Fundamentals of Petroleum

Engineering
Reservoir Engineering
Module
Prof. Dr. Birol M.R. Demiral
Schlumberger Chair
Fundamentals
Fundamentals of
of Petroleum
Petroleum Engineering,
Engineering, © UTP 2009
2009
© UTP
Introduction
Jan. 2007 – Present Schlumberger Chair,
Geosciences and Petroleum Engineering Department, UTP,
Malaysia
May 2003 – May 2006 Head of Department,
Dept. of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, METU, Turkey
Oct. 2000 – Jan. 2007 Professor,
Dept. of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, METU, Turkey
Mar. 1996 – Jan. 2007 Assistant Director,
PAL Petroleum Research Center, METU , Turkey
July. 1992 - Oct. 2000 Assoc. Professor,
Dept. of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, METU , Turkey
Oct. 1988 - July. 1992 Post Doctoral Research Affiliate,
Stanford University Petroleum Research Institute,
Stanford, CA, USA
Oct. 1987 - Oct. 1988 Assistant Head of Department,
Dept. of Petroleum Engineering, METU , Turkey
Apr. 1987 - Oct. 1988 Assist. Professor,
Dept. of Petroleum Engineering, METU , Turkey
Aug. 1984 - Apr. 1987 Instructor,
Dept. of Petroleum Engineering, METU , Turkey
May 1979 - Aug. 1984 Research Assistant,
Dept. of Petroleum Engineering, METU , Turkey
Feb. 1979 - May 1979 Student Assistant,
Dept. of Petroleum Engineering, METU , Turkey
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009
What have you learned till now?

Search for oil and

gas was
completed

Courtesy of Schlumberger

A hole drilled to
the targeted field

Courtesy of Schlumberger

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009

Courtesy of Schlumberger
Section 1
Reservoir Engineering

Outcomes:

Students should be able

•to define the main tasks of Petroleum Reservoir
Engineering,

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009

Petroleum Reservoir
Engineering
The branch of petroleum engineering
which typically concerned with
maximizing the economic recovery of
hydrocarbons from the subsurface.

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009

Petroleum Reservoir
Engineers
Petroleum Reservoir Engineers generally deals with
•reserves estimation,
•numerical reservoir modeling,
•production forecasting,
•well testing/analysis,
•well drilling and workover planning,
•economic modeling, and
•PVT analysis of reservoir fluids

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009

Petroleum Reservoir
Engineers
Reservoir engineers also play a central role in
• field development planning,
• recommending appropriate and cost effective
reservoir depletion schemes to maximize
hydrocarbon recovery such as
1. waterflooding,
2. gas injection for pressure maintanence,
3. Enhanced Oil Recovery.

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009

Section 2
Reservoir Rock Properties

Outcomes:

Students should be able

•to define reservoir rock properties like
• porosity
• permeability
• saturations
• relative permeability

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009

Reservoir Rock

Porous
Porosity Storage Capacity
Permeable
Permeability Production
Capacity

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009

Porosity

Wikipedia:
A measure of the void spaces in a material, and
is measured as a fraction, between 0–1, or as a
percentage between 0–100%.
Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary:
The percentage of pore volume or void space, or
that volume within rock that can contain fluids.
Any Reservoir Engineering Book:
A measure of the space available for storage of
petroleum hydrocarbon.(0.10<φ <0.40).
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009
Mathematical Expression of
Porosity

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009

Example 1

What is the porosity of the rock sample with

bulk volume of 9.9 cm3, dry weight of the
sample in air of 20 gr and sand grain density
of 2.67 gr/cm3?

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009

Types of Porosity (According
to mode of origin)
Primary Porosity:
Formed at the time sediment was deposited

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009

Types of Porosity (According
to mode of origin)
Secondary Porosity:
The porosity created through alteration of rock,
commonly by processes such as dolomitization,
dissolution and fracturing.

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009

Types of Porosity (According
to connectivity)
Absolute Porosity:
The ratio of the total void space in a rock to the
bulk volume of that rock.

Effective Porosity:
The ratio of the interconnected void space in a
rock to the bulk volume of that rock.
Important from the reservoir engineering
standpoint!

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009

 Saturations

Fluid Saturation is the ratio of the volume of a

particular fluid occupying some portion of a core
sample to the pore volume of that sample
= Vo
Oil Saturation So
V p

= V w
Water Saturation S w
V p

=
V g
Gas Saturation S g
V p

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009

Permeability
API Code 27:
A measure of the capacity of the
porous medium to transmit fluids.

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009

Darcy’s Law ΔP
kA ΔP
q= q
μ L A
L
A porous medium has 1 Darcy permeability
when a single phase fluid of 1 cp viscosity that
completely saturates the pores, flows under
viscous flow conditions at a rate of 1 cm3/sec
across 1 cm2 cross-sectional area under a
pressure gradient of 1 atm/cm.

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009

Types of Permeability
• Absolute Permeability
• Effective Permeability
• Relative Permeability

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Absolute Permeability
ΔP
Flowing fluid is
100% saturating
the medium
q
A
L
kA ΔP
q=
μ L Absolute
permeability

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009

Effective Permeability
ΔP
More than one fluid
is saturating the
medium. At least
qg
one of them is qo
mobile (flowing) qw
A L
k i A ΔP
qi =
μi L Effective
permeability

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009

Relative Permeability
ΔP
More than one
fluid is saturating
the medium. At
qg
least two of them qo
are mobile
(flowing)
qw
A L
kk ro A ΔP
qo = k
μo L Relative
permeability k ri =
k
i

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009

Relative Permeability
Oil-Water relative permeability behavior with respect
to Water saturation

1.0 1.0

kro krw

Swmin Swmax
0 Swc
Sw 1-Sor 1

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009

General Classification of
Permeability

Classification Permeability Range

Very Low < 1 mD
Low 1 – 10 mD
Medium 10 – 50 mD
Average 50 – 200 mD
Good 200 – 500 mD
Excellent > 500 mD

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009

Section 3
Reservoir Fluid Properties

Outcomes:

Students should be able

•to differentiate types of petroleum,
•to explain common reservoir fluid properties

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009

 Crude Oil and Gas
Compositions
Petroleum (Crude Oil and Gas)

Hydrocarbons Inorganic Gases Trace Elements

(CO2, H2S, He, etc) (Hg, S, etc)

The types and proportions of

Saturated Unsaturated hydrocarbons in the petroleum
Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons determine if the fluid is oil, gas,
(Alkanes – CH4, (Alkenes..) heavy oil, sweet gas, sour gas,
C2H6, … and etc.
Cycloalkanes –
Napthenes,..)

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009

Phase Diagram & Composition

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Change in Composition

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Typical Composition of
Petroleum Reservoirs

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Importance of Composition

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Reservoir vs. Surface Condition

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Compositions also affect
141.5
° API = − 131.5
SG

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Categories by Types of Crude & Natural
Gas

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Water

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Questions?

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, © UTP 2009