CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD
The third chapter consists of research design, setting of the study,
population, sample, sampling, method of collecting data, and technique of
analyzing data.
A. Research Design
In this research, the researcher wants to find out the effectiveness
of Team games Tournament technique. So the researcher will use a
method that is called “experimental”. That experiement will be used to
find out the effect of treatment.The approach used in this research will be a
quantitative. That is collecting data in the form of numbers. In this
research the researcher will divide the classes into different group and then
compare the groups on one or more variables of interest.
This is an experimental research. The researcher will give pre-test
and post-test for both groups.
According to Suharsini (2006 : 86) design of the experiment can described
as follows :
E 01 X 02

C 03 Y 04

Where :
E : Experiment group
C : Control group
01 : Pre-test for the experiment group
02 : Post-test for the experiment group
03 : Pre-test for the control group
04 : Post-test for the control group
X : Treatment with Team Games Tournament technique
Y : Treatment without using Team Games Tournament technique

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 Based on the design above the subject of this research will be
divided into two groups. They are control class and experiment class. Both
of class will be taught using different treatment. One group will use TGT
and the other will not use it.
After the researcher gives the try out, then the researcher will
collect and mark the students’ work. To see the influence of this technique
to the students, reading comprehension achievement, the researcher will
use the comparative technique. The researcher will compare students’ pre-
test and post-test scores in both experiment and controlled class to see
whether students abilities before and after the treatment.
B. Setting of the Study
The research will be held at SMA N 2 Batang which is located on Jl
Pemuda KM 3, Pasekaran, Rowobelang, Batang. The research will be
focused on students at the tenth grade which consists of two classes ; they
are grade X MIPA 1 as an experiment and grade X MIPA 2 as a control
class.
C. Population, Sample and Sampling
1.Population
Population is the object of experimental research that is tested by the
researcher with some treatments. According to Arikunto, population is the
entire research object. Sukardi (2007: 53) says population is all
members of well defined class of people, events or subject.
The population of the research is the tenth grade students of SMA
N 2 Batang in academic year of 2017/2018. The population consits from
class X IPA 1 up to class X IPS 4 the total number of students is 284
2.Sample
“Sample is part of the population that examined” (Suharsini,2006:131)
The samples for the research will be selected from the total population of
284 students from eight classes of the tenth grade students of SMA N 2
Batang, registered in academic year of 2017/2018.

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 3. Sampling
The total samples use in this study were 72 students taken from the
population by applying porpose sampling technique. because the sample is
taken based on certain purposes of the research.
The sample is divide into 2 groups, they are :
1. 36 students X MIPA 1 for the first group as experimental group
(students who are teach by use TGT method)
2. 36 students X MIPA 2 for the second group as control ( students
who are teach without using TGT technique)
D. Variable of the Result

There are two variables in this research; they are independent variable and
dependent variable

a. Dependent Variable : Students’ reading comprehension on narrative text

b. Independent Variable : The effect of TGT Method

E. Procedure of the Research

In this research the researcher follws a research procedure. The description

of the procedure can be seen as follows :

1. Asking permission to the headmaster of the school and English teacher

to do the study.
2. Giving Try-out test
Before doing the test, the researcher will do try-out first. Good
evaluation of out tests can help measure students’ skill more
accurately, before administering the real test (pre-test and post-test),
the reseracher conduct a try out to asess the test qualilty.
3. Giving Pre-test
Before the researcher explains new material by using TGT method, the
teacher will give a test to the students. Pre-test will be given before
they get experience by using new strategy (TGT).

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 4. Giving Post-test
Post-test will be given to the experimental class and the control class.
The text will be given in order to know the increase of students’
reading comprehension on narrative text. Post test will be given to the
both of class after receiving treatment. The experimental class teach in
teaching reading narrative text using TGT. Besides that, the control
class teach without using TGT.
F. Instrument of the Research
The researcher uses test as the instruments of the research. The kind of test
is reading text. The test contained 30 items of multiple choice type questions
with five alternative answer A,B,C,D and E. The multiple choice test consists
of narrative text materials. The test will be divided into two parts they will be
pre-test and post-test. The pre-test will be given to students in order to know
their condition before getting the treatment meanwhile the post-test will be
given to know whether or not affect of the intervention or significant result
after treatment to the students.

Instrument of Reading Test

No Indicators Number of Items
questions
1. Finding the main idea of the paragraph 1,7,13,19,25 5
or text
2. Finding reference 2,8,14,20,26 5
3. Finding the generic structure of the 3,9,15,21,27 5
text
4. Finding the similliar words 4,10,16,22,28 5
5. Finding the communicative purpose of 5,11,17,23,24 5
the text
6. Finding the moral value of the text 6,10,18,24,30 5
Total 30

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To get the valid and reliable test, the test should have validity and reliability.
To make clear the description above, the researcher explains validity and
reliability in the following explanation.
a. Validity
Validity is the important issue in psychological and academical
testing. To find the validity of the test, the researcher uses the Pearson
correlation product moment.
Here is Perason correlation product moment (Suharsimi, 2006:170)

𝑟𝑥𝑦= 𝑁.∑𝑥𝑦−(∑𝑥)(∑𝑦)
√{𝑁.Σ𝑥2 −(Σ𝑥)2 }{𝑁.∑𝑦2 −(∑𝑦)2 }

Notes :
𝑥 = The Reading comprehension Score
𝑦 = The crriterium Score
𝑟𝑥𝑦 = The Coefficient of The Correlation Between 𝑥 and 𝑦
Variable
𝑁 = Number of the Sample

Category Reading Score

Score Category
90-100 Excellent
75-89 Good
65-74 Fair
50-64 Poor
20-49 Very Poor

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b. Reliability
Cohen, et al (2000:132) state that validity is achieved by
comparing the scores on the test with one or more variables (criteria)
from other measures or tests can be considered reliable if the
equivalent forms of a test or other instrument yield consistent results if
applied simultaneously to matched samples.
To determine the reliability of the test the researcher uses the K-R
20 formula, where K-R 20 formulas use to get reliability. The score is
1 (for item that is true) and 0 (for item that false) here is K-R 20
formula :

𝑟 𝑛 𝑠2−∑𝑝𝑞
11 =[ ][ ]
𝑛−1 𝑠2

Notes :
𝑁𝑟11 = the reliability if instrument
𝑛 = total number of test
𝑝 = proportion of subject where answer with true item
𝑞 = proportion of subject where answer with false item
(𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝)
𝑠 = varians
∑𝑝𝑞 = total of multiplication product between 𝑝 and 𝑞

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G. Technique of Collecting Data
In collecting data, the researcher will collect data from reading
test and questionnaire.
1. Test
In collecting data, the researcher will give reading comprehension
tests to the students. The tests will be used to get the objectives data of
students’reading comprehension about narrative text from the two groups.
The researcher will apply two tests. Those are pre-test and post-test. Pre-
test will be given before teaching learning process and post test will be
given after teaching learning process. The test consists of 30 questions
and each answer will be scored one. The formula that will be used is as
followed :

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = × 100%
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2. Questionnaire
The researcher will use questionnaire to get information about the
motivation of respondent to learn reading comprehension or something
that they know.

H. Technique of Data Analysis

Data analysis is the last step in the procedure of research. In the
analyzing the data from the pre-test and post test, the researcher will use
the statistical calculation of T-test. T-test is used in order to find out the
differences of the score or the result of students’ achievement in studying
reading comprehension by using TGT and without using it.

𝑀𝑥 − 𝑀𝑦
𝑡𝑜 =
𝑆𝐸𝑚𝑥 − 𝑚𝑦

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 But, before accounting the data using 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 the procedure of
calculation are follows :
1. Determining mean of variable 𝑋 (𝑀𝑋 ), with formula :

∑𝑋
𝑀𝑋 =
𝑁

2. Determining mean of variable 𝑌 (𝑀𝑌 ), with formula :

∑𝑌
𝑀𝑌 =
𝑁

3. Determining of standard of deviation 𝑋 (𝑆𝐷𝑋 ), with formula :

∑𝑋 2
𝑆𝐷𝑋 = √
𝑁

4. Determining of standard of deviation 𝑌 (𝑆𝐷𝑌 ), with formula :

∑𝑌 2
𝑆𝐷𝑌 = √
𝑁

5. Determining of standard errors mean of variable 𝑋 (𝑆𝐸𝑀𝑋 ), with

formula :

∑𝑆𝐷𝑋
𝑆𝐸𝑀𝑋 =
√𝑁 − 1
6. Determining of standard errors mean of variable 𝑌 (𝑆𝐸𝑀𝑌 ), with
formula :

∑𝑆𝐷𝑌
𝑆𝐸𝑀𝑌 =
√𝑁 − 1

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7. Determining of standard errors of different mean of variable 𝑋 and
mean of variable 𝑌, with formula :

𝑆𝐸𝑀𝑋−𝑀𝑌 = √𝑆𝐷𝑀𝑋 2 + 𝑆𝐷𝑀𝑌 2

After all data were calculated, the last procedure is determining 𝑑𝑓

(degree of freedom) with formula :

𝑑𝑓 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑏 = (𝑁𝑋 + 𝑁𝑌 ) − 2

Where :
𝑀 = the average of student score
𝑆𝐷 = standard deviation
𝑆𝐸 = standard errors
𝑋 = experimental class
𝑌 = controlled class
𝑁 = number of student
𝑑𝑓 = degree of freedom

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