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NAME:-
-: CLASS 9th PHYSICS INDEX
DEFINITIONS:-
(A)
1) Acceleration: It is defined as the rate of change of velocity. Mathematically it can
be written as
𝒗
𝒂=
𝒕
Its unit is m/sec 2 OR m.sec-2. It is a vector quantity. .
2) Archimedes Principle: This principle states that “When an object is immersed
in a liquid, the liquid exerts a buoyant force on the object, which is equal to the
weight of the liquid displaced by the object. This statement is known as Archimedes
Principle.
3) Astro Physics: It is that branch of physics which deals with the study of heavenly
bodies and relation b/w matter and energy in space.
4) Atomic and Molecular Physics: It is that branch of physics that deals with the
study of atom and molecule, their size and properties is called Atomic and
Molecular physics.
5) Artificial Satellite: Those satellites that are revolving artificially around a
planet.
6) Atmospheric Pressure: It is the pressure of the atmosphere. It can be measured
in bar or atm or mmHg etc.
7) Axis of Rotation: The point about which all particles of a body rotate is called
axis of rotation.
(B)
1) Base Quantities: Such quantities that can be represented independently without
any reference of other unit. These units are as following.
Physical Unit Symbol
Quantity
Length Meter (m)
Mass Kilo Gram (Kg)
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Time Second (Sec) OR (s)

Temperature Kelvin (K)
Intensity of light Candela (Cd)
Electric Current Ampere (A)
Amount of Substance Mole (mol)

2) Bio physics: That branch of physics that deals with the study of life and
principles of Biology according to the laws or methods of Physics.
3) Buoyant Force: The force that is applied by a liquid on the object that is
immersed in that liquid. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the liquid
displaced.
4) Barometer: It is a device used to measure the atmospheric pressure
5) Base Unit: The unit of a base quantity is called a base unit.
6) Bio mass Energy: The energy that is obtained from the waste product of plants
and animals. It is an excellent source of energy.
7) Boiling Point: It is the temperature at which a liquid changes into vapors.
(C)
1) Centripetal Force: It is defined as that force that keeps the object to move in a
circular path. It is directly proportional to the radius.
Mathematically it can be written as
𝒎𝒗𝟐
Fc =
𝒓

2) Centrifugal force: It is defined as that force that is the reaction of Centripetal

force.
(OR) It is that force which tends the object to move away from the center of
the circle. Mathematically it can be written as
𝒎𝒗𝟐
FR =
𝒓

3) Center of Gravity: It is a point in any object where the whole weight of the body
acts.

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4) Circular Motion: It is that type of motion in which the object along with its
components move in a circular path.
5) Conduction: It is a process in which transfer of heat takes place form solid to solid.
6) Convection: It is the process of heat transfer from solid to liquid or liquid to liquid
or liquid to gas (i.e. Solid to liquid or vice versa).
7) Couple: When two equal and unlike parallel forces acts at different points on an
object, they form a couple. E.g. steering of a vehicle.
8) Center of Mass: The center of mass is a point in a body where an applied force
causes the system to move without rotation.
9) Chemical Energy: It is the energy obtained from chemicals.
10) Chemical Physics: It deals with the use of physics in chemical processes.
11) Coefficient of linear Expansion: It is defined as the “Increase in length per
unit length by applying per unit kelvin rise in temperature.
12) Coefficient of Volumetric Expansion: It is defined as the “Increase in volume
by per unit kelvin temperature”

(D)
1) Derived Quantities: Those quantities that are derived from base quantities are
called Derived quantities.
2) Displacement: It is defined as “the shortest distance b/w two points. Its unit is
meter (m). It is a vector quantity.
3) Dynamics: The branch of mechanics that deals with the study of bodies while they
are in motion.
4) Deceleration. It is the negative acceleration of a body.
5) Density: It is defined as “Mass per unit volume of a body”
Mathematically it can be written as
𝒎
𝝆=
𝒗
Its unit is Kg/m3.
6) Derived Unit: It is the unit of a derived quantity.

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7) Distance: It is the complete path followed by a body. It is a scalar quantity and its
unit is meter (m).
8) Dynamics: It is the branch of mechanics deals with the forces and their actions on a
body.

(E)
1) Elasticity: It is the property of an object due to which the object regains its original
shape and size. Due to this property, we can determine the strength of material.
2) Electromagnetism: It is that branch of physics that deals with the study of
electromagnetic phenomenon and mutual relationship b/w electricity and magnetism.
3) Energy: The ability of a body to do work is called energy. Its unit is Joule (J). In
terms of electricity its unit is electron volt (eV).
 Elastic Potential Energy: It is a type of potential energy and it is defined as
the “Ability of body to do work due to potential energy stored in it. Examples are
energy of a compressed or stretched spring.
 Gravitational Potential Energy: It is also a type of potential energy and is
defined as “the ability of a body to do work due to its specific height from the
surface of the Earth.
Mathematically we can say this.
Gravitational P.E = mgh
 Kinetic Energy: It is defined as the “ability of a body to do work because of its
motion”. Mathematically it can be written as
𝟏
𝑲. 𝑬 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐
 Potential Energy: “Ability of the body to do work by virtue (due to) its position
is called potential energy.
4) Equations of Motion:
(a) 𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒊 + 𝒂𝒕
𝟏
(b) 𝑺 = 𝒗𝒊 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐
𝟐

(c) 𝟐𝒂𝑺 = 𝒗𝒇 𝟐 − 𝒗𝒊 𝟐

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5) Equilibrium: If no net force is acting on a body, the body is said to be in

equilibrium. There are two conditions of equilibrium.
 First Condition of Equilibrium: It is explained as “The sum of all forces (i.e.
forces along x – axis and forces on y – axis) acting on a body should be zero”.
i.e. ∑ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎

∑𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎
∑𝑭𝒛 = 𝟎
 (b) Second Condition of Equilibrium: It is explained as “The sum of all
torques acting on a body should be zero” i.e.
∑𝑻 = 𝟎
6) Efficiency: It is the ratio of Output upon input of a machine. It is
calculated in percentage.
7) Elastic Limit: It is the limit of a material in which by the removal of
applied force the body regains its original shape and size.
8) Electrical Energy: It is the energy that is obtained from the movement of
electrons. It can be converted into other many forms of energy.
9) Evaporation: It is the natural conversion of liquid into vapor without
producing bubbles.
(F)
1) Fossil Fuels: The remaining of animals or plants beneath the earth under specific
temperature and pressure make fossil fuels.
2) Fission: The reaction in which a heavy nucleus breaks into two or more nuclei with
the release of large amount of heat.
3) Fusion: The reaction in which a heavy nucleus is formed by the fusion of light
nuclei with the release of energy.
4) Force: It is defined as “an agent which stops or tends to stop motion of a body and
move or tends to move a rest body”. Its unit is Newton (N) and it is a vector quantity.
5) Friction: It is defined as that force which resists the motion of an object.

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(G)
1) Geo Physics: It is defined as “that branch of physics in which we study about Earth,
its structure, temperature according to the laws and principles of physics.
2) Gravitational Constant: It is a constant value. It is symbolized as ‘G’ and its value
is 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 Nm2/Kg2.
3) Gravitational Force: “Everybody in the Universe attracts every other body with a
force, that amount of force is called Gravitational Force. It is symbolized as 'g’ and
its value varies everywhere.
4) Geo Thermal Energy: The energy obtained from steam that is produced beneath
the Earth at some places of the earth, is called geo thermal energy.
5) Gravitational Acceleration: The acceleration produced in a body due to
gravitational pull or gravity is called gravitational acceleration. It is not a constant
value. It changes at height and also different value at other planets. On earth its value
is 9.8 m/sec2. And on moon its value is 1.6 m/sec2.
6) Gravitational Field: The region or area where a mass can fell gravitational effects
outer in the space is called gravitational field of the earth.

(H)
1) Heat: Heat is that form of energy that moves from hot body to cold body.
2) Heat & Thermodynamics: It is defined as that branch of physics that deals with
the study of heat energy and its applications while heat is in motion.
3) Hook’s Law: This law states that “within the elastic limit, stress is directly
proportional to the strain. Mathematically it can be written as
𝜎∝𝜀
OR 𝝈 = 𝑬𝜺
Where ‘E’ is a constant of proportionality and is called “Young’s modulus or Modulus of
Elasticity”.
4) Head to Tail Rule: This rule is used to find the resultant vector b/w two or more
vectors. It states that “join the head of first to the tail of last vector, the resultant vector
will be from the head of last to the tail of the first vector”.

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5) Horizontal Component: The X-Component of a vector is called horizontal

component.

(I)
1) Inertia: First law of motion is also called law of inertia, because Inertia is that
characteristic of a body due to which it resist any change in its state of rest or of
uniform motion.
2) Internal Energy: The sum of K.E and P.E of molecules in a body is called its
internal energy.
3) Isolated System: The system in which there is no transfer of heat and energy is
called an isolated system.

(J)
1) Joule: It is the S.I. unit for work and work will be one Joule, “If a force of 1 Newton
is applied on a body and the body covers a distance of 1 meter along the direction of
the force. Then the work done is said to be one joule”.

(K)
1) Kinematics: It is that branch of physics in which we study about the motion of
bodies without considering forces and masses that are responsible for their motion.
2) Kinematic friction: It is the friction induced in a body when it is in motion.
(L)
1) Latent Heat of Fusion: Quantity of heat which converts one kilogram of a solid to
liquid state at its melting point without any change in its temperature is called Latent
Heat of fusion.
2) Latent Heat of Vaporization: “The amount of heat energy required to change unit
mass of a liquid completely into vapors or its gaseous form at its normal boiling point
without any change in the temperature is called its latent Heat of Vaporization.
3) Law of gravitation: This law states that “Every object in the universe attracts every
other object with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses
and inversely proportional to the square of distance b/w their centers”.
Mathematically it can be written as

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𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐹∝
𝑟2
𝒎 𝟏 𝒎𝟐
OR 𝑭=𝑮
𝒓𝟐

4) Law of Heat Exchange: According to this law,

“Heat absorbed by cold bodies = Heat released by hot bodies
5) Laws of Motion: Laws of motion were put forward by Newton. There are basically
three laws of motion and they are following.
(a) First Law of motion: The first law of motion states that “A body at rest
will remain at rest and a body in motion will continue its motion until and unless an
external force applied on it”.
(b) Second Law of Motion: The second law of motion states that “When a
force is applied on an object, acceleration is produced in the body which is directly
proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object”.
𝐹
Mathematically it is written as 𝑎∝
𝑚

OR 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂 (constant =1)
(c) Third Law of Motion: According to the third law of motion “To every
action there is always an equal and opposite reaction”
OR “Every action has a reaction, equal in magnitude but opposite in direction”.
(Irrespective by the elastic property of the object).
6) Light: That branch of Physics in which we study about spectral (light) energy.
7) Like parallel forces: Those forces whose direction of action are same are called
like parallel forces.
8) Limiting Friction: That friction in the body about which a body just begin to slide
is called Limiting friction.
It is the maximum value of static friction.
9) Linear Expansion: It is defined as, “If a rod of one meter length is heated through
a temperature difference of 1K, then the change in the length of rod is called the
coefficient of linear expansion which has a unit (K -1)
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10) Linear Motion: It is a type of translatory motion and is defined as

“The motion of a body in a straight line is called linear motion”.
Example is the motion of free falling bodies.
11) Law of conservation of momentum: According to the law of conservation of
momentum
Moment of the system before collision= moment of system after collision

(M)
1) Mass: It is the concentration and composition of molecules or atoms in an object. It
is a scalar quantity. Mass of an object remains constant everywhere. Its unit is
Kilogram (Kg).
2) Mass of the Earth: The equation for finding the mass of the earth is
𝒈𝑹𝟐
𝑴=
𝑮
Where g = gravitational acceleration = 9.8 m/sec2
R= Radius of the Earth
G= Constant of proportionality known as Gravitational constant. =
𝑵𝒎𝟐
𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏
𝑲𝒈𝟐

The mass of the earth is calculated as, 𝑴 = 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒 Kg

3) Mechanics: It is that branch of physics that deals with the study of motion of bodies.
4) Mass Energy equation: This equation was put forth by Einstein. According to him
“Energy of a body is directly proportional to the mass of that body”. Mathematically it is
written as

𝑬 = 𝒎𝑪𝟐
5) Mechanical Energy: It is the energy of an object due to its motion. Whether that
motion is due to kinetic or potential energy.
6) Medical Physics: That branch of physics that deals with the diagnosis, presentation
and treatment of a disease.
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7) Melting Point: It is the temperature at which a solid converts into liquid without
increase in its temperature.
8) Moment Arm: It is the perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the
line of action of the force.
9) Momentum: The momentum of a moving body is the product of its mass into
velocity. Mathematically it can be written as
P = m.v
Its unit is kg m/sec.
10) Motion: If an object does change its position, according to its surrounding it is
called Motion.

(N)
1) Natural satellite: Those objects that are moving around a body naturally are called
its natural satellites. Moon is the natural satellite of earth.
2) Neutral Equilibrium: A condition of an object, in which its center of gravity
neither rises nor decreases.
(OR) The type of equilibrium in which after disturbance, the body again comes
to rest position and the position of its center of gravity does not change is called neutral
Equilibrium.
3) Nuclear physics: That branch of physics in which we study about the nucleus of an
atom.

(O)
1) Optics: That branch of physics that deals with light energy, its nature and properties.
2) Orbital velocity: It is the velocity of an object such as satellites, planets while
moving in an orbit.

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(P)
1) Particle Physics: Deals with the study of elementary particles of an atom/molecule.
2) Pascal’s Principle: The Pascal’s law states that “when a pressure is applied on an
incompressible fluid, the fluid distributes it equally in all direction”.
3) Parallel Forces: Those forces that are parallel to each other in direction. i.e.

4) Physical Balance: It is a device that is used to calculate the mass of a body in

laboratory.
5) Physical quantity: Those quantities that can be measured are called physical
quantities.
6) Physics: That branch of science that deals with the study of matter and energy and
their mutual relationship.
7) Plasma: The ionic form of matter is called plasma. It is the fourth state of matter.
The composition of stars is the example of plasma state of matter.
8) Plasma Physics: That branch of physics in which we study about the plasma state
of matter.
9) Pitch: It is the distance b/w two consecutive teeth of a thread.
10) Principle of Moments: It state that
“Sum of anti-clock wise torque = sum of clock wise torque”
11) Position: The surrounding of an object is called its position.
12) Power: “Rate of doing work is called power”. Mathematically
Power = Work / time
𝒘
OR 𝑷=
𝒕
Its unit is watt (w). (1watt = 1 J/s)
13) Pressure: It is defined as “Force acting on a unit area”. Mathematically
𝑭
𝑷=
𝑨
Its unit is Pascal (Pa). (1 pa = 1 N/mm2)

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Pressure is used for fluids.

(R)
1) Radiant Energy: Radiant energy & electromagnetic energy, that type of energy
coming from electromagnetic waves.
2) Radiation: It is defined as the movement of energy i.e. rays. The heat & light of sun
are coming through radiation on Earth.
3) Random Motion: It is also called Zig-zag motion. It is the motion of an object in an
4) Rate of flow of Heat: It is the amount of flow of heat in any state of matter.
5) Resolution of Force: A vector or force can be resolved into its rectangular
components. The X-component of a force can be determined by following equation.
𝑭𝒙 = 𝑭 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
And its Y-component is given as 𝑭𝒚 = 𝑭 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
6) Resultant force: A resultant force is a single force that has the same effect as the
combined effect of all the forces to be added.
7) Rest: When an object does not change its position according to its surrounding. It is
called in state of rest.
8) Retardation: it is the negative acceleration of a body. It is also called Deceleration.
9) Rolling Friction: It is that type of friction in which a body rolls on the surface of
another body. The sliding friction is more than rolling friction.
10) Rotatory Motion: It is that type of motion in which a body rotates.
(S)
1) Satellite: It is an object that revolves around a big mass object. E.g. The Moon is the
Natural satellite of Planet Earth. And PakTes-1A is the artificial satellite of Pakistan.
2) Scalar: That Physical quantities that only have magnitude i.e. (Number + Unit), is
called a scalar quantity. E.g. mass, Speed, etc.
3) Scales of Temperature: The temperature is a physical quantity and therefore it
can be measured into following scales.

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 Celsius Scale: It is also called centigrade scale. The conversion of temperature

from Fahrenheit scale to Celsius scale can be done through following equation.
(𝑻𝑭 −𝟑𝟐)
𝑻𝒄 =
𝟏.𝟖
 Fahrenheit Scale: It starts from 32 F. The conversion of temperature from
0

Fahrenheit to Celsius can be done by equation

𝑻𝑭 = (𝑻𝒄 × 𝟏. 𝟖) + 𝟑𝟐
 Kelvin scale: It is the S.I. unit for temperature. The conversion of temperature
from kelvin to centigrade can be done through following equation.
𝑻𝑪 = 𝑻𝑲 − 𝟐𝟕𝟑
And the equation for the conversion of temperature from centigrade to kelvin is.
𝑻𝑲 = 𝑻𝑪 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑
4) Scientific Notation: It could be defined as “A way of writing those numbers that
are too small or too big and cannot be counted.
E.g. The mass of Earth I.e. 6 × 1024 𝑘𝑔
5) Screw Gauge: It is an instrument that is used to measure length (thickness,
diameter, etc.) of small objects up to 0.01m or 0.001 cm.
6) Semiconductor Physics: It deals with the study of designing and the use of devices
that are based on behavior of electrons in semiconductors.
7) Sliding Friction: It is the friction induced in a body when it slides over another
surface. Sliding friction is greater that rolling friction.
8) Solar Energy: The energy of radiations coming from the sun are called solar
energy.
9) Solid State Physics: It is that branch of physics in which we study about the solid
state of matter. It is also called “condensed matter physics”.
10) Sound: It is also a branch of physics that deals with the study of sound energy.
11) Sound Energy: it is that form of energy that is produced by a vibrating body.

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12) Specific Heat Capacity: The specific amount of energy is defined as “the amount
of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of that substance
through one kelvin”.
13) Speed: It is defined as “Rate of change of distance”.
OR “Distance covered by a body in unit time is called speed”
It is a scalar quantity and its unit is m/sec.
14) Stable Equilibrium: A body is said to be in stable equilibrium when by giving a
small displacement it regains its original position.
15) Static Friction: The friction induced in a body when the body is at rest. It is
greater than kinetic friction.
16) Strain: It is defined as “the ratio of change in length to original length of a body,
when a force is applied to it”. Mathematically it can be written as
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
∆𝑳
OR 𝜺=
𝒍
It has no unit.
17) Stress: It is defined as “The force acting on a unit area”.
Mathematically it can be written as
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑭
OR 𝝈=
𝑨
Its unit is N/m2 OR N/mm2 OR Nmm-2
It is for solid State of matter.
18) System: A collection of two or more objects is called a system.
(T)

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1) Temperature: It is a physical quantity and it is defined as “The amount of heat

energy present in a body”. Its S.I unit is Kelvin (K).
2) Tensile Strain: It is also called longitudinal strain or linear strain and it change in
length per unit length of a body.
3) Thermal Conductivity: The thermal conductivity of a material is defined as the
amount of heat energy flowing through a body who has a volume of 1 m3 and the
temperature difference b/w its opposite ends is 1K.
4) Thermal Energy: It is the type of energy that is obtained from heat or by burning
some fuel.
5) Thermal Expansion: It is the expansion of a body when heat is applied to it. It
could be linear or volumetric.
6) Thermal Equilibrium: It is the term applied when two or more bodies are at same
temperature.
7) Thermodynamics: It is the study of heat energy when heat is in motion.
8) Thermometer: A thermo meter is a device used for measuring the accurate
temperature of a body.
9) Thermometry: It is the art of measuring the temperature of a body.
10) Torque: The turning effect of a force is called torque or moment of force.
11) Translatory Motion: It is that type of motion in which the body moves in a
straight line.

(U)
1) Uniform Acceleration: It is the constant acceleration of a body
OR when the acceleration of a body did not change with time it is said to be in uniform
acceleration.
2) Uniform Speed: When the speed of a body did not change with time it is said to be in
uniform speed or constant speed.
3) Uniform Velocity: When the velocity of a body did not change with time it is said to
be in uniform velocity or constant velocity.
4) Un-like parallel forces: That forces that are parallel to each other but are in opposite
direction are called unlike parallel forces.
5) Unstable Equilibrium: A body is said to be in stable equilibrium when by giving a
small displacement it does not comes to its original position.
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(V)
1) Vector: Those physical quantities that are completely described by their magnitude
and also direction.
2) Velocity: It is the rate of change of displacement.
It is a vector quantity and its unit is m/sec.
3) Vernier Caliper: It is a device used to measure the length of a body up to an
accuracy of 0.1 mm.
4) Vernier Constant: The Vernier constant is defined as the difference between 1
main scale division and 1vernier scale division.
5) Vertical Component: The Y-axis component of a vector is called vertical
component.
6) Vibratory Motion: It is also called To and fro motion. It is the motion of a body
along a fixed point.
7) Volumetric Expansion: It is the expansion of a body along its volume by heating.
OR “The increase in the volume of a body by applying heat energy is called Volumetric
Expansion.
8) Volumetric Strain: If the stress produced change in the volume of a body it is
called volumetric strain.

(W)
1) Watt: It is the unit of power and One watt can be defined as “when a work of 1 J is
done in one second then the power is said to be 1 watt”.
2) Weight: It is defined as that force through which Earth attracts an abject towards its
center. It is a vector quantity and its unit is (N).
3) Weightlessness: The condition of observing no gravity is called weightlessness.
4) Work: It is defined as “force into distance moved by applying force”.
Mathematically it can be written as
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
W = F. d

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Its unit is Nm or Joule (J). .,. 1Nm = 1J

5) Wind energy: It is the energy obtained from the wind.
(Y)
1) Young’s Modulus: It is the “ratio of stress upon strain”.
Its unit is equal to the unit of stress i.e. N/mm2.

Prepared By: Engr. Mohammad Arsalan Ali

email.engrmohammadarsalanalizai@gmail.com