/Regeneration of PEP.

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS (VBQ S )

1.Rahul likes flowers. So, he kept one flower pot inside his study room. After some
days, the leaves of the plants started turning pale yellow. He was concerned and,
therefore, he asked his botanist uncle the reason for this. His uncle replied that it is
due to insufficient light.
Answer the following questions based on the above situation:
i) Which pigment is responsible for the green colour of leaves?
ii) List conditions essential for photosynthesis.
iii) Specify the values exhibited by Rahul?
Ans i) Chlorophyll
ii)Light,CO2, water, Chlorophyll
 iii) Rahul shows concern and love towards plants and environment.
2.Amit’s biology teacher emphasized that the green plants are essential for our
survival as they provide food. However, Amit was not convinced as he thought that
humans could get food from animals also.
Answer the following questions based on the above statement.
i) How can plants synthesise their food?
ii) In addition to food what essential substance is provided by the plants to the
environment?
iii) What message is conveyed through teacher’s statement?:
CHAPTER-14 RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
Important Terms:
1. Respiration: It is the process of breaking the C-C bonds of complex organic
molecules by oxidation leading to the release of energy; it is also known as
cellular respiration.
2. Respiratory substrates: Those organic compound which are oxidized to yield
energy are called respiratory substrates.
3. Fermentation: It is the process of incomplete oxidation that occurs in
microbes and certain other cells in the absence of oxygen, leading to the
formation of ethyl alcohol or organic acids.
4. Respiratory Quotient: Respiratory quotient is defined as the ratio of the
volume of carbon dioxide evolved to the volume of oxygen consumed in
respiration.
5. Electron Transport System (ETS): The pathway through which the electron
passes from one carrier to another, is called electron transport system.
6. Compensation Point: The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide at
which the rate of photosynthesis is just equal to the rate of respiration, is called
compensation point.
7. Oxidative Phosphorylation: Oxidation Phosphorylation refers to the
formation of ATP in the mitochondria, utilizing the energy obtained by the
oxidation of organic molecules.
8. Glycolysis: The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic aid, is called Glycolysis.
9. Aerobic Respiration: It is the process of incomplete oxidation of organic
molecules in the presence of molecular oxygen, into carbon dioxide and water.
10. Anaerobic Respiration: It is the process of incomplete oxidation of organic
molecules in the absence of molecular oxygen.
11. Oxidative Decarboxylation: It is the process in which carbon is removed from
a compound as carbon dioxide and the compound is oxidized.
Types of Respiration:
Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration
(i) It is the type of respiration that � It is the type of respiration, that
 occurs in the presence of oxygen.
(ii) The respiratory substrate is
completely oxidized.
(iii) Carbon dioxide, water and
energy are the end products.
(iv) Energy is liberated in large
quantity.
(v) The reactions take place in the
cytoplasm and mitochondria.
HOTS
occurs in the absence of oxygen.
� The respiratory substrate is only
partially oxidized.
� Ethyl alcohol or organic acids
(acetic or lactic acid), CO2 and energy
are the end product.
� Energy is liberated in less quantity.
� The reaction take place only in the
cytoplasm.
Q1. Why is less energy produced during anaerobic respiration?

Q2. What is the importance of Fo-F1 particles in ATP production during aerobic
respiration?
Ans. ATPsynthatase consists of F0-F1 particles. Fo acts as channel through which
H+ passes. F1 contains the site for synthesis of ATP.

Q3..Define respiratory quotient and mention the value for the proteins and fats.
Ans. It is ratio of volume of CO2 evolved and volume of O2 consumed.
R.Q. = Volume of CO2 evolved
Volume of O2 consumed

For proteins: R.Q. is 0.9 and the R.Q. for fat is 0.7

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Name the most common respiratory substrate. (1M)
A) Glucose.
2. When a respiratory substrate was oxidised the RQ value was 4.0, mention the
type of respiratory substrate. (1M)
A) Carboxylic acid.
3. Distinguish between Aerobic and Anarobic respiration. (2M)
4. What is Respiratory quotient? If the RQ value of Respiratory substrate is 1.0,
what is the nature of respiratory substrate? (2M)
5. Where does Glycolysis take place? Explain the important steps involved.
(3M)
6. Explain the oxidative phosphorilation. (3M)
7. Where does TCA cycle take place in the cell? Explain the important steps of
TCA cycle. (5M)
CHAPTER-15 PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Important terms
1. Growth Curve: Growth Curve is the graph plotted with the increase in number
of cells/volume or size/weight of an organism or any of its parts as a function of
time.
3. Differentiation: Differentiation is the process/Phenomenon by which totipotent
embryonic/ meristematic cells undergo changes in the structure, shape and
chemistry to suit the function they perform.
4. Dedifferentiation: Dedifferentiation is the process by which the already
differentiated or mature cells get back the power of division and become
meristematic.
5. Redifferentiation: Redifferentiation is the process by which mersitematic cells
formed by the dedifferentiated cells (secondary meristems) undergo changes in
the structure and shape to suit the function they would perform.
6. Plasticity: Plasticity refers to the ability of plants to follow different pathways
in response to environment or phase of life, to form different kinds of
structures.
7. Heterophylly: Heterophylly is the phenomemnon in which different shapes of
leaves are borne by the same plant.
8. Apical Dominance: It is the phenomenon in which the apical bud suppresses
the growth the lateral buds into branches.
9. Bolting: Bolting refers to the sudden elongation of the internodes just prior to
flowering in rosette plants.
10. Photoperiodism: Photoperiodism is the phenomenon in which the plants
respond to relative length of day and night to which they are exposed.
11. Vernalisation: The low temperature treatment given to the seeds/seedlings to
induce early flowering, is called Vernalisation.
12. Abcission: Abscission refers to the shedding of leaves, flowers or fruits by
plants usually due to changes in hormonal balance.
HOTS:
1). A farmer grown cucumber plants in his field. He wants to increase the number
of female flowers in them. Which plant growth regulator can be applied to
achieve this?
2). Would you expect soyabean plants to flower if given a daily light exposure of 6
hours? Give reason.
3. Would a defoliated plant respond to photo periodic cycle. Why? (2M)
4. Both a short day plant and a long day plant can produce flowers
simultaneously in a given place. Explain.
(2M)

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Placing a ripe apple in a bag of green bananas will cause them to ripen quickly.
This occurs because the apple:
(i) absorbs cytokinin (ii) forms digestive enzymes
(iii)lacks auxins (iv) produces ethylene
2. What is Vernalisation? (1M)
3. Explain apical dominance. Name the hormone that controls it.
4. Why is Absisic acid also known as Stress harmone? (2M)
5. What is Photo periodism? Differentiate the long day plants and short day plants
and day neutral plants with suitable examples. (3M)
6. List out the effects of Giberrelyns on the plants. (3M)
7. What is photoperiodism? Explain the different categories of plants on the basis
of photoperiodism giving one example of each category. (5M)
8. Explain the three phases of growth with reference to root tip in plants. Mention
the properties of cells at each of the phases. (5M)
9.. Which one of the plant growth regulators would you use if you are asked to-
(a) induce rooting in twig.
(b) to quickly ripen a fruit
(c) to delay leaf sense
(d) to induce growth in the axillary buds.
(e) to cause bolting in a rosette plant
(f) to induce immediate stomatal closure in the leaves. (5M)
A) (a) Auxin
(b) Ethylene
(c) Cytokinin
(d) Cytokinin
(e) Gibberellins
(f) Abscisic acid
VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
Q.1. Ramesh was very fond of gardening. He saw a beautiful flowering plant in
Anil’s house. So, he asked Anil to tell him the method of growing that plant. Anil
replied that this plant can be easily propagated by planting a portion of branch in the
soil. Ramesh tried the same but the branch did not develop into plant as no roots were
produced in the planted branch. He consulted his Botanist uncle who suggested him
to apply some auxin on the cut end .He did so and roots appeared and new plants
were formed.
Read the above passage and answer the following questions:
(i) What are auxins?
(ii) Give names of two other plant hormones.
(iii) Which quality is displayed by Ramesh?
Ans. (i) auxins are a group of chemical substances (plant hormone) witch promote
growth in decapitated as well intact stem.
(2)Gibberllins , Cytokinins.
(3) His habit to experiment with plants.
Q.2. A wine of grapes was growing in the Suresh courtyard and it was full of
grapes. However, he never liked consuming these grapes as these were full of seeds .
One day , his uncle visited his home and he also brought grapes . Suresh was not
willing to eat them but his uncle insisted so he consumed a few grapes and found that
there were no seeds in those grapes . He asked his uncle how can he get seed less
grapes on the wine growing in his courtyard? His uncle suggested him to apply auxin
to get seedless grapes.
Read the above passage and answer the following questions:
i)What term is used for seedless fruits?
ii) How does auxin induce parthenocarpy?
iv) Suggest some other plant where this technique can be applied
commercially.
Ans. i) parthenocarpic fruits
ii)Auxin induces growth in the ovary wall without fertilization
iii)Lemon, apple

CHAPTER-16
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
Summary and Important Terms
1. Thecodont: It is the type of dentition, where each tooth is embedded in a
socket of the jaw bone.
2. Diphyodont: It is the type of dentition, where two sets of teeth appear during
the life, i.e., a set of milk teeth or deciduous teeth is replaced by a set of
permanent or adult teeth.
3. Heterodont: It is the type of dentition, where teeth are of different type.
4. Ingestion: Ingestion refers to the first step in nutrition, where the animals take
in plant/animal food in bulk.
5. Digestion: Digestion is the process of conversion of complex food
substances/.molecules into simple absorbable molecules.
6. Absorption: Absorption is the process by which digested and simple nutrients
are taken into the blood/lymph from the alimentary canal.
7. Egestion: Egestion is the process of eliminating the undigested and
unabsorbed matters of food in the form of faces through the anus.
8. Peristalsis: Peristalsis refers to the involuntary contractions of smooth muscles
that spread in the form of waves.
11. Hydrolases: Hydrolases are thoseenzymes which catalyse the break down of
covalent bonds of the larger molecules with the addition of water, into smaller
molecules.
12. Lipases: Lipases are the enzymes which catalyse the breakdown of lipids/fats.
HOTS
1. In humans, starch digestion begins in the buccal cavity, but stops in stomach.
Why?
2. Why are proteases generally released in inactive form?
3. Why are Villi present in the intestine and not in the stomach?
4. What would happen if HCl were not secreted in the stomach?
5. Bile juice contains no digestive enzyme, yet it is important for digestion. Why?

6. Routine digesting enzymes are secreted in the intestine. How is the wall of
intestine protected from being digested by the proteases.
7.If the pancreatic duct of person is blocked, how would it effect the digestion of fats
in the duodenum?
A . If the pancreatic duct is blocked, pancreatic juice along with digestive enzyme,
particularly, lipase, will not reach the duodenum and fat digestion will be affected.
8.HCl and proteolytic enzymes produced by stomach do not digest its own wall.
Why?
Ans..Gastric epithelium/ goblet cells secrete thick mucus and protect surface from
damage.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. What is peristalsis?
(1M
2. What is Dipheodont dention? (1M)
3. What do the Goblet cells of intestinal mucosa secrete? (1M)
A) Mucus.
4. How is the entry of food particles into wind pipe prevented while swallowing
the food?
5. Bile does not contain any digestive enzymes, yet it is essential for digestion.
Why so? Explain. (2 M)
6. How would non-secretion of hydrochloric acid in our stomach affect food
digestion?
7. Draw a labeled diagram of the human duodenum and the duct system of the
associated digestive glands pouring their secretions into it?
(3M
8. Explain the action of pancreatic juice on the digestion of various food
substances?
(3)
9. Explain the process of digestion and absorption of fats in the human digestive
system. (3M)
10. Explain the different layers which form the wall of elementary canal. (3M)
11. Trace the main steps in the digestion of proteins as the food passes through the
alimentary canal in human beings. (5M)
12. Describe the process of absorption taking place in the small intestine. (5M)
13. Explain the different steps involved in the digestion of proteins in different
parts of the human elementary canal. (5M)

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

1) Ravi’s mother always insisted on inclusion of green leafy vegetables in the
meals but Ravi always tried to avoid consuming leafy vegetables and preferred
soft vegetables devoid of fibres in them. Mother complained about it to his
grandfather who explained to him the need of fibres in their diet.
Read the above passage and answer the following questions :
(a) Name the term used to describe indigestible fibrous material in food.
(b) What is the advantage of fibrous material in our diet?
(c) What value is reflected in mother’s behavior
Ans. (a) Roughage
(b) Roughage provides bulk to the diet for satisfying one’s appetite.
Roughage expands the gut and stimulates peristalsis to eliminate faeces and prevents
conctipation.
(c) As a mother, she has concern and sympathy about the health of her
child.
2) Sunita told her father that she was feeling very weak and was not able to
concentrate in studies. Her mother was also listening their conversation and
interrupted that she was not surprised as Sunita was not taking balanced diet and was
regularly consuming fast foods such as burgers and fried products like wafers etc.
Read the above passage and answer the following questions
(a) What is meant by balanced diet?
(b) what are vitamins?
(c) In your opinion, what concern is shown by mother?
Ans. (a) A diet which can provide materials for all the metabolic requirements of
the body, i.e. , energy, growth, replacement and physiological regulation.
(b) These are organic compounds required in minute quantities in the diet for
normal metabolism, health and growth
(c) Mother was concerned about the health of her daughter and wanted her to
know the need of balanced diet.
3) Sunita was very conscious about her health and wanted to look slim. So, she
started heavy physical exercises and also started skipping meals. After some time, she
started looking pale and weak and so she consulted doctor who enquired from her
about her food habits and daily routine. He advised her to take balanced diet regularly
and light physical exercise to remain healthy.
Read the above passage and answer the following questions:
(a) What is the harmful effect of dieting on health?
 (b) What is the role of minerals in our body?
(c) What value is exhibited by doctor ?
Ans. (a) It causes deficiency of many essential elements which result in many
diseases such as anorexia.
(b) These are structural components of various cellular compounds, cell
organelles, tissues and enzymes etc.
(c) professional ethics , concern and guidance of the doctor

Plant kingdom
OTBA questions for practice
1) Analyse how did the seed habit develop eventually in the gymnosperms and
angiosperms. (tb Pg no.38/39)-3m
2) Do you think the study of different groups of plants like algae, gymnosperms,
angiosperms economically useful to the mankind ? Elucidate.
3) What do you imply about the formation of flagellated male gametes in the
bryophytes?

BIOLOGY (Code No. 044)

SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER
BIOLOGY (THEORY )
CLASS XI (2014-15)

Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 70

S.No./Unit Very Short Short Value Long Total
Short Answer-I Answer – based Answer Marks
Answer (SA-I) II question (LA)
(VSA) (2 marks) (SA-II) (5 marks)
(1 mark) (3marks) (4 marks)

1. *1(2) *1(3) *1(5) 10

*Diversity
of Living
Organisms –
Unit for
OTBA
2. Structural 1(1) 2(4) 2(6) 11
Organisation
in Plants and
Animals
3. Cell: 1(1) 3(9) 1(5) 15
Structure
and
Function

4. Plant 1(1) 1(2) 3(9) 1(5) 17

Physiology

5. Human 2(2) 1(2) 3(9) 1(4) 17

Physiology
Total 5x1=5 5x2=10 12x3=36 1x4=4 3x5=15 70(26)

SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER

BIOLOGY (THEORY)
Class-XI Time: 3 Hrs
Max.Marks: 70

General Instructions:
1. The question paper comprises of five Sections A, B, C, D and E.
2. All questions are compulsory.
3. There is no overall choice however; internal choice has been provided in one
question of 2 marks, one question of 3 marks and all the two questions of five marks
category. Only one option in such question is to be attempted.
4. Questions1 to 5 in section A are very short questions of one mark each. These are
to be answered in one word or one sentence each.
5. Questions 6 to 9 in section B are short questions of two marks each. These are to
be answered in approximately 20-30 words each.
6. Questions 10 to 20 in section C are questions of three marks each. These are to be
answered in approximately 30-50 words each. Question 21 is of 4 marks.
7. Questions 22 to 23 in section D are questions of five marks each. These are to be
answered in approximately 80-120 words each.
9. Questions 24 to26 in section E is based on OTBA of 10 marks.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION-A
1.Name the Polysaccharide which constitutes the exoskeleton of arthropods.
2. What are the suberin thickenings of endodermal cells in the roots called as ?
3. Which the type of joint is present in the knee.
4. Name the carbon dioxide acceptor in Calvin’s cycle.
5.Which hormonal secretion is responsible for lowering of blood sugar level?
SECTION-B
6. Why is transpiration known as necessary evil?
7. Why are xylem and phloem called as complex tissues ?
8. Define the following terms:
(i) Zygomorphic (ii) Epipetalous stamen
9. (a) What would happen if hydrochloric acid is not secreted in the stomach?
(b) Why are villi present in the intestine and not in the stomach?
SECTION-C
10 . Write the function of each of the following is a cockroach:
(a) Malpighian tubules (b) Gizzard (c) Hepatic caecae.
11. Explain the mechanism of transpiration pull by which water moves up in taller
trees.
12. Draw the floral diagram of the family commonly called potato family and write
its floral formula.
OR
How do you distinguish the dicot stem from monocot stem ?

13 Draw a standard ECG and explain the different segments of it.

14 Explain the important steps of development of root nodules in the legume plants.
15.What is the site of oxidative phosphorilation in the cell ? Explain the important
steps of it ?
16. Draw the basic structure of a chemical synapse between neurons and label the
following six parts in it:
(i) Pre-synaptic membrane (ii) Synaptic vesicle
(iii) Neurotransmittor (iv) Receptors
(v) Post-synaptic membrane (vi) Synaptic cleft
17. Explain the formation of following types of bonds among the biomolecules—(a)
Peptide bond (b)Glycosidic bond (c)Phosphodister bond
18 Give a brief account of counter current mechanism in the human renal tubule.
19. Explain the different types of Chromosomes based on the position of centromere.
20. What is G0 (quiescent phase) of cell cycle? Explain the important events of inter
phase of cell cycle.
21. Anand a 14 years old boy thinks smoking makes him more energetic and feel like
adult and thus more responsible citizen. He tries to smoke when he is with hispeer
group. His friend Rohit advised him the ill effect of smoking and later
Anand quits smoking.
a. What values do you find in Rohit?
b. What is the main cause of smoking addiction in young children?
c. What are the ill effects of smoking?
SECTION-D
22 (i) What are C4 plants?
(ii) Give two examples of C4 plants.
(iii) Explain the mechanism by which C4 plants overcome photo respiratory
losses. (5M)
OR
(i) Name the hormone which results in the following effects/ Which one of the
plant growth regulators would you use if you are asked to:
(a) quickly ripen a fruit
(b) delay leaf senescence
(c) induce rooting in a tree
(d) induce immediate stomatal closure in leaves
(e) induce growth in auxiliary buds

23. Explain important events of Prophase-I of Meiosis with the help of labeled
diagrams.
(5M)
OR
(a) Who proposed the fluid-mosaic model of plasma membrane?
 (b) Explain fluid-mosaic model of plasma membrane with the help of labeled
diagram.

SECTION-E
24. In your opinion how is the study of photosynthetic protists useful to the
mankind?(TEXT.BOOK .Pg no. 20/21)
-2m
25.Analyse how did the seed habit develop eventually in the gymnosperms and
angiosperms. (TEXT .BOOK - Pg no.38/39)
-3m
26.Discuss how do the animals like parasitic worms, fishes and birds adapt
themselves for successful survival in their environment.(TEXT BOOK. Pg
no.51-60)
-5m

******************************************************************
Chapter 17:
BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES
IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Breathing is the process in which animals take in air (oxygen) from the
surrounding medium and give out Carbon dioxide outside the medium.
2. Inspiration is the process by which animals take in oxygen
3. Expiration is the process by which animals release Co2
4. Oxyhaemoglobin is the complex formed when oxygen combines with Fe2++part
of Haemoglobin
5. Tidal Volume is the volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration.
Approx.500ml
6. Inspiratory Reserve volume (IRV) is the additional volume of air a person can
inspire by aforcible inspiration ( Averages 2500ml to 3000ml)
7. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) is the additional volume of air a person can
expire by forcible expiration( Averages 1000ml-1100ml)
8. Residual Volume (RV) is volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible
expiration( Averages(1100ml-1200ml)
9. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) is the volume of a person can inspire after a normal
expiration. It includes TV+IRV
10.Expiratory Capacity( EC) Total volume of a person can expire after a normal
inspiration .it includes TV+ERV
11.Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is the volume of air that will remain in lungs
after a normal expiration. it includes ERV+RV
12.Vital capacity (VC) is the maximum volume of air of a person can breathe in after
a forced expiration. it includes ERV+TV+IRV
13.Total lung capacity is the total volume of air accommodated in the lungs at the end
of forced inspiration. it includes RV+ERV+TV+IRV or Vital capacity +Residual
volume.
14.Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by individual gases in a mixture of gases.
15.Co2 combines with the Haemoglobin in combined state to form Car
aminohemoglobin.
16.Enzyme Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) catalyses the reaction Co2+H2O-H2CO3-
HCO3+H
17.Emphysema is a chronic disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged due to
which respiratory surface is decreased. It is due to cigarette smoking.

Breathing and Exchange of Gases Higher Order Thinking Skills

1. What is Adam’s apple? What is its role in human’s body?

2. If the ERV and RV of the normal person is 1300ml and 1200 ml what would be
functional residual capacity (FRC) of the person?
3. What do you mean by Intra-Pulmonary pressure?
4. Why respiratory capacity is decreased in Cigarette smoking?
5. What does a sigmoid curve explain us during the transport of oxygen?
ANSWERS
1. Larynx is often called as Adam’s apple. It is a cartilaginous box which helps in
sound production and hence also called as sound box.
2. The FRC of is the sum of Residual volume and expiratory reserve volume
FRC=ERC+RV. Therefore, it is 1300ml+1200ml=2500ml.
3. The moment of air into and out of lungs is carried out by creating a preserve
gradient-between lungs and atmosphere. It is advantage for the lungs if the
preserve if the pressure in the lungs is lesser than atmospheric pressure. This
condition is known as intra pulmonary pressure.
4. Cigarette smokers inhale CO burned by Cigarette. It is accumulated in the
Alveolar sacs of lungs and damage thin alveolar sacs in turn decrease the
respiratory capacity
5. O2 binds with the Haemoglobin to get transported to various parts of the body.
A Sigmoid curve is obtained when percentage saturation of Haemoglobin with
 O2 is plotted against the Po2. This indicates the percentage of 02 transports. It
is also called as O2 dissocian curve.

Important questions:

1. Name the organ in human respiratory system which produces sound.

2. How many oxygen molecules can be carried out by one haemo globin
molecule?
3. Give the name and function of fluid filled double membranous layer which
surrounds the lungs?
4. Draw a labeled diagram of section of an alveolus with pulmonary capillary.
5. Name the organs of respiration in the following organisms:
a) Flatworms b) Birds c) Frog d)Cockroach
6. Explain the neural control of respiration in human.
ANSWERS:
1. Larynx
2. 4 molecules
3. Pleuron. It produces friction and keeps the two pleura together and the lungs
inflated.
4. Refer NCERT textbook page no. 273 fig. 17.4.
5. Flatworms: trachea, Birds: lungs, Frog: lungs, Cockroach: trachea.
6. Refer NCERT textbook. Page no. 275, section 17.5.

Mind Map

Value Based Questions

Breathing and Respiration
1. Rahul is studying in class xii .he frequently suffers from Breathing
problem.
His friend sanjay observe his suffering and took him to Chest specialist. Doctor
enquire all about his family and realizes that his father is a chain smoker and
suggest his father to stop smoking. On the basis of content answer the following.

a) What Diseases do Rahul and his father likely to suffer by passive and Active
smoking?
b) What do you mean by Emphysema?
c) What moral values do sanjay express on Rahul?
Answers: a) Asthma or Bronchial allergy, and Emphysema
b) Emphysema is a chronic disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged due to
which alveolar surface is decreased. One of the major causes is cigarette
smoking.
c) Snjay with human friendly relations showed empathy on Rahul.
2. Sandeep is a regular student of class xi biology. When his bio teacher explains
on transport of gases in blood he didn’t understand the partial pressure of gases.
Several questions were asked to clear his doubts. Teacher realizes his problem
and explains
Partial pressure of various gases in and out of atmosphere .on the basis answers
the following questions.
a) What critical problem did Sandeep face in concept?
b) What do you mean by partial pressure?
c) What moral support was given by his bio teacher?
Answer: a) Diffusion of Co2, and O2 in blood stream on the basis of their
combining
Csapacity.
b) Partial pressure is the pressure contributed by individual gases.
c) Teacher as moral responsibility explains the content.
3. Satya whose father is working in asbestos cement factory suffers severely from
lung
Infection. He recalls when his bio teacher explains on occupational respiratory
Disorders and takes his father to doctor. Doctor suggested him to use face masks
to prevent dust allergy. On the basis answer following.
a) What are occupational disorders?
b) What precautionary measures one should use during work?
c) What moral values did satya showed to his father?
Answers: a) Diseases which are caused due exposing to dust released in working
place.
b) One should be aware of protecting them by using Face masks and keep away
From dust.Satya with love and affection on his father’s health took him to
doctor.

CHAPTER 18
BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION
IMPORTANT TERMS
1. Open Circulatory System:When blood is not confined to blood vessels,
but flows through open spaces (lacunae) and channels (sinuses), it is called
open circulatory system:
2. Closed Circulatory System: When blood remains confined to heart and
blood, it is called closed circulatory system.
3. Systole: The contradiction of a cardiac chamber is called its systole
4. Diastole:The relaxation of cardiac chamber is called its diastole
5. Joint Diastole: It is the phase of cardiac cycle, when both auricles and
ventricles are in diastole and are relaxed simultaneously.
6. Cardiac Cycle: The diastole and systole of auricles and ventricles
occurring alternately during one heart beat constitute a cardiac cycle.
7. Portal Vein: If a vein returning blood from a system of capillaries divided
again into a second capillary system in the tissue, before the blood can
finally return to heart, it is called a portal vein
8. Portal System: A portal vein that divides into a second capillary system in
the tissue along with the capillary system, to which it supplies blood,
constitutes the portal system.
9. Arterial Pulse: The wave of distension passing along the arteries, when
ventricle pumps a volume of blood into the arteries, already containing
some blood, is called arterial pulse.
10.Arterial Blood Pressure: The pumping action of the heart maintains a
pressure of blood in the arteries, which is called as arterial blood pressure
11.Electrocardiogram(ECG): It is the graphical representation of electrical
potential changes produced by the excitation of heart muscles (i.e.,
contraction and relaxation), as a function of time
12.Hypertension: Hypertension is manifestation of the sustained increase in
the arterial blood pressure of a person.
 13.Atherosclerosis: Atherosclerosis refers to deposition of lipids, especially
cholesterol, on the wall lining the lumen of large and medium sized arteries,
thereby reducing the blood flow.
14.Stroke Volume: The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle during one
cardiac cycle, is known as stroke volume.
15.Double Circulation: Double circulation is the phenomenon in which there
are two separate pathways, i.e., the heart receives and pumps the
oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood separately without mixing up.

Higher Order Thinking Skills

1. Which type of cells are the Leucocytes are phagochz in nature classify them
into Gravole and Agranulocyte.
2. Name the Three Muscular flappy (or) cuspi that are present in different
location of heart.
3. In an Electrocardiograph (ECG) representation what does the P,Q,R,S,T
represents during cardiac cycle.
4. Why Atheroscelerosis is also called as Caronary Artery Disease (CAD)
5. i) What do you mean by Cardiac output of a man
ii) How can you calculate the cardiac output?
iii) What is the average cardiac out of a man?
ANSWERS
1. Neutrophils- Granulocytes
Monocytes- Agranulocytes
2. 1) Tricuspidvalve - Between right Atrium and right Ventricle
2) Biscuspid valve (or) Mitral Value- Between the left atrium and left
ventricle
3)Semilunar valve- Between pulmonary artery and Aorta

1. Which type of cells are the Leucocytes are phagochz in nature classify them
into Gravole and Agranulocyte.
2. Name the Three Muscular flappy (or) cuspi that are present in different
location of heart.
3. In an Electrocardiograph (ECG) representation what does the P,Q,R,S,T
represents during cardiac cycle.
4. Why Atheroscelerosis is also called as Caronary Artery Disease (CAD)
5. i) What do you mean by Cardiac output of a man
ii) How can you calculate the cardiac output?
iii) What is the average cardiac out of a man?
 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS:
1. Name the instrument used for measuring blood pressure.
2. Why is SA node called pace-maker of the heart?
3. A cardiologist observed an enlarged QRS wave in the ECG of a patient. What
does it indicate?
4. Name the enzyme that catalyses the formation of carbonic acid in erythrocytes.
5. Explain when and how the two sounds of heart are produced?
ANSWERS:
1. Sphygmomanometer.
2. SA node being itself excitatory, initiates a wave of contraction.
3. QRS wave denotes ventricular contraction of heart which may be normal or
abnormal.
4. Carbonic anhydrase.
5. Refer NCERT textbook page no. 284, Section 18.32.

Mind Map

Value Based Questions:

1. Rachana and sakshi are very good friends in class XI. Both are good in
studies. But rachana is anemic and suffers a lot due to her irregular
periods. Her mother complaints to bio her negligence in diet .the biology
teacher along with rachana and sakshi consulted doctor to check her blood
count. Doctor after medical checkup realizes that she is with weak
Haemoglobin. Doctor suggested her to take Iron containing green leafy
vegetables and fruits for vitamin source. On the basis of this contest answer
the following questions.
i) What deficiency does Rachana suffering from?
 ii) Is it curable?
iii) What morality does rachana s bio teacher played in this contest?
Answers: 1. Rachana is suffering from Haemoglobin containing Iron
deficiency.
2. Yes it is curable provided the patient should take food containing green
leafy vegetables
And fruits regularly.
3. Rachanas bio teacher shows good moral sympathy with kind heart by
taking her consult doctor.

CHAPTER19
EXCRETORY PRODUCTION AND THEIR ELIMINATION

1. Excretion: Excretion is defined as the elimination of metabolic wastes.

2. Dialysis:It is the process of separating small solute molecules from macro-
molecular colloids, using a selectively permeable membrane.
3. Ammonotelism: Ammonotelism is the phenomenon of urinary elimination of
nitrogenous waste, mainly in the form of ammonia.
4. Ammonotelic animals: Those animals which excrete ammonia as the main
nitrogenous waste in their urine, are called ammonotelic animals.
5. Ureotelism:Ureotelism is the phenomenon of urinary elimination of nitrogenous
wastes, mainly in the form of urea.
6. Micturition Reflex: The neural mechanisms that cause voiding or release of urine
from the urinary bladder, constitute the micturition reflex.
7. Uremia: Uremia is the condition of excess accumulation of urea in the blood
caused by the malfunctioning of kidneys.
8. Hemodialysis: Hemodialysis is the process of excess urea from the blood of a
patient (normally suffering from uremia), using an artificial kidney
9. Glomerulo-nephritis: It refers to the inflammation of the glomerulus of the
nephron.
10.Renal calculi: The insoluble masses of crystallized salts formed within the kidney
are called renal calculi.
11.Glycosuria: It is the presence of glucose in urine of a diabetic patient.
12.Ketonuria: It is the presence of ketone bodies in the urine of a diabetic patient.
HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS- EXCRETORY PRODUCTS
AND THEIR ELIMINATION
1. Name the hormonal factor secreted by heart? What is its role?
2. Expand RAAS?
3. How does ADH regulate body fluid volume, explain?
4. How the blood is filtered finely in Bowmens capsule??
5. What do you mean by Counter current mechanism?

ANSWERS
1. Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) , cause vasodilation and decrease the blood
pressure.
2. Renin Angiotensin & Aldosterone system
3. Excessive loss of body fluids, receptors stimulate hypothalamus to release, Anti
Diuretic Hormone (or) Vasopresin
ADH facilitates water reabsorption from later parts of tubule thereby
preventing dieresis
4. The Bowmens capsule of nephron contains glomerulus that filters the blood; blood
is filtered in 3 layers like Epithelium, Endothelium and Basement membrane. In
between these layers specific cells called podocytes that contain filtration slits.
These cells finely filter the impurities of blood, therefore, it is called as Ultra
Filtration. Around 1100ml-1200ml of blood is filtered per minute.
5. I)Blood flows in the descending limb of vasarectum towards the medulla.
Water is drawn out from the blood plasma by osmosis due to progressive
increase in the concentration of interstitial fluid Na+ , Cl- and urea enter the
plasma by diffusion.
II) Blood flows in the ascending limb capilory towards the renal cortex
leads to progressive decrease in the concentration of interstitial fluid. This
counter exchange of fluids that leads to tenson in the tubules is known as
Counter current mechanism
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. One part of loop of Henle is impermeable to water. Name it.
2. Name two types of nephron found in human kidney.
3. The mechanism of concentration of filtrate is also known as counter current
mechanism. Justify the statement.
 4. Write the functioning of enzyme ‘renin’ produced by kidney.
5. Describe the hormonal feedback circuit in controlling the renal functions.
ANSWERS:
1. Ascending limb.
2. 1) Juxta medullary nephron 2) Cortical nephron
3. (in the ascending limb)the out flow runs parallel to and in the opposite
direction of the inflow in the descending limb.
4. Renin is used to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensim.
5. Refer content 19.5, page 297 NCERT textbook.

Mind Map

VALUE BASED QUESTION

Sakya deep while in bio class he couldn’t follow the term RAAS and its feedback
operation in class. He miserably couldn’t attend the question during class test.
Bio teacher could understand and took special class under group discussion
asking small questions like on Renin,Angeotensin ,aldosterone, Atrial
Natriuretic Factor by explaining very clearly. on the basis answer the following.
i) What is RAAS?
 Ans: Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System a feedback mechanism
operated to regulate kidney function.
ii) What is the role of ANF and from where it is secreted?
Ans: ANF is secreted from atria of Heart. It controls the RAAS
mechanism.
iii) What moral values we learn from teacher?
Ans: Responsibility and sympathy on students learning.

CHAPTER 20
LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT

1. Locomotion: When movements involves change of place, it is called

locomotion.
2. Voluntary Muscles: Those muscles, whose movements are under the control
of conscious mind and can be moved at will, are called voluntary muscles
3. Involuntary Muscles: Those muscles, whose movements are not under the
voluntary control, i.e, cannot be moved at will, are called involuntary muscles.
4. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: The endoplasmic reticulum of the striated/skeletal
muscles, is called sarcoplasmic reticulum.
5. Contractility: It is the property of muscle cells by which they can shorten
forcefully and return to relaxed state.
6. Excitability: It is the property of nerve cells and muscle cells by which they
can react by changing the pre-existing potential differences across their wave
along their membrane.
7. Joints: Joints are places of two or more bones or a bone and a cartilage.
8. Arthritis: Arthritis refers to inflammation of joints.
9. Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is an age-dependent disorder of the bones,
characterized by low bone mass, deterioration in the micro-architecture of bone
& increased fragility.
10.Sacromere:Sacromere is the structural and functional unit of muscle fibre.
11.Neuromuscular Junction: It is the junction between a motor neuron and
sarcolemma of a muscle cell.

CHAPTER 20
LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENTS
(HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS)
1. What is the fundamental unit of myofibril?
2. Give the diagrammatic representation of anatomy of muscle fibre showing
sacromere?
3. Name the genetic disorder in which there is progressive degradation of skeletal
muscle
4. Name the auto immune disorder in which there is weakening and paralysis of the
muscles?
5. List out total no. of bones present in each of the following
a) Skull
b) Vertebral column
c) Rib cage
d) Fore limbs
e) Hind limbs

ANSWERS
1. Sarcomere
2.

3. Muscular dystrophy
4. Myasthenia gravis
5. a) Skull- 22 bones
b) Vertebral column- 26 Vertebrae
c) Rib cage-12 Pairs or 24 ribs
d) Fore limbs- 30 bones x 2=60 bones
e) Hind limbs- 30bones x 2=60 bones

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS:

1. Write the chemical that causes fatigue in the muscles.

 2. What lubricate that freely movable joints at the shoulder.
3. Name the first vertebra.
4. Write any two difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle.
5. Distinguish between red fiber and White fiber.

ANSWERS:

1. Actin and myosin.

2. Synovial fluid.
3. Atlas.
4. Refer NCERT textbook Class XI page.303
5. Refer NCERT textbook Class XI page. 304.

Classification of Bones

Axial skeleton system

Appendicular skeleton system

Skull Vertebral column Sternum Rib cage fore limbs

Hind limbs Pectoral pelvic

28Bones 26 Bones 1 Bone 12Pairs 30X2

30X2 4 6

CHAPTER 21
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

1. Coordination: Coordination is the process through which two or more organs

interact and complement the functions of one another.
2. Central Nervous System (CNS): The central nervous system consists of
brain and spinal cord.
3. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): The peripheral nervous system includes
all the nerves coursing between central nervous system and different parts of
the body.
4. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): The autonomic nervous system lies
outside the central nervous system and has connections with central nervous
system, but works somewhat independently of the central nervous system.
5. Cranial Nerves: The nerves arising from different parts of the brain are called
cranial nerves.
6. Spinal Nerves: The nerve arising from different segments of the spinal cord
are called spinal nerves
7. Afferent Neurons-The neurons which conduct nerve impulses from the
peripheral tissues and organs to the central nervous system, are called afferent
neurons; they are sensory neurons.
8. Efferent Neurons: The neurons which conduct nerve impulses from the
central nervous system to the peripheral tissue and organs are called efferent
neurons.
9. Sensory Nerve:A nerve which consists only afferent nerve fibers and conducts
the nerve impulses from the peripheral tissue and organ to the central nervous
system is called sensory nerve.
10.Motor Nerve-: A nerve which consists only of efferent nerve fibers and
conducts the nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the peripheral
tissues and organs is called motor nerve.
11.Mixed Nerve: A nerve which consists of both afferent and efferent nerve
fibres and conducts the nerve impulses in both the directions is called a mixed
nerve.
12.Synape: The functional junction between two neurons, the axon of a neuron
and the Dendron/dendrite/soma of another neuron is called a synape.
13.Adrenergic Nerve Fibers: Those nerve fibers which secrete nor-adrenaline at
their synapses / terminations as neurotransmitter are called adrenergic nerve
fibres.
14.Cholinergic Nerve Fibers: The nerve fibres which secrete acetylcholine at
their synapse/terminations as neurotransmitter are called cholinergic nerve
fibres.
15.Receptors: The specialized structures at the ends of sensory nerve fibres that
help in collecting information/stimuli are called receptors.
(HOTS)
 1. How can you distinguish CNS with PNS?
2. What are Neurotransmitters and what is their role?
3. Name to two types of photoreceptor cells that function in our eye? What is
their role?
4. What is blind spot? Can image be formed on it?
5. Where are the following structures located?
a) Macula
b) Crista
c) Basilar membrane
ANSWERS
1.

CNS(Central Nervous System) PNS(Peripheral Nervous

System)
It includes Brain and spiral It includes all the nerves of the
cord body

It receives the impulses It relays impulses from the

from various parts of the
body
It is the controlling part of
the body
CNS to various parts of the
body
It is under the control of CNS
and sometimes autonomic in
action

2. Neurotransmitters are the chemicals that transmit impulses from pre-synaptic

nerve to post-synaptic nerve. Ex- Acetylcholine
3. There are two types of photoreceptor cells namely- Rods and Cones
RODS
a) These contain purplish-red protein called Rhodopsin or Visual purple which
contain a derivative Vitamin-A
b) It functions for twilight vision (Scotopic vision)

CONES
a) Cones contain own characteristics of photo pigment that respond to red,
green & blue light.
 b) The sensation of different colors are produced by various combination of
these cones and color pigments
c) The day light vision (Photopic vision) and color vision are the functions of
the cones.
4. The point on the retina from where the optic nerve starts is called the blind
spot, no image is formed on it because it lacks receptor cells and it is
insensitive to light.
5. A) Macula- is located in the wall of the utriculus and sacculus of membranous
labyrinth.
B) Crista-Each ampulla of semi circular duct has a sensory spot called crista.
C) Basilar membrane- The floor of the middle chamber called cochlea and it is
called as basilar membrane
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Name the area of ratina where cones are densely packed.
2. To which part of the brain communication and memory are associated.
3. Name the photo pigment present in rod cells.
4. What is organ of corti? Where is it located?
5. Give the functions of the following:
a)Cerebrum b)hypothalamus c)Mid brain

6. Draw a diagram of V.S of human eye and label the following:

Iris ,ratina ,cornea ,blind spot ,ciliary body and vitreous chamber.

ANSWERS

1. Fovea
2. Cerebrum
3. Rhodopsin
4. Refer NCERT textbook page no. 326.
5. Refer NCERT textbook page no.321.
6. Refer NCERT textbook page no. 323.
 CHAPTER 22

CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION

1. Endocrine Glands: Those glands which do not have ducts and pour their
secretions (hormones) directly into the blood for transport to the target tissues,
are called endocrine glands.
2. Hormones: Hormones are the chemicals produced in minute quantities by
endocrine glands and act as intercellular messengers.
3. Endocrine System:All the organized endocrine glands and the diffuse
hormone-producing tissues/cells located in different parts of the body
4. Adenohypophysi:It is the larger anterior lobe of pituitary
5. Neurohypophysis:It is the smaller posterior lobe of pituitary
 6. Hypo functioning: When an endocrine gland secretes less quantity of the
hormone than what is needed by the body, it is said to be hypofunctioning.
7. Hyperfunctioning:When an endocrine gland secreetes more quantity of
hormone than what is needed by the body, it is said to be hyperfunctioning.
8. Cretinism: It is the disorder caused in children hormones.
9. Gigantism: It is a disorder caused by excess secretion of growth hormone by
the anterior pituitary during childhood, that turns the patient into a giant-like,
with abnormal elongation of all long bones
10.Dwarfism: It is a disorder caused by the failure of secretion of growth
hormones from childhood, where the patient becomes dward and the growth is
stopped at an early age.
11.Grave’s Disease/Exophthalmic Goitre: It is an autoimmune disorder, where
thyroid enlargement is accompanied by the bulging of eye balls.
12.Myxoedema: It is a disorder caused by deficiency of thyroid hormones in
adults, where the cardinal symptom is oedema( face is swollen and fluffy)
13.Hyperglycemia: It is the disorder in which the concentration of glucose in the
blood is high
14.Hypoglycemia: It is the condition in which the concentration of glucose In
the blood is very low
15.Glycogenesis: It is the process of conversion glucose into glycogen.

(HOTS)
1. If for any reason the release of ADH is inhibited, how will this affect the
volume of urine produced?
2. Name the neurohormones which inhibit the secretion of growth harmone
from the anterior pituitary?
3. Why is adrenal medulla termed as gland of emergency?
4. Where are leydig cells located? Name their hormone secretion?
5. Which hormone contains iodine and which endocrine gland secrete these?

ANSWERS
1. ADH facilitate water re absorption from the parts of the tubule it prevents
diurasis increase in the body fluid volume can switch off the osmo receptors
and suppress the ADH release, this way the ADH facilitate maintenance of
volume of urine produced.
2. Prolactin
3. Adrenal Medulla secretes adrenaline and nor adrenaline hormones , at the time
of stress or danger this hormones prepare the animal to face emergency
situation such as fall in the blood pressure or blood sugar it also prepares for
pain, cold, fear, shock and grief because of the above role of the hormone
adrenals also known as gland of emergency.
4. Leydig cells are present in the connective tissue between the sperm producing
semini ferrous tubules, they secrete androgen, LH from the anterior pituitary to
stimulate laydig cells to secrete androgens(Testosterone)
5. The thyroid gland secrete thyroxin and triidothyromine which contain iodine.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Which two systems coordinate and regulate physiological functions of our
body?
2. What is the role of melanocyte stimulating hormone?
3. Name the hormones which act antagonistically in orde to regulate calcium
levels in the blood.
4. Give the name of any one glucocorticoid and one mineralocorticoid.
5. How does artrial natriuretic factor decreases blood pressure?
6. What happens if a person suffers from prolonged hyperglycemia?

ANSWERS:
1. Neural system and endocrine system.
2. Acts on melanocytes and regulates pigmentation of the skin.
3. Thyrocalcitonin (TCT) and parathyroid hormone(PTH).
4. Glucocorticoid- Cortiso; Mineralocorticoid- Aldosterone.
5. By the dilation of blood vessels.
6. Gets affected by diabetes mellitus which causes loss of glucose through
urine and formation of harmful ketone bodies.

Mind Map
Classification of Hormones
 QUESTION WISE BREAK UP
TYPE OF MARK(S) PER TOTAL NO. OF TOTAL
QUESTION QUESTION QUESTIONS MARKS
VSA 1 5 05
SA-1 2 5 10
SA-2 3 12 36
VBQ 4 1 04
LA 5 3 15
TOTAL 26 70

MODEL PAPER
BIOLOGY (THEORY)
Class-XI Time: 3 Hrs
MM: 70
General Instructions
1. The question paper comprises of five Sections A, B, C, D and E.
2. All questions are compulsory.
3. There is no overall choice however; internal choice has been provided in one
question of 2 marks, one question of 3 marks and all the two questions of five
marks category. Only one option in such question is to be attempted.
4. Questions1 to 5 in section A are very short questions of one mark each. These
are to be answered in one word or one sentence each.
5. Questions 6 to 9 in section B are short questions of two marks each. These are
to be answered in approximately 20-30 words each.
6. Questions 10 to 20 in section C are questions of three marks each. These are to
be answered in approximately 30-50 words each. Question 21 is of 4 marks.
7. Questions 22 to 23 in section D are questions of five marks each. These are to
be answered in approximately 80-120 words each.
8. Questions 24 to26 in section E is based on OTBA of 10 marks.
Section – A
1. Define metamerism. Give an example.
2. Give an example of zwitter ionic form.
3. Draw a graph of oxygen dissociation curve.
4. Show the taxonomic categories in hierarchical arrangement in ascending
order.
5. What are uricotelic animals? Give example.

Section – B
6. Define the terms isotonic and solute potential?
7. What is mesosome in a prokaryotic cell? Mention any two functions it
performs.
8. Bring out the differences between the stele of dicot root and monocot root.
9. (i) Name two red algae from where agar is obtained.
(ii) What is alternation of generations?
Or
What is meant by a heterosporous fern? Give two examples?
Section – C
10. What are tap root system and fibrous root system? Give an example for each.
11. Explain cell theory.
12. Write a note on primary and secondary structure of proteins with a neat
sketch.
13. What are the key features of metaphase and prophase?
14. Draw a well labelled diagram of head region of a cockroach.
Or
Draw a labelled diagram of structure of neuron.
15. Bring out the role of haemoglobin in the transport of respiratory gases.
16. How is a nerve impulse conducted along a non- myelinated nerve fibre
17. Write a short note on euglenoids with the structure of Euglena.
18. Explain briefly about the phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.
19. Draw a graph to explain the concept of activation of energy.
20. Explain the role of calcium to plants.
21. Rashmi was a social worker in rural area. One day she met a lady. The lady
discussed her problem about forceful termination of her Foetus for many time
due to female child. Next day, Rashmi meets the parents in laws of the lady
andPortal for CBSE Notes, Test Papers, Sample Papers, Tips and Tricks
explained about the importance of girl child. Next time the lady was not forcedto
undergo termination.
a. What values do you find in Rashmi?
b. Which procedure is used to know the sex of Foetus?
c. How this practice is unlawful?

Section – D
22. Explain in detail about Solanaceae.
Or
Give the physiological effects of Gibberellins and Cytokinins

23. What are the factors that affect photosynthesis?

Or
What are the disorders of muscular and skeletal system?

Section-E (OTBA) Questions

24. OTBA Question 2 mark

Why Poriferans are called pore bearing animals? Name the minute pores
that enter water?
25. OTBA Question 3 mark
i) Name the two body forms that cnidarians exhibit?
ii) Give two scientific examples of phylum Aschelminthes
iii) Give one example of urochordata?

26. OTBA Question 5 mark

How can you differentiate Viruses, Viroids and Lichens?
Or
i) Sexual reproductioin in fungi involves fusion between motile and
non-motile gametes in which two phenomenon of Plasmogamy and
Karyogamy . What way these two can be differentiated?
ii) List Various Bacteria on the basis of their habitat?

MODEL PAPER( KEY)

Class-XI BIOLOGY (THEORY)
Time: 3 Hrs MM: 70
ANSWERS
Section-A
1. In some animals, the body is externally and internally divided into segments with a
serial repetition of at least some organs is called metamerism. Eg – Earthworm.
2. Refer page no. 144 of NCERT textbook.

3.

4. Refer NCERT textbook page no. 10.

5. Reptiles, birds, land snails and insects excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in
the form
of pellet or paste with a minimum loss of water and are called uricotelic animals.
Section-B
6. The solution is said to be isotonic if it balances the osmotic pressure of the
cytoplasm. i.e.,
 it has the same solute concentration.
7. Mesosomes are the extensions of the plasma membrane into the cell especially in
Prokaryotes. They may be in the form of (i) vesicles (ii) tubules and (iii) lamellae.
Functions:
a) They are involved in cell wall formation during cell division.
b) They help in DNA replication and its distribution to daughter cells.
8.
Dicot Root Monocot Root
Vascular bundles are usually tetrarch. Vascular bundles are polyarch.
Pericycle is involved in secondary Pericycle becomes lignified, since it is
growth and not lignified. not involved in secondary growth.

9.
i) Gelidium, Gracilaria.
ii) It is the phenomenon in which there is alternation between the gametophytic
Haploid phase and the sporophyte / diploid phase of the life cycle.
Or
Heterosporous ferns are ferns that produce two types of spores, namely
microspores and
Megaspores. Examples – Marsilea, Salvinia.
Section-C
10. The primary roots and its branches constitute the tap root system. Example –
Mustard
Plant. In monocot plants, the primary root is short lived and is replaced by a large
number of roots. These roots originate from the base of the stem and constitute
the
fibrous root system. Example - Wheat plant.
11. Cell theory defines as:
(i) All living organisms are composed of cells and products of cells.
(ii) All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
12. In proteins, only right handed helices are observed. Other regions of the protein
thread are
folded into other forms in what is called the secondary structure. In addition, the
long
protein chain is also folded upon itself like a hollow woollen ball, giving rise to
the
tertiary structure. This gives us a 3D view of a protein. Tertiary structure is
necessary for
the many biological activities of proteins.
 Diagram: Refer NCERT textbook page no. 150.(fig. 9.4)
13. The key features of metaphase are:
- Spindle fibres attach to kinetochores of chromosomes.
- Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator and get aligned along metaphase
plate
through spindle fibres to both poles.
The completion of prophase can thus be marked by the following characteristic
events:
o Chromosomal material condenses to form compact mitotic chromosomes.
Chromosomes are seen to be composed of two chromatids attached together
at the
centromere.
o Initiation of the assembly of mitotic spindle, the microtubules, the proteinaceous
components of the cell cytoplasm help in the process.

14.

Or
 16.The role of haemoglobin in the transport of respiratory gases.
Oxygen is transported as oxyhaemoglobin in the erythrocytes. Oxygen binds
to the Fe2+ part of haem and is carried as oxyhaemoglobin. Each molecule of
haemoglobin can
transported a maximum of four molecules of oxygen. Carbon dioxide is
transported as carbaminohaemoglobin. CO2 combines with the amino radical of
globin part of haemoglobin. About 23% of CO2 is transported in this form.
16. In a resting nerve fibre the axoplasm is electronegative and the exterior is
electropositive. This state of the resting membrane is called polarized state. When a
threshold stimulus is applied, the resting membrane potential undergoes a change to
become action potential, where the interior or axoplasm becomes electropositive and
the outside is electronegative. Consequent to depolarization, cations diffuse through
the
cytoplasm from the electropositive depolarized part of the membrane to the
electronegative polarized part. This flow of ions depolarizes the next region diffuse
through the ECF to the electronegative region on the outer side.
17. Instead of a cell wall, they have a protein rich layer called pellicle which makes
their
body flexible. They have two flagella, a short and a long one. Though they are
photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight, when deprived of sunlight they behave
like
heterotrophs by predating on other smaller organisms. Interestingly, the pigments
of
euglenoids are identical to those present in higher plants. Example: Euglena.
18. Phloem parenchyma is made up of elongated, tapering cylindrical cells which
have
dense cytoplasm and nucleus. The cell wall is composed of cellulose and has pits
through which plasmodesmatal connections exist between the cells. The phloem
parenchyma stores food material and other substances like resins, latex and
mucilage.
Phloem parenchyma is absent in most of the monocotyledons. Phloem fibres (bast
fibres)
are made up of Sclerenchymatous cells. These are generally absent in the primary
phloem but are found in the secondary phloem. These are much elongated,
unbranched
and have pointed, needle like apices. The cell wall of phloem fibres is quite thick.
At
maturity, these fibres lose their protoplasm and become dead. Phloem fibres of
jute, flax
and hemp are used commercially.
19.

20. Plant absorbs calcium from the soil in the form of calcium ions (Ca2+). Calcium
is
required by meristematic and differentiating tissues. During cell division it is used
in
the synthesis of cell wall, particularly as calcium pectate in the middle lamella. It
is
also needed during the formation of mitotic spindle. It accumulates in older leaves.
It is
involved in the normal functioning of the cell membranes. It activates certain
enzymes
and plays an important role in regulating metabolic activities.
21.
a) Rashmi was a social worker and bounded to her duty about the society.
b) The most common method used to determine the sex of undelivered child is
ultrasound
technique.
c) The Determination of sex of Foetus is unlawful practice as this enable the
parents to
select the sex of the baby that may cause the termination in search of boy.
 Section-D
22. It is a large family, commonly called as the ‘potato family’. It is widely
distributed in
tropics, subtropics and even temperate zones.
Vegetative Characters: Plants mostly, herbs, shrubs and small trees
Stem: herbaceous rarely woody, aerial; erect, cylindrical, branched, solid or
hollow,
hairy or glabrous, underground stem in potato (Solanum tuberosum)
Leaves: alternate, simple, rarely pinnately compound, exstipulate; venation
reticulate
Floral Characters
Inflorescence: Solitary, axillary or cymose as in Solanum
Flower: bisexual, actinomorphic
Calyx: sepals five, united, persistent, valvate aestivation
Corolla: petals five, united; valvate aestivation
Androecium: stamens five, epipetalous
Gynoecium: bicarpellary, syncarpous; ovary superior, bilocular, placenta swollen
with many ovules
Fruits: berry or capsule
Seeds: many, endospermous
Floral Formula:
Economic Importance
Many plants belonging to this family are source of food (tomato, brinjal, potato),
spice
(chilli); medicine (belladonna, ashwagandha); fumigatory (tobacco);
ornamentals
(petunia).
 Or
Gibberellins are another kind of promoter PGR. There are more than 100 gibberellins
reported from widely different organisms such as fungi and higher plants. They are
denoted as GA1, GA2, GA3 and so on. However, Gibberellic acid (GA3) was one of
the first gibberellins to be discovered and remains the most intensively studied form.
All gas are acidic. They produce a wide range of physiological responses in the
plants.
Their ability to cause an increase in length of axis is used to increase the length
of grapes stalks. Gibberellins, cause fruits like apple to elongate and improve its
shape.
They also delay senescence. Thus, the fruits can be left on the tree longer so as
to extend the market period. GA3 is used to speed up the malting process in brewing
industry. Sugarcane stores carbohydrate as sugar in their stems. Spraying
sugarcane crop with gibberellins increases the length of the stem, thus increasing the
yield by as much as 20 tonnes per acre. Spraying juvenile conifers with GAs hastens
the maturity period, thus leading to early seed production. Gibberellin also promotes
bolting (internode elongation just prior to flowering) in beet, cabbages and many
plants with rosette habit.
Cytokinins have specific effects on cytokinesis, and were discovered as kinetin (a
modified form of adenine, a purine) from the autoclaved herring sperm DNA.
Kinetin does not occur naturally in plants. Search for natural substances with
cytokinin-like activities led to the isolation of zeatin from corn-kernels and coconut
milk. Since the discovery of zeatin, several naturally occurring cytokinins, and some
synthetic compounds with cell division promoting activity, have been identified.
Natural cytokinins are synthesized in regions where rapid cell division occurs, for
example, root apices, developing shoot buds, young fruits etc. It helps to produce
new leaves, chloroplasts in leaves, lateral shoot growth and adventitious shoot
formation.
Cytokinins help overcome the apical dominance. They promote nutrient
mobilization which helps in the delay of leaf senescence.

23. The following factors affect photosynthesis:-

Light
There is a linear relationship between incident light and CO2 fixation rates at low
light intensities. At higher light intensities, gradually the rate does not show further
increase as other factors become limiting. The light saturation occurs at 10 per cent
of the full sunlight. Hence, except for plants in shade or in dense forests, light is
rarely a limiting factor in nature. Increase in incident light beyond a point causes the
breakdown of chlorophyll and a decrease in photosynthesis.
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is the major limiting factor for photosynthesis. The concentration of
CO2 is very low in the atmosphere (between 0.03 and 0.04 per cent). Increase in
concentration upto 0.05 per cent can cause an increase in CO2 fixation rates; beyond
this the levels can become damaging over longer periods. The C3 and C4 plants
respond differently to CO2 concentrations. At low light conditions neither group
responds to high CO2 conditions. At high light intensities, both C3 and C4 plants
show increase in the rates of photosynthesis. The fact that C3 plants respond to higher
CO2
concentration by showing increased rates of photosynthesis leading to higher
productivity has been used for some greenhouse crops such as tomatoes and bell
pepper. They are allowed to grow in carbon dioxide enriched atmosphere that leads
to higher yields.
Temperature
The dark reactions being enzymatic are temperature controlled. Though the light
reactions are also temperature sensitive they are affected to a much lesser extent.
The C4 plants respond to higher temperatures and show higher rate of
photosynthesis while C3 plants have a much lower temperature optimum. The
temperature optimum for photosynthesis of different plants also depends on the
habitat that they are adapted to. Tropical plants have a higher temperature optimum
than the plants adapted to temperate climates.
Water
Even though water is one of the reactants in the light reaction, the effect of water as a
factor is more through its effect on the plant, rather than directly on photosynthesis.
Water stress causes the stomata to close hence reducing the CO2 availability.
Besides,water stress also makes leaves wilt, thus, reducing the surface area of the
leaves and their metabolic activity as well.
Or
Myasthenia gravis: Auto immune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction leading
to fatigue, weakening and paralysis of skeletal muscle.
Muscular dystrophy: Progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle mostly due to
genetic disorder.
Tetany: Rapid spasms (wild contractions) in muscle due to low Ca++ in body fluid.
Arthritis: Inflammation of joints.
Osteoporosis: Age-related disorder characterized by decreased bone mass and
increased chances of fractures. Decreased levels of estrogen are a common cause.
Gout: Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric acid crystals.
24. Because the body bears pores that help in circulation of water. Ostia
25. i) Polyp and Medusae
ii) Ascaris lumbricoides , wucheraria
 iii) Ascidia and salpa
26. please refer text book page no: 27 or
Pl refer text book no: 23
Pl refer text book pg no 19

O T B A QUESTIONS
1. The Living World
On the basis of the content given in page no: 11of the Text material from the
taxonomical aids answer the following questions:
1. Why Herbarium is an important document for biology students? 2M
An s: Herbarium is a Taxonomical aid. It is an important document for biology
students because it help to preserve plant twigs for the longer duration.
2. How Herbarium is prepared in the laboratory? 3M
Ans : Herbarium can be prepared in the following manner:
Step 1 Select a plant twig of your choice see that it is not infected.
Step 2 Press the twig neatly spreading its leaves under old books allow it to
dry for 10 days.
Step 3 Take a Herbarium sheet of measurement size 16x 11 inches or 40x28
cm.
Step 4 Paste the twig carefully on the sheet.
Step 5 Write the details of collected plant i.e. Scientific name, common name,
area of collection Botanical importance.

2. How can we identify plants and animals with help of key? 5M

Ans: Key is based on the fact contrasting characters generally in a pair called
couplet. it represent choice made between two opposite options .each statement in
the key is called a lead. Keys are generally analytical in nature.
Flora, manuals monographs and catalogues are some other means of recording
descriptions.
Or
Brief out various other Taxonomical aids commonly factorized for biological student
s to study various specimens, living beings under conservation? 5M

Ans: Brief Description on the following with suitable examples:1.Botanical gardens

2.Zoological parks 3.M museums etc. (other than Herbarium and KEY)

3.Plant kingdom:
1. Sphagnum has a lot of economic importance. Why? 2M
 Ans: Sphagnum provides peat. It is used as packing material for Tran’s shipment
of living materials.
2. The Gametophytes of Bryophytes are different from that of gymnosperms. How?
Ans: Male Gametophytes have free existence in bryophytes and pteridophytes.
But not in gymnosperms.
3. On the basis of pigmentation classify algae into various classes and specify their
economic importance? 5M
Or
Briefly explain the life cycle pattern of various plant groups with suitable examples?
5M
Ans: please refer answer from NCERT text book from page no: 30 to 43 for both the
answers.
4 .Animal kingdom:
Define the following terms? a) Pseudocoelomates b) Bioluminescence