CKRT Breaker Report 123

ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT BREAKER FOR OVERLOAD PROTECTIONSMART TROLLEY SYSTEM
ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT BREAKER FOR OVERLOAD

PROTECTION
ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 1

Abstract
The project is designed to shut down a power supply when it is overloaded by using a
Ultra-fast acting electronic circuit breaker. The concept of electronic circuit breaker came into
focus realizing that the conventional circuit breakers such as MCBs take longer time to trip.
Therefore, for sensitive loads, it is very important to activate a tripping mechanism at the shortest
possible time, preferably instantaneously. The electronic circuit breaker is based on the voltage
drop across a series element proportional to the load current, typically a low-value resistor. This
voltage is sensed and rectified to DC, and then is compared with a pre-set voltage by a level
comparator to generate an output that drives a relay through the MOSFET to trip the load. The
relay use in place of a semiconductor switch is preferred because such solid state switches would
invariably fail in case of accidental short circuits. A circuit breaker is automatic operated switch
designed to shut down the power supply when overloaded. The tripping depends on the current
passing through the CT’s which is connected in series with load. It uses the PIC- microcontroller
into which program is dumped for the operation. The unit is extremely fast and over comes the
drawback of thermal type circuit breaker like MCB based on a thermal bimetal lever-trip
mechanism which is very slow.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The euphoria of successfully completing the project on “Ultra-Fast Acting Electronic

Circuit Breaker For Overload Protection”, would be incomplete without mentioning the
names of those people who have helped us to achieve this millstone. We take this opportunity to
express our deepest gratitude and appreciation to all those who have helped us directly or
indirectly towards the successful completion of this project.
First of all we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our guide Shanthveeresh N S,
Assistant Proffessor, department of EEE, PESITM, Shivamogga for his valuable guidance,
regular source of encouragement and assistance throughout the project. We are greatly thankful
to Dr .Manojkumar M,Head of the department, EEE, PESITM, Shivamogga for his help and
encouragement.
We express our sincere gratitude to Dr.Chaithanyakumar M V, Principal, PESITM,

Shivamogga for giving this opportunity to enrich our knowledge.
We are thankful to the management, all the faculty members and the lab staff members of
the department for their constant support.

Dedicated to our Beloved

Parents, Guide and Friends

CONTENTS
Certificate i
Declaration ii
Abstract iii
Acknowledgement iv
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Motivation…………………………………………………………..
1.2 Global and Objectives of the project………………………………..
1.3 Problem statement…………………………………………………..
1.4 Methodology………………………………………………………..
1.5 Scope of the project…………………………………………………
1.6 Outline of project report…………………………………………….
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Summary………………………………………………………………
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Block diagram…………………………………………………………
3.2 Operation………………………………………………………………

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
The popular method of protection for electrical, mechanical and other forms of energy equipment
from overload or short circuit of voltage in an electrical circuit. Circuit breakers and surge
protectors have being of use for proper protection of the appliances.
The every instruments is designed to operate at particular value of current, if overload occurs due
to which current flowing to home appliances or industrial instruments is more than the rated
current and this lead to failure to instruments because of over loading. So for protection of
electric circuit from over load and short circuit condition circuit breaker is used, A circuit
breaker is automatic switching device which protect the electrical system automatically. During
normal condition it acts as normally close (NC) switch when overload condition occurs then it
becomes normally open (NO) switch and protect the electrical circuit by isolating the healthy and
unhealthy part.
Disadvantages of miniature circuit breaker (MCB) can be eliminated by ultra-fast responding

electronic circuit breaker (ECB), the trip mechanism of ECB is very fast as compare to
MCB.ECB contain a level of comparator that sense the current flowing through series element
and resultant voltage value is compared with pre-set voltage value. This resultant voltage
proportional to overload current. The sensed voltage is converted to DC voltage and output of
level comparator is given to microcontroller, the MOSFET is operated through microcontroller
and relay will be operated by MOSFET . This ECB is very useful for protection sensitive load.

PROBLEM STATEMENT:
 Conventional circuit breakers such as MCB’s take longer time to trip.
 Traditionally fuses were used, but they are unconvincing and unreliable.
 Even the MCB have the drawback of longer tripping time due to presence of
bimetallic strip.
 To operate the sensitive load, it is very important to activate the tripping mechanism at
the shortest possible time, preferably instantaneously.
METHODOLOGY:
 The main power supply is given directly to load by using
stepdowntransformer(230v/12v).
 A rectifier circuit is used to convert AC to DC supply, and passed through regulator to

get 5v supply for micro controller, the LCD is also powered by the 5v supply.
 On loading with single 60Watt lamp,the LCD displays the condition of the UFCB as
detected by relay using optocoupler which in turn actuated the trigger from NC to NO
and the buzzer is activated immediately.
 The system switch off the second lamp and the LCD display an overload condition of the
system.
 The overload is then removed and reset button pushed. This process is repeated.
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES:
To provide a cost effective and reliable circuit breaker that response to very little over current
that can damage some of our electronics if not properly protected.

LITERATURE SUREVEY
Abhishek Gupta(1),Explained in the paper entitled “Super-Fast Electronic Circuit
Breaker”
The project is designed to shut down a power supply when it is overloaded by using a super-fast
electronic circuit breaker. The concept of electronic circuit breaker came into focus realizing that
the conventional circuit breakers such as MCBs take longer time to trip. Therefore, for sensitive
loads, it is very important to activate a tripping mechanism at the shortest possible time,
preferably instantaneously. The electronic circuit breaker is based on the voltage drop across a
series element proportional to the load current, typically a low-value resistor. A circuit breaker is
automatic operated switch designed to shut down the power supply when overloaded. The
tripping depends on the current passing through the CT’s which is connected in series with load.
It uses the PIC- microcontroller into which program is dumped for the operation. The unit is
extremely fast and over comes the drawback of thermal type circuit breaker like MCB based on a
thermal bimetal lever-trip mechanism which is very slow. Now A days the protection and control
of equipment plays a very important role. To avoid electrical failure we use fast responding
circuit breakers because of its considerable accuracy in fault detection and cut off- time, and also
its smooth operation compared to conventional type. It was proved that electronic circuit breaker
is very useful circuit for sensitive loads. The main advantage of this circuit is that over all
tripping time is less as compare to conventional circuit breaker. The experiment is successful and
energy saving.
Mr.Rohan Joseph George (2), Explained in the paper entitled “Smart Ultra-Fast Acting
Electronic Circuit Breaker”
The smart ultra-fast electronic circuit breaker is designed to work as an over current protection
device. This project senses the current passing through a series element and the corresponding
voltage drop is rectified to dc. This voltage is converted into a digital value and compared
against a pre-set value by a microcontroller to generate an output that drives a relay to trip the

load. The unit is extremely fast and overcomes the drawback of the conventional circuit breakers.
It uses a PIC Microcontroller. The breaker will automatically reclose if it is a temporary fault and
will alert the consumer via SMS if the fault is due to overloading. Furthermore, the breaker can
be remotely closed by sending an SMS. an overloaded condition is detected and the relay trips
instantaneously. The LCD showed the overloaded status and an SMS was received stating that
the system has been overloaded and that supply has been cut off. The supply was restored by
sending a dollar sign to the system after clearing the fault.
Mr.Fabunimi Timileyin S (3), Explained in the paper entitled “Ultra-Fast Circuit Breaker”
Electronic devices are made to operate on very low voltage; therefore a means of proper
protection against overloading, short-circuiting and surging should always be of uttermost
priority to the designers. A well designed electronic device with proper protective device would
definitely lead to economic benefit, time saver, and less energy to re-construction. This paper
reports the design and construction of an Ultra-Fast Circuit Breaker (UFCB) for domestic and
industrial purposes. A general view of the different types of the circuit breakers has been
presented. It is observed that the benefits offered by the ultra-fast circuit breaker for electronics
is more than that of some other circuit breakers like low voltage circuit breakers, medium voltage
circuit breakers, miniature circuit breakers, oil circuit breakers and fuses.
Mr.Lalit kumar sahu (4), Explained in the paper entitled “Ultra-Fast Acting Electronic
Circuit Breaker at over loading”
The project is designed to cut off the power supply when it is overloaded. Traditional circuit
breaker like MCB based is on thermal bimetal lever trip mechanism. MCB is very slow and the
trip time varies according to the percentage of overload. The concept of electronic circuit breaker
came into focus when the traditional circuit breakers such as MCBs take longer time to trip.
Eventually, for susceptive loads it is very important to activate the tripping mechanism at the
instantaneously at shortest possible time. In this system instantaneous tripping of load takes place
in case of overload condition. This system has been a great advantage compared to the
conventional circuit breakers with longer tripping time. Time taken by the circuit breaker to
break the circuit is approximately 0.023 sec.

Tushar V Deokar (5), Explained in the paper entitled “Ultra-Fast Acting Electronic
Circuit Breaker for overload protection ”
This paper is intended to fast protection of electric circuit from over load and a short circuit fault
which is happens into the power system. So here for protection electric circuit from short circuit
or over load current we introduce the ECB (Electronic Circuit Breaker) which has less trip time
of circuit whenever abnormal condition occur as compared to mechanical or convectional circuit
breaker such as MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) which takes longer time to trip the circuit
because of very slow action thermal bimetal lever mechanism that used in MCB (Miniature
Circuit breaker). For protection of sensitive load from short circuit or over load current trip time
of circuit should be very low and this can be achieved by ECB (Electronic Circuit Breaker). This
arrangement is designed for the immediate tripping of circuit breaker in the situation of any kind
of faulty conditions or abnormal conditions like short circuits and burden condition. The
proposed ultra-fast acting electronic circuit breaker is cheap with ultrafast tripping system
compared to slow acting convectional thermal bimetallic miniature circuit breakers. UFAECB's
can be better further by using advanced Thyristors family.

CHAPTER-2
METHODOLOGY
BLOCK DIAGRAM
POWER SUPPLY
GSM
RELAY
MC
LOAD
LCD DISPLAY

The first step in the process of designing any electronic circuit is the construction of the layout of
that electronic circuit for the circuit board..
The main power supply is given directly to load through CT’s and step down transformer. 230
volt is Step down to 12v and supplied to regulated supply unit which consist of bridge rectifier to
convert ac to dc and passed through 7805 regulator to get 5v supply for working of
microcontroller, capacitor filters are used to remove the ripples to get pure constant dc voltage.
The current passing to load is sensed by the current transformer and output of CT will be in
analog form is given to the ADC pin of PIC microcontroller for converting the analog output to
digital data. The current sensed is compared with the inbuilt comparator of microcontroller
which as pre-set reference value. If the current sensed is less than the pre-set value than
MOSFET will be in OFF state and relay will not trip the supply to load. As we increase the load
current drawn is more so if the current is increase than the pre-set value than MOSFET will turn
ON and energizes the relay.
Thus LED used as an Indicator is properly biased, and it glows. The relay coil gets energized,
causing the armature to shift its position to the normal open point from the normal closed point.
The AC supply to the load is thus cut off from the load and the load is tripped. Once the circuit is
tripped it must be reset for further use using reset button. In either case, the microcontroller is
programmed so as to show the status of the output on the LCD interfaced to it. In case of normal
operation microcontroller will pin will receive 5v dc from regulator and accordingly displays the
status on the LCD. In case of any abnormalities, the microcontroller pin doesn.t receive the 5V
input signal and the related status is accordingly display on the LCD. If output is low then
controller show “DEVICE ON” message. If output is high then the preset value then the
controller show “DEVICE OFF” message and respective message goes to concern number
through GSM Module.

HARD WARE COMPONENTS

 MICRO CONTROLLER
 LCD DISPLAY
 RELAY
 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
 AVR STUDIO
 EMBEDDED C

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
1. MICROCONTROLLER
The ATmega16 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC
architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega16 achieves
throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designed to optimize power consumption
versus processing speed. The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose
working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in
one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up
to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers. The ATmega16 provides the
following features: 16 Kbytes of In-System Programmable Flash Program memory with Read-
While-Write capabilities, 512 bytes EEPROM, 1 Kbyte SRAM, 32 general purpose I/O lines, 32
general purpose working registers, a JTAG interface for Boundary scan, On-chip Debugging
support and programming, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, Internal and
External Interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a byte oriented Two-wire Serial Interface, an
8-channel, 10-bit ADC with optional differential input stage with programmable gain (TQFP
package only), a programmable Watchdog Timer with Internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port, and
six software selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the
USART, Two-wire interface, A/D Converter, SRAM, Timer/Counters, SPI port, and interrupt
system to continue functioning.
The Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all
other chip functions until the next External Interrupt or Hardware Reset. In Power-save mode,
the Asynchronous Timer continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the
rest of the device is sleeping. The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O
modules except Asynchronous Timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC
conversions.

Pin diagram:
Pin Descriptions
VCC Digital supply voltage.
GND Ground.
Port A (PA7-PA0) Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter. Port A also serves
as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal
pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as
inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are
activated.

Port B (PB7- PB0) Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Port C (PC7-PC0) Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the
pull-up resistors on pins PC5(TDI), PC3(TMS) and PC2(TCK) will be activated even if a reset
occurs.
Port D (PD7-PD0) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
RESET Input- A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a
reset, even if the clock is not running.
XTAL1- Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
XTAL2- Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.
AVCC- AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be
externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be
connected to VCC through a low-pass filter.
AREF- AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

2. REGULATED POWER SUPPLY
A variable regulated power supply, also called a variable bench power supply, is one
where you can continuously adjust the output voltage to your requirements. This type of
regulation is ideal for having a simple variable bench power supply. While a dedicated supply is
quite handy e.g. 5V or 12V, it's much handier to have a variable supply on hand, especially for
testing. Most digital logic circuits and processors need a 5 volt power supply. To use these parts
we need to build a regulated 5 volt source. Usually you start with an unregulated power To make
a 5 volt power supply, we use a LM7805 voltage regulator IC (Integrated Circuit).
General Features
 3-Terminal Regulators
 Fixed output voltage of 5V
 Output Current up to 1.5 A
 Internal Thermal-Overload Protection
 High Power-Dissipation Capability
 Internal Short-Circuit Current Limiting

BLOCK DIAGRAMCIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT FEATURES
 Brief description of operation: Gives out well regulated +5V output, output current
capability of 100 mA
 Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator IC
gets too hot
 Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build
 Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation
 Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic components
 Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, I have used this circuit successfully
as part of many electronics projects
 Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply
 Power supply voltage: Unregulated DC 8-18V power supply
 Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 mA
 Component costs: Few dollars for the electronics components + the input transformer
cost
 Internal Short-Circuit Current Limiting

3. LCD Display
GENERAL FEATURES
DISPLAY TYPES:16 CHAR x 2ROW, STN yellow green Reflective LCD module
CHAR. DOTS:5 x 8
DRIVING MODE: 1/16Duty
VIEWING DIRECTION: 6:00
BACKLIGHT: LED, Yellow green color
PIN CONFIGURATION
Pin description

Pin No. Function Description
1 Vss GND
2 Vcc +5V
3 Vee For contrast adjustment
4 RS Register select
5 RW Read/Write
6 EN Enable(clock)
7-14 D0- D7 Data lines
15 Vcc Backlight (positive rail)
16 GND Backlight (GND rail)

RELAYS
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay
creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current
can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and they are doublethrow (changeover)
switches.
Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate
from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC
mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits. The link
is magnetic and mechanical. The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA
for a 12V relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower
voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used to amplify
the small IC current to the larger value required for the relay coil.
The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO:
 COM = Common, always connect to this; it is the moving part of the switch.
 NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.
 NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.
 Connect to COM and NO if you want the switched circuit to be on when the relay coil is
on.

 Connect to COM and NC if you want the switched circuit to be on when the relay coil is
off.
GSM MODULE
A GSM MODEM
A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A wireless
modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that a dial-up
modem sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends
and receives data through radio waves. From the mobile operator perspective, a GSM modem
looks just like a mobile phone. Like a GSM mobile phone. A GSM modem requires a SIM
card from a wireless carrier in order to operate. The mobile operator charges for this message
sending and receiving as if it was performed directly on a mobile phone. To perform these
tasks, a GSM modem must support an "extended AT command set" for sending/receiving
SMS messages.
Computers use AT commands to control modems. Both GSM modems and dial-up modems
support a common set of standard AT commands. You can use a GSM modem just like a
dial-up modem. In addition to the standard AT commands, GSM modems support an
extended set of AT commands. These extended AT commands are defined in the GSM
standards. With the extended AT commands.

KEY FEATURES
 Power supply: Single supply voltage 3.4V – 4.5V
 Power saving: Typical power consumption in SLEEP mode to 2.5mA.
 Frequency bands: SIM300 Tri-band: EGSM 900, DCS 1800, And PCS 1900. The
SIM300 can search the 3 frequency bands automatically. The frequency bands also can be set
by AT command.
 GSM class: Small MS
 SMS mode supported: MT, MO, CB, Text and PDU mode
 SMS storage: SIM card.
 SIM interface Support: SIM card 1.8V, 3V
 External antenna: Connected via 50 Ohm antenna connector or antenna pad
 Timer function: Programmable via AT command
AT COMMANDS FEATURES
Command line
Commands always start with AT (which means Attention) and finish with a <CR> character.
Information responses
Responses start and end with <CR><LF>, except for the ATV0 (DCE response format) and
the ATQ1 (result code suppression) commands.
 If command syntax is incorrect, an ERROR string is returned.

 If command syntax is correct but with some incorrect parameters, the +CME ERROR:
<Err> or +CMS ERROR: <SMS Err> strings are returned with different error codes.
 If the command line has been performed successfully, an OK string is returned.
In some cases, such as “AT+CPIN?” or (unsolicited) incoming events, the product does not
return the OK string as a response.
AT commands Used in the project

Network registration (+CREG)

This command is used by the application to ascertain the registration status of the product.
Enter PIN (+CPIN)
This command is used to enter the ME passwords (CHV1 / CHV2 / PUK1 / PUK2, etc.), that
are required before any ME functionality can be used. The application is responsible for
checking the PIN after each reset or power on - if the PIN was enabled.
Preferred Message Format (+CMGF)
The message formats supported are text mode and PDU mode. In PDU mode, a complete
SMS Message including all header information is given as a binary string (in hexadecimal
format). In Text mode, all commands and responses are in ASCII characters.
Send message (+CMGS)
The <address> field is the address of the terminal to which the message is sent. To send the
message, simply type, <ctrl-Z> character (ASCII 26).
Select Cell Broadcast Message (CBM)Types (+CSCB)
This command selects which types of CBMs are to be received by the ME, This command is
allowed in both PDU and text modes.
Calling line identification presentation (+CLIP)
This command allows control of the calling line identification presentation supplementary
service. When presentation of the CLI (Calling Line Identification) is enabled (and calling
subscriber allows), +CLIP response is returned after every RING (or +CRING) result code.
Save configuration (&W)
This command writes the active configuration to a non-volatile memory (EEPROM).
Auto call answer (ATA)
Response in case of data call, if
CONNECT<text>TA switches to data mode.
Disconnect existing connection (ATH)
Disconnect existing call by local TE from command line and terminate call
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

1. EMBEDDED C
Having decided to use an 8051 processor as the basis of your embedded system,the next
key decision that needs to be made is the choice of programming language.In order to identify a
suitable language for embedded systems, we mightbegin by making the following observations:
 Computers (such as microcontroller, microprocessor or DSP chips) only
acceptinstructions in ‘machine code’ (‘object codes’). Machine code is, by definition,
inthe language of the computer, rather than that of the programmer.
 All software, whether in assembly, C, C++, Java must ultimately be translatedinto
machine code in order to be executed by the computer.
There is no point in creating ‘perfect’ source code, if we then make use of a poor translator
program (such as an assembler or compiler) and thereby generateexecutable code that does not
operate as we intended.
 Embedded processors – like the 8051 – have limited processor power and verylimited
memory available: the language used must be efficient.
 To program embedded systems, we need low-level access to the hardware: thismeans, at
least, being able to read from and write to particular memory locations.
 No software company remains in business for very long if it generates new code, from
scratch, for every project. The language used must support the creation of flexible
libraries, making it easy to re-use (well-tested) code components in a range of projects.
 The language chosen should be in common use. This will ensure that you cancontinue to
recruit experienced developers who have knowledge of the language.It will also mean
that your existing developers will have access to sourcesof information which give
examplesof good design and programming practice.
Even this short list immediately raises the paradox of programming language selection.
From one point of view, only machine code is safe, since every other language involves a
translator, and any code you create is only as safe as the codewritten by the manufacturers of the
translator.
We can summarize C’s features as follows:

 It is ‘mid-level’, with ‘high-level’ features (such as support for functions andmodules),

and ‘low-level’ features (such as good access to hardware via pointers).
 It is very efficient.
 It is popular and well understood.
 Even desktop developers who have used only Java or C++ can soon understand C syntax.
 Good, well-proven compilers are available for every embedded processor (8-bitto 32-bit
or more).
 Experienced staff is available.
Overall, C’s strengths for embedded system development greatly outweigh
itsweaknesses. It may not be an ideal language for developing embedded systems,but it is
unlikely that a ‘perfect’ language will ever be created.

2. AVR STUDIO
Introduction
Welcome to AVR® Studio from Atmel Corporation. AVR Studio is a Development Tool
for the AVR family of microcontrollers. This manual describes the how to install and use AVR
Studio. AVR Studio enables the user to fully control execution of programs on the AVR In-
Circuit Emulator. AVR Studio supports source level execution of Assembly programs assembled
with the Atmel Corporation’s AVR Assembler and C programs compiled with IAR Systems’
ICCA90 C Compiler for the AVR microcontrollers. AVR Studio runs under Microsoft®
Windows® 95 and Microsoft Windows NT®.
Features
Atmel Studio provides a large set of features for project development and debugging. The most
notable features are listed below.
• Rich code editor for C/C++ and Assembly featuring the powerful Visual Assist extension
• Cycle correct simulator with advanced debug functionality
• Atmel Software Framework allowing creation of modular applications and providing building
blocks for a prototype on any AVR platform
• Debugging on actual devices using Debugging Tools
• Rich SDK to enable tight integration of customer plugins
• Compatible with many Microsoft® Visual Studio® plugins

Installing AVR Studio
In order to install AVR Studio under Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0: 1. Insert the diskette
labeled “AVR Studio Diskette” 1 in drive A: 2. Press the “Start” button on the Taskbar and select
“Run” 3. Enter “A:SETUP” in the Open field and press the OK button 4. Follow the instructions
in the Setup program In order to install AVR Studio under Windows NT 3.51: 1. Insert the
diskette labeled “AVR Studio Diskette 1” in drive A: 2. Select “Run” from the “File” menu 3.
Enter “A:SETUP” in the Command Line field and press the “OK” button 4. Follow the
instructions in the Setup program Installing AVR Studio from WEB 1. Connect to
www.atmel.com and locate ASTUDIO.EXE in the AVR Software section 2. Download
ASTUDIO.EXE to a temporary directory 3. Run ASTUDIO.EXE from your local disk. This will
extract the setup program 4. Run SETUP.EXE 5. Follow the instructions in the Setup program
Once AVR Studio has been installed, it can be started by double clicking the AVR Studio icon.
If an emulator is the desired execution target, remember to connect and power on the AVR In-
Circuit Emulator before starting AVR Studio.
Description
This section gives a brief description of the main features of AVR Studio. In order to
execute a program using AVR Studio, it must first be compiled with IAR Systems’ C Compiler
or assembled with Atmel’s AVR Assembler to generate an object file which can be read by AVR
Studio. An example of what AVR Studio may look like during execution of a program is shown
below. In addition to the Source window, AVR Studio defines a number of other windows which
can be used for inspecting the different resources on the microcontroller. The key window in
AVR Studio is the Source window. When an object file is opened, the Source window is
automatically created. The Source window displays the code currently being executed on the
execution target, and the text marker is always placed on the next statement to be executed. By
default, it is assumed that execution is done on source level, so if source information exists, the
program will start up in source level mode. In addition to source level execution of both C and
Assembly programs, AVR Studio can also view and execute programs on a disassembly level.

The user can toggle between source and disassembly mode when execution of the
program is stopped. All necessary execution commands are available in AVR Studio, both on
source level and on disassembly level. The user can execute the program, single step through the
code either by tracing into or stepping over functions, step out of functions, place the cursor on a
statement and execute until that statement is reached, stop the execution, and reset the execution
target. In addition, the user can have an unlimited number of code breakpoints, and every
breakpoint can be defined as enabled or disabled. The breakpoints are remembered between
sessions. The Source window gives information about the control flow of the program. In
addition, AVR Studio offers a number of other windows which enables the user to have full
control of the status of every element in the execution target. The available windows are:
■ Watch window: Displays the values of defined symbols. In the Watch window, the user can
watch the values of variables in a C program.
■ Register window: Displays the contents of the register file. The registers can be modified when
the execution is stopped.
■ Memory windows: Displays the contents of the Program Memory, Data Memory or I/O
Memory. The memories can be viewed as hexadecimal values or as ASCII characters. The
memory contents can be modified when the execution is stopped.
■ Message window: Displays messages with timestamps from AVR Studio to the user.
■ Processor window: Displays vital information about the execution target, including Program
Counter, Stack Pointer, Status Register, Cycle Counter, X&Y&Z pointer, RampD register and
Eind register. These parameters can be modified when the execution is stopped.
The first time an object file is being executed, the user needs to set up the windows which are
convenient for observing the execution of the program, thereby tailoring the information on the
screen to the specific project. The next time that object file is loaded, the setup is automatically
reconstructed

ADVANTAGES AND APPLICAIONS
ADVANTAGES:
 Avoids electrical accidents to line man

 Project is simple and easy
 Uses commonly available components
APPLICATION:
 Used in electrical sunstations to ensure line man safety

 This system is used in building and houses
 Used in hotels and shopping malls to save the power
 Can also be used as password based electrical appliances control or password based load
control system

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
CONCLUSION
It can work on a single given known password . The password to operate can be changed and
system can be operated efficiently with the changed password . No other person can reclose the
breaker once the changed password is given into system other than the person who had changed
it.It gives no scope of password stealing. It is effective in providing safety to the working staff .It
is economical , It can be easily installed.
FUTURE SCOPE
Further the project can be enhanced by using an EEPROM for user to change the password for a
more secured system.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] M. Kezunovic, “Improving circuit breaker maintenance management tasks by applying

mobile agent software technology” IEEE.
[2] Charles H. Flurscheim (ed), Power Circuit Breaker Theory and Design,Second Edition lET,
2011 ISBN 0906048702 Chapter I
[3] NarendraKhandelwal, TanujManglani, Ganpat Singh, Amit Kumar, Dilip Khatri, “Automated
load distribution with password protected circuit breakers” International Journal of Recent
Research and Review, vol. VIII, Issue 1,March 2015.
[4] Thomas L. Floyd, “Electronic Devices”, Vol. I, 6 the edition, 2003, Pearson Education, pp.
16-19.
[5] Vincent Del Toro, “Electrical engineering fundamental”.

CKRT Breaker Report 123

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

CKRT Breaker Report 123

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT BREAKER FOR OVERLOAD PROTECTIONSMART TROLLEY SYSTEM

ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT BREAKER FOR OVERLOAD

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 1

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 2

The euphoria of successfully completing the project on “Ultra-Fast Acting Electronic

We express our sincere gratitude to Dr.Chaithanyakumar M V, Principal, PESITM,

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 3

Dedicated to our Beloved

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 4

1.2 Global and Objectives of the project………………………………..

1.3 Problem statement…………………………………………………..

1.5 Scope of the project…………………………………………………

1.6 Outline of project report…………………………………………….

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 5

Disadvantages of miniature circuit breaker (MCB) can be eliminated by ultra-fast responding

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 6

 Conventional circuit breakers such as MCB’s take longer time to trip.

 A rectifier circuit is used to convert AC to DC supply, and passed through regulator to

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 7

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 8

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 9

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 10

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 11

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 12

HARD WARE COMPONENTS

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 13

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 14

VCC Digital supply voltage.

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 15

XTAL2- Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 16

2. REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 17

BLOCK DIAGRAMCIRCUIT DIAGRAM

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 18

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 19

Pin No. Function Description

3 Vee For contrast adjustment

7-14 D0- D7 Data lines

15 Vcc Backlight (positive rail)

16 GND Backlight (GND rail)

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 20

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 21

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 22

 If command syntax is incorrect, an ERROR string is returned.

AT commands Used in the project

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 23

Network registration (+CREG)

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 24

We can summarize C’s features as follows:

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 25

 It is ‘mid-level’, with ‘high-level’ features (such as support for functions andmodules),

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 26

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 27

Installing AVR Studio

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 28

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 29

ADVANTAGES AND APPLICAIONS

 Avoids electrical accidents to line man

 Used in electrical sunstations to ensure line man safety

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 30

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

ELECRONICS &COMMUNICATION Page 31