A

MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

On
HVAC PIPE DESIGNING AND DRAFTING

A Thesis Work Submitted to JNTUH in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

By

SHAIK RAHEMAN 168R5A0340

V.MAHESH KUMAR 158R1A03LO
S.PRASANNA KUMAR 158R1A03J5
Y.MALLIKARJUNA 158R1A03MO

Under the Guidance of

Name of the Guide
Designation

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CMR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad. Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
KANDLAKOYA (V), MEDCHAL ROAD, HYDERABAD-501 401(T.S)
(2018- 19)
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CMR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project entitled “HVAC PIPE DESIGNING AND DRAFTING ”
is a bonafide work carried out by SHAIK RAHEMAN(168R5A0340),V.MAHESH
KUMAR(158R1A03L0),S.PRASANNAKUMAR(158R1A03J5),Y.MALLIKARJUNA(158R
1A03M0) submitted to DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, CMR
ENGINEERING COLLEGE, HYDERABAD in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING at JNTUH,
under the guidance and supervision of NAME OF GUIDE AND DESIGNATION, during the
academic year 2018-2019.
The result embodied in this project report has not been submitted to any other
university/institute for the award of any degree.

Project Supervisor Head of the Department

Name: Dr.K.Srinivas Reddy
Designation: Ph.D

External Examiner
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Project work entitled “HVAC PIPE DESIGNING
ANND DRAFTING ", recorded in this report is my own work and does not form
of any other thesis on which a degree has been awarded earlier.
I further declare that, this Project is my IV Year B.Tech Main Project and
submitted to DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, CMR
ENGINEERING
COLLEGE, affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad, in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical
Engineering.

Place: Hyderabad
Date:12-04-2019 SHAIK RAHEMAN 168R5A0340
V.MAHESH KUMAR 158R1A03L0
S.PRASANNA KUMAR 158R1A03J5
Y.MALLIKARJUNA 158R1A03M0
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanied the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible and whose constant
encouragement and guidance has been a source of inspiration throughout the course of
completion of this project work.
I express my heartfelt thanks to Dr. A. Srinivasula Reddy, Principal, CMREC for
his encouragement and support for doing the project.
My sincere thanks to Dr.K.Srinivas Reddy, Professor & Head of the Department
Mechanical Engineering, for permitting me to do the project work.
My heartfelt regards and thanks to GUIDE NAME & Designation for the valuable
guidance and encouragement in carrying out the work.
I also thank all the staff members and Lab Technicians of Mechanical Engineering
Department who guided and encouraged me throughout the completion of this dissertation.
I express my sincere gratitude to my parents for their moral support and love
rendered during the course of my dissertation work.
At last I would like to thank all the people who are involved directly or indirectly in
the completion of my dissertation work.

SHAIK RAHEMAN
V.MAHESH KUMAR
S.PRASNNA KUMAR
Y.MALLIKARJUNA
Abstract iv
List of figures vi
List of tables vii

CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1.1Brief History Of HVAC 1
1.2Defining HVAC
1.3 Need for HVAC System
1.4 Need for Ventilation 1

CHAPTER 2
Literature Review 14
Latest Developments In HVAC

CHAPTER 3
HVAC System Design Procedure
3.1 Study of civil drawing 40
3.2 Project considerations
3.3 Survey of the building
3.4 Heat load calculations
3.5 Diffuser sizing
3.6 Diffuser location
3.7 Single line diagrams
3.8 Duct sizing
3.9 Double line drawings
3.10 Static pressure calculations
3.11 Ducting boq
3.12 AHU selection
3.13 Piping
3.14 Chiller Selection
3.15 Head loss calculations
3.16 Pump Selection
3.17 Piping BOQ
3.18 Car parking ventilation
3.19 Master BOQ

41
CHAPTER 4
Manual Heat Load Calculations
4.1 Room 1 50
4.2 Room 2 50

CHAPTER 5
Design And Drafting Of System Components
5.1 System Component Selection 53
5.2Company Catalogues
5.3 Autocad Drawings 53

CHAPTER 6
Pipe Design And Drafting 70
6.1 Introduction To Piping
6.2 Need For Piping
6.3 Piping Materials
6.4 Functions Of Pipe Fittings
6.5 Functions Of Pipe Valves
6.6 Manual Pipe Design Calculations
6.6 Pipe Design Calculations By Software
6.7 Piping Drafting Layout
6.8 Single Line Diagram And Double Line Diagram
6.9 Chilled Water Plant Connections
6.10 Pipe Head loss Calculations
6.11 Pump Selection
6.10 Piping BOQ

CHAPTER-7
Results And Discussions

CHAPTER-8
Conclusion And Scope For Future

CHAPTER-9
References
 ABSTRACT

PROJEC TITLE: - Air Conditioning for Commercial Building consisting of Ground

floor with Basement and Roof Top.

NOVELTY:

This Project is about Air conditioning for 2 levels with basement and roof top. The ground floor is
commercial which has 6 rooms,need to be supplied with Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit (FCU) System
whose Tonnage Value is Determined by Manual Heat Load Calculations And Piping is done for
FCU system.The Pipe Design is done by manual calculations as well as Software Calculations and
Results are Compared.Chilled Water Plant is placed on roof top with necessary tapings and valves.

DESCRIPTION:

➢ ∆U can be calculated based on specification for material used by the Architecture/Civil designer
for the project.

➢ ∆T can be calculated based on specification for material and in direction to be used i.e. North,
South, East, West, North West, North East, South West, South East.
➢ Watts per square feet can be calculated based on Power load consumption data given by the
electrical designers for different usage Area i.e. Lighting, Appliances in an Area.

➢ Heat Load Calculation can be done in E20 form Sheets i.e. calculation of Solar heat gain,
Transmission heat gain, Transmission Heat gain except walls & roof, Room sensible heat,
Room latent heat, Effective room total heat, Infiltration, outside Air total heat, CFM.
Ventilation and Effective Room Sensible Heat Factor (ERSHF)

➢ Selection of Equipment can be calculated based on type of refrigeration i.e Direct refrigeration
based on maximum TR for room required, Indirect Refrigeration based on CFM values of the
area.
➢ Duct Sizing can be done using duct sizer McQuay Software. Static pressure calculation can be
done By calculating St. Pressure in Straight duct & Standard equipments used in Ducts i.e.
reducer, elbow, VCD, FCD, SA etc. Values of static pressure help in determine Blower size of
AHU.
➢ Piping Size Calculation for Chillers Units can be done by using software And manually.
➢ Pump Calculation can be done for Chillers Units by calculating GPM, total suction head loss,
total discharge head loss, total dynamic head loss.

➢ Finally SLD & DLD details have been shown on AutoCAD Software with all details require for
Installation on site.
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Description Page No.

 LIST OF TABLES
Table No Description Page No

1.1 Elements in Ansys 12

3.1 Failure Theories 35
4.1 Summery of Torpedo propeller Model 44
Geometric characteristics of a propeller blade 55
Natural frequencies of the aluminum propeller 60
Natural frequencies of the Composite propeller 61
INTRODUCTION:
Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning, HVAC, is a huge field. HVAC systems
include a range from the simplest hand-stoked stove, used for comfort heating, to the
extremely reliable total air-conditioning systems found in submarines and space
shuttles. Cooling equipment varies from the small domestic unit to refrigeration
machines that are 10,000 times the size, which are used in industrial processes.
Depending on the complexity of the requirements, the HVAC designer must consider
many more issues than simply keeping temperatures comfortable. This chapter will
introduce you to the fundamental concepts that are used by designers to make
decisions about system design, operation, and maintenance.

BRIEF HISTORY OF HVAC:

For millennia, people have used fire for heating. Initially, the air required to keep the
fire going ensured adequate ventilation for the occupants. However, as central
furnaces with piped steam or hot water became available for heating, the need for
separate ventilation became apparent. By the late 1880s, rules of thumb for
ventilation design were developed and used in many countries. In 1851 Dr. John
Gorrie was granted U.S. patent 8080 for a refrigeration machine. By the 1880s,
refrigeration became available for industrial purposes. Initially, the two main uses
were freezing meat for transport and making ice. However, in the early 1900s there
was a new initiative to keep buildings cool for comfort. Cooling the New York Stock
Exchange, in 1902, was one of the first comfort cooling systems. Comfort cooling
was called “air conditioning.” Our title, “HVAC,” thus captures the development of
our industry. The term “air conditioning” has gradually changed, from meaning just
cooling, to the total control of:
1.Temperature
2.Moisture in the air (humidity)
3.Supply of outside air for ventilation
4.Filtration of airborne particles
5.Air movement in the occupied space
Throughout the rest of this text we will use the term “air conditioning” to include all
of these issues and continue to use “HVAC” where only some of the elements of full
air conditioning are being controlled.
INTRODUCTION TO AIR-CONDITIONING PROCESSES:

As mentioned earlier, the term “air conditioning,” when properly used, now means
the total control of temperature, moisture in the air (humidity), supply of outside air
for ventilation, filtration of airborne particles, and air movement in the occupied
space. There are seven main processes required to achieve full air conditioning and
they are listed and explained below:
The processes are:

1. Heating—the process of adding thermal energy (heat) to the conditioned space

for the purposes of raising or maintaining the temperature of the space.
2. Cooling—the process of removing thermal energy (heat) from the conditioned
space for the purposes of lowering or maintaining the temperature of the space.

3. Humidifying—the process of adding water vapor (moisture) to the air in the

conditioned space for the purposes of raising or maintaining the moisture content of
the air.

4. Dehumidifying—the process of removing water vapor (moisture) from the air

in the conditioned space for the purposes of lowering or maintaining the moisture
content of the air.

5. Cleaning—the process of removing particulates, (dust etc.,) and biological

contaminants, (insects, pollen etc.,) from the air delivered to the conditioned space for
the purposes of improving or maintaining the air quality. Introduction to HVAC 3 4
Fundamentals of HVAC

6. Ventilating—the process of exchanging air between the outdoors and the

conditioned space for the purposes of diluting the gaseous contaminants in the air and
improving or maintaining air quality, composition and freshness. Ventilation can be
achieved either through natural ventilation or mechanical ventilation. Natural
ventilation is driven by natural draft, like when you open a window. Mechanical
 ventilation can be achieved by using fans to draw air in from outside or by fans that
exhaust air from the space to outside.

7. Air Movement—the process of circulating and mixing air through conditioned

spaces in the building for the purposes of achieving the proper ventilation and
facilitating the thermal energy transfer.The requirements and importance of the seven
processes varies. In a climate that stays warm all year, heating may not be required at
all. Conversely, in a cold climate the periods of heat in the summer may be so
infrequent as to make cooling unnecessary. In a dry desert climate, dehumidification
may be redundant, and in a hot, humid climate dehumidification may be the most
important design aspect of the air-conditioning system.

DEFINING AIR CONDITIONING:

The actual use of the words “air conditioning” varies considerably, so it is always
advisable to check what is really meant. Consider, for example, “window air
conditioners.” The vast majority provide cooling, some dehumidification, some
filtering, and some ventilation when the outside temperature is well above freezing.
They have no ability to heat or to humidify the conditioned space and do not cool if it
is cold outside. In colder climates, heating is often provided by a separate, perimeter
heating system that is located within the outside walls. The other functions: cooling,
humidification, dehumidification, cleaning, ventilating and air movement, are all
provided by a separate air system, often referred to as the “air-conditioning system.”
Remember that both the heating and the air system together form the “air-
conditioning” system for the space.

HVAC EQUIPMENT:
HVAC equipment is one of the most complex and expensive component of a
mechanical system
system. In any commercial project the goal of the mechanical equipment system is to
heat &cool
the building the most efficient and cost effective :way. The first thing an estimator
must establish
 is what type of mechanical system is being used.Most of the time big components of
equipment
will be listed and sized in the narrative.Two things to always consider when doing an
HVAC is
estimate of what type of heating and cooling is required.

NEED FOR HVAC SYSTEM:

HVAC systems are responsible for the regulation of heat, airflow, ventilation, and air
conditioning of an entire building. You won’t see the machines when you enter the
building but you will most certainly feel the effects of a comfortable and well-
ventilated workplace.
Here are some of the top reasons why we opt to have reliable HVAC systems in the
daily life

 HVAC systems control the overall climate in the building. They also make the
proper adjustments whenever we experience changes in outdoor temperature.
During the winter season, the HVAC systems (mainly the boilers or heaters) work
to keep the indoor temperature at a comfortable level. In hotter times of the
season, the HVAC systems regulate air temperature by providing the necessary
cooling to keep the entire building comfortable.

 Having a comfortable office climate increases the level of productivity and

increases morale amongst the workers and employees. If you let your people work
in settings conducive for work, they will surely be motivated to perform better
because they feel good in their work environment. No employee will enjoy
working in an office where it is freezing, or in an office where you frequently
have to ignore your perspiration just to focus on your computer screen. Having a
proper HVAC system installed is guaranteed to make your employees happy,
hence, giving you better work results in return.

 HVAC systems not only regulate the temperature inside the building, they also
improve the quality of air. The quality of air pertains to humidity, and a typical
HVAC system will reduce the amount of humidity in the air so your workers and
employees can continue enjoying a cozy and pleasant atmosphere at work.

 Proper HVAC systems are a worthy investment for any business or building
owner because it gives you energy savings. HVAC systems today are automated,
which means you no longer have to manually adjust the temperature settings or
the time settings of each machine. Given that your entire HVAC system operates
in an automated system, proper adjustments will be made right when they are
needed. This makes your energy consumption more efficient as it gets rid of
energy wasted on improper settings.
 Automated HVAC systems can also tell when your workers or employees are no
longer in the building. It will then automatically decrease the amount of energy
used to maintain proper indoor temperatures.

 Another important contribution HVAC systems have on the workplace is that it is

believed to also lower the attrition rate of employees. Studies on corporate
workplace behavior and employee motivations suggest that workers are more
enticed to keep coming to work if their office is properly cooled and/or heated.
Having the proper temperature at work is seen to be one of the most understated
factors for building a solid team at work.

NEED FOR VENTILATION:

What Is Ventilation: How Does It Impact Your HVAC Comfort?

 According to the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air

Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), an HVAC system should “heat, cool,
clean, ventilate, humidify and dehumidify as needed to provide health and
HVAC comfort.”
 Ventilation is required for both HVAC comfort and good air quality. Without
enough ventilation in your space, you will eventually (and sometimes quickly)
experience comfort issues and even health problems. These could range from
having trouble sleeping in a stuffy bedroom to experiencing Sick Building
Syndrome in a commercial space.
 Ventilation is needed to provide oxygen for Metabolism and to Dilute Metabolic
Pollutants (Carbondioxide and Odour ) .It is also used to assist In Maintaining
good indoor air quality by diluting and removing other pollutants emitted with in
space but should not be used as a substitute for proper source control of
pollutants.Ventialtion is additionally used for cooling and to provide oxygen to
combustion appliances.Good Ventilation is a major contributor to the health and
comfort of building occupants.
LITERATURE REVIEW:
Buildings, as they are designed and used today, contribute to serious
environmental problems because of excessive consumption of energy and other
natural resources. The close connection between energy use in buildings and
environmental damage arises because energy-intensive solutions sought to
construct a building and meet its demands for heating, cooling, ventilation, and
lighting cause severe depletion of invaluable environmental resources. However,
buildings can be designed to meet the occupant’s need for thermal and visual
comfort at reduced levels of energy and resources consumption. Energy resource
efficiency in new constructions can be affected by adopting an integrated
approach to building design. Thus, in brief, an energy-efficient building balances
all aspects of energy use in a building – lighting, space-conditioning, and
ventilation – by providing an optimized mix of passive solar design strategies,
energy efficient equipment, and renewable sources of energy [1]. Natural
ventilation—uncontrolled air movement into a building through cracks and small
holes (infiltration) and through vents such as windows and doors—is the
traditional method of allowing fresh outdoor air to replace indoor air. Nowadays,
because of central heating and cooling, as well as the desire for privacy, people
tend to make little use of windows for ventilation, so infiltration has become the
principal mode of natural ventilation in homes. Unfortunately, a home’s natural
infiltration rate is unpredictable and uncontrollable because it depends on the
home’s air tightness, outdoor temperatures, wind, and other factors. During mild
weather, some homes may lack sufficient ventilation for pollutant removal.
Tightly built homes may have insufficient ventilation at most times. Energy
experts often quote the axiom, “seal tight, ventilate right” as their recommended
approach to house ventilation. This axiom implies that houses should be tightly
sealed to reduce infiltration, and a whole-house ventilation system installed to
provide fresh air and remove pollutants when and where needed, in a controlled
manner(i.e., in amounts needed) that does not negatively impact indoor air
quality, building components, or heating and cooling bills [2]. Natural ventilation
can save significant amounts of fossil fuel based energy by reducing the need for
mechanical ventilation and air conditioning. Reduced use of air 2 conditioning
reduces greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere from electricity generating
plant that produces the energy used for cooling buildings. Air movement within
buildings removes foul air and moisture and provides cooling in summer, for
human thermal comfort. Take advantage of light summer winds in the design of
the site layout and building form. Orient buildings to maximize their exposure to
the prevailing summer wind direction. Design buildings with a relatively narrow
plan form across the prevailing wind direction, to facilitate the passage of air
through the building. Locate wall openings to facilitate the passage of air through
the building. Use water features in, or near a building to engender a sense of
coolness.. Use vegetation to modify the external wind direction, to enhance
ventilation and cool incoming air. Horizontal openings near floor level are more
effective than vertical openings, for ventilation purposes. Single story deep plan
buildings can be naturally ventilated through roof outlets, but ceiling fans are
necessary for summer thermal comfort away from the perimeter zone. The
minimum size of openings for ventilation purposes, are specified by the building
regulations but there is no guidance for the maximum size of openin “Many
researchers and designers have argued … that reliance on Standard 55 has
allowed important cultural, social and contextual factors to be ignored, leading to
an exaggeration of the “need” for air conditioning. Others have argued that
allowing people greater control of indoor environments, and allowing
temperatures to more closely track patterns in the outdoor climate, could improve
levels of occupant satisfaction with indoor environments and reduce energy
consumption [4]. You can save energy and money when you ventilate your home
instead of using your air conditioner, except on the hottest days. Moving air can
remove heat from your home. Moving air also creates a wind chill effect that
cools your body. Ventilation cooling is usually combined with energy
conservation measures like shading provided by trees and window treatments,
roof reflectivity (light-colored roof).Mechanical air circulation can be used with
natural ventilation to increase comfort, or with air conditioning for energy
savings. Ventilation provides other benefits besides cooling. Indoor air pollutants
tend to accumulate in homes with poor ventilation, and when homes are closed up
for air conditioning or heating. Natural ventilation relies on the wind and the
“chimney effect” to keep a home cool. The wind will naturally ventilate your
home by entering or leaving windows, depending on their orientation to the 3
wind. When wind blows against your home, air is forced into your windows. Heat
accumulates in your home during the day, and the cool night air can flush it out.
For drier climates, this will mean ventilating at night, and closing doors, windows
and window coverings during the day. Wind moving along a wall creates a
vacuum that pulls air out of the windows. The chimney effect occurs when cool
air enters a home on the first floor or basement, absorbs heat in the room, rises,
and exits through upstairs windows. This creates a partial vacuum, which pulls
more air in through lower-level windows. Natural ventilation works best in
climates with cool summers or cool nights and regular breezes [5]. Indoor thermal
comfort can be improved significantly by controlling windowdoor opening
appropriately in accordance with the temporal variations of indoor and outdoor
climates. Results of this study showed that, when outside air velocity is more than
inside, hence with opening windows and door, inside air velocity will be
increased, then thermal comfort is increased. If the habitants are dissatisfied with
the uncomfortable condition they prefer take some corrective actions, such as
personal and environmental adjustments. Personal adjustments such as: getting
more drink, changing cloths and environmental adjustments are active controls
such as opening windows, door, etc. From this research, it is revealed that when
windows-door opening arrangements applied if the outdoor temperature is lower
than indoor temperature thermal comfort indices and habitants satisfaction
enhance. They prefer to control environment via opening windows-door rather
than personal adjustment such as adjust their clothing [6]. The research paper
presents guidelines for evaluation and design of natural ventilation for Sub urban
houses in Thailand which is a part of building energy code development for
residential buildings. The initial studies find that it is possible for natural
ventilation to achieve thermal comfort conditions in place of mechanical
airconditioning systems, especially in winter. The experimental research is
divided into two parts: environmental arrangement and building opening. By
measuring air conditions flowing through different generic types of environment,
it is found that the best environment is that covered with large trees.
Computational fluid dynamics studies on generic houses discover that cross
ventilation is more effective than twoside ventilation, and is much more effective
than one-side ventilation. In general, increasing the size of openings improves the
effectiveness of natural ventilation. 4 However, the optimum effective opening
area in rectangular rooms is found to be 20 percent of functional floor area. The
findings from this research lead to the house evaluation method by factors of
orientation and size of building openings. The method is successfully tested with
different types of houses. It is known that natural ventilation can be generated by
two methods: by thermal force or buoyancy effect, and by wind pressure force or
wind-driven effect. In general, wind-driven natural ventilation is easier to achieve
because it only needs a low wind speed to create adequate indoor air velocities
that help people’s heat transfer by means of evaporation. Environmental
arrangement affects the air temperature and can be regarded as an important factor
influencing natural ventilation. The study finds that the environment covered with
large trees can give a higher average temperature drop than the others, especially
during the hot hours of the day [7]. The design of the new buildings should be
integrated in the compact urban structure that has developed throughout the past
centuries. This compact morphology however obstructs the breezes that are an
essential component to achieve thermal comfort by passive means in warm and
humid climates. New courtyard buildings should be designed in such a way that
natural ventilation and thermal comfort are enhanced. Research on natural
ventilation and thermal comfort in compact urban environments however is
scarce. This is important because natural ventilation by wind is often the only
available strategy to achieve thermal comfort or at least to diminish the hot
sensation of occupants. The large majority of the population in Cuba and in many
other tropical and humid regions cannot afford the use of air-conditioning. In the
present global energy crisis, sustainable solutions should be found to reduce
energy use while increasing the quality of life of the people. New courtyard
buildings should be designed in such a way that natural ventilation and thermal
comfort are enhanced without an increase of energy use. At the same time, these
new buildings should be integrated in the existing compact urban environment
[8]. It was found that by applying natural ventilation, a thermally comfortable
indoor environment can potentially be provided for a large number of hours in the
year with optimum of facade designs for residential buildings (negligible heat
sources). The study also developed facade design guidelines based on the required
indoor air velocities for thermal comfort. There is a growing interest in the
application of natural ventilation in buildings due to the energy, indoor air quality
and 5 environmental problems associated with mechanically ventilated buildings.
Various mechanical systems including HVAC systems in residential and office
buildings contribute substantially to the energy consumption. As the benefits of
natural ventilation, including reducing operation costs, improving indoor air
quality and providing satisfactory thermal comfort in certain climates, are
recognized, passive cooling of houses using natural ventilation has become an
attractive alternative to alleviate the associated problems with air-conditioned
buildings. The concept of natural ventilation is well accepted and welcomed by
people and designers in the world [9]. Dwellings in rural areas of the developing
countries do not have artificial systems of cooling or heating. These buildings,
especially in hot-dry climate, are provided with natural cooling systems.
Parameters which influence natural cooling of such buildings can be classified as
(I) surrounding environmental factors and (ii) parameters associated with the
buildings. Present paper describes influence of above parameters in providing
natural cooling of residential buildings in general and in hotdry climate in
particular. In most of the developing countries like India, more than 50% of the
population, stay in rural area where their houses do not have artificial systems of
cooling or heating. Even more than 50% of the houses in urban area also do not
enjoy these facilities. This is primarily due to poor economic conditions of the
residents and secondly due to shortage of electric power to operate cooling and
heating facilities. Thus, most of the residential buildings in urban and rural areas
are provided with environment friendly designs to have the advantage of natural
cooling during summer and heating during winter [10]. Advanced stack-ventilated
buildings have the potential to consume much less energy for space conditioning
than typical mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned buildings. This paper
describes how environmental design considerations in general, and ventilation
considerations in particular, shape the architecture of advanced naturally
ventilated (ANV) buildings. The attributes of simple and advanced naturally
ventilated buildings are described and a taxonomy of ANV buildings presented.
Simple equations for use at the preliminary design stage are presented. These
produce target structural cross section areas for the key components of ANV
systems. The equations have been developed through practice-based research to
design three large educational buildings: the Frederick Lanchester Library,
Coventry, UK; the School of 6 Slavonic and East European Studies, London, UK;
the Harm A. Weber Library, Elgin, near Chicago, USA. These buildings are
briefly described and the sizes of the as-built ANV features compared with the
target values for use in preliminary design. The three buildings represent
successive evolutionary stages: from advanced natural ventilation, to ANV with
passive downdraught cooling, and finally ANV with HVAC support. Hopefully
the guidance, simple calculation tools and case study examples will give
architects and environmental design consultant’s confidence to embark on the
design of ANV buildings. The attributes of two different forms of simple natural
ventilation and four generic building types for exploiting advanced natural
ventilation (ANV) have been summarized, highlighting, for each one: the
architectural implications; the indoor air quality provision; the degree of
protection from the surrounding environment; and the likely tolerance to climate
change. ANV buildings, with a central air supply and perimeter exhaust stacks,
seem to offer benefits in each of these four areas. Such centre-in, edge-out (C-E)
buildings can, in principle, be designed so they are essentially wind neutral, that
is, wind pressures will not hinder, or assist, the airflow; this gives added reliability
to predictions of their likely, as-built, performance. Finally, the as-build structural
areas in the case study buildings are compared with the target values. These
comparisons illustrate that it is relatively straightforward to design a central
supply route (e.g. light well) of sufficient great cross-sectional area but that it can
be difficult, particularly with deeper floor plans and densely occupied buildings,
to achieve the target structural opening areas for air supply around the perimeter
of such light wells. On constrained sites it can also be difficult to achieve the
target structural opening areas for the plenum inlets. It is hoped that this paper
will give architects and engineers the added confidence necessary to embark on
the design of ANV buildings. Their low energy consumption, relative to typical
air-conditioned buildings, is valuable in attempts to combat global warming [11].
This paper deals with ambient architecture in tropical and humid region, the
investigation of natural ventilation efficiency in traditional architecture in
Indonesia. Investigation was carried out with comparative method of architectural
opus in Java Island. It is selected on historical basis, started from Islam
proselytization period until the presence of architectural performance that has
been developing up to now. Environment for human in the ancient time
constitutes sources of life; this regulation has been prevailing. Traditional society
gave us data about the relation between 7 building physical performance and
climate condition. Researches about constituent component of climate in tropical-
humid area (such as air temperature, wind, sun radiation and humidity) are needed
to harmonize building and its surrounding nature. The objective of this paper is to
give explanation and description of tropicalhumid traditional architecture history
in tropical-humid region in Indonesia and the influence of technology progress on
residential building design to solve environment problems. It is the architects’ job
to cooperate with urban climatologists and related experts to bear a
comprehension about microclimate of immediate surrounding before applying it
on their design. To face climate problem, architectural parameters such as
building orientation, window opening, roof shape, building performance and
vegetation planning must be considered seriously. Climate modification is also
effective to obtain optimal temperature in building [12]. Nowadays, most of the
buildings are ventilated with mechanical systems, despite the increased awareness
regarding the cost and environmental impacts of energy use. In this context, the
energy consumption related to the operation of heating, ventilation and air-
conditioning systems (HVAC) is considerable, since according to recent studies,
nearly 70% of the total energy consumption in service and residential buildings
can be attributed to HVAC systems. On the other hand, natural ventilation
replaces indoor air with fresh outdoor air without using mechanical systems.
Hence, natural ventilation can save the energy consumed for the building’s
ventilation, provided that it ensures both acceptable indoor air quality and
satisfactory thermal comfort levels. Besides, it is interesting to note that natural
ventilation, potentially appearing to be a cost-effective alternative to the
respective mechanically driven, has during the last years attracted the interest of
numerous building designers. The correct design of a naturally ventilated building
is a challenging task, due to the complexity of the physical mechanisms involved.
In the present work, emphasis is given on the pressure differences due to the wind
driven flow. Therefore, in order to optimize such a design, it is necessary to both
take into account the pressure distribution around and inside a naturally ventilated
building and also configures the induced airflow patterns in detail. The magnitude
of the wind velocity plays an important role on the air change rate of a building,
due to its proportionality to the inlet volume flow rate. In addition, despite the fact
that inner geometry of the building 8 is not altering the aerating volume flow rate,
it seems that it is a very important parameter for the refreshing rate of all the inner
regions of building’s envelop. Recently proposed revisions to ASHRAE Standard
55, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, include a new
adaptive comfort standard (ACS) that allows warmer indoor temperatures for
naturally ventilated buildings during summer. The ACS is based on the analysis
of 21,000 sets of raw data compiled from field studies in 160 buildings, both air
conditioned and naturally ventilated, located on four continents in varied climatic
zones. This paper summarizes this earlier research, presents some of its findings
for naturally ventilated buildings, and discusses the process of getting the ACS
incorporated into Std. 55. We suggest ways the ACS could be used for the design,
operation, or evaluation of buildings, and for research applications. We also use
GIS mapping technology to examine the energy-savings potential of the ACS on a
regional scale. Finally, we discuss related new directions for researchers and
practitioners involved in the design of buildings and their environmental control
systems. Researchers need to take a more integrative view of the indoor
environment. With few exceptions, most studies look at one outcome at a time,
and try to assess what the ideal environmental conditions would be for optimizing
thermal comfort, indoor air quality, energy consumption, or productivity. Is there
a way to optimize them all simultaneously? Research findings often suggest
conflicting goals for the indoor environment. For example, recent work has shown
that perceptions of indoor air quality are improved when temperatures are cooler,
and you can therefore decrease ventilation rates. But what are the energy
implications of this finding? Although decreased ventilation rates would reduce
energy consumption, cooler temperatures would either decrease or increase
energy use, depending on whether you’re in a heating or cooling situation. We
have recently learned of the benefits of low enthalpy environments in terms of
perceived indoor air quality, but what about elevated air speeds? Many
practitioners report that the stillness of air within the occupied zone of most air-
conditioned spaces (as mandated by current standards like ASHRAE Std 55) is
associated with complaints of poor quality "dead" air. Perhaps elevated air speeds
within the occupied zone can not only permit thermal comfort to be achieved at
higher temperatures (thereby saving on refrigerated energy inputs), but also
improve perceived air quality, or at least offset the enthalpy effect. Many
important thermal comfort questions still need answers, and 9 a new generation of
researchers needs to be trained to provide them. In thinking beyond just thermal
comfort, many people can easily agree on some of the more obvious
recommendations for improved environmental control – reduce indoor pollution
sources, deliver the air closer to the occupants, provide personal control where
feasible. But tougher questions still remain. What are our objectives for
conditioning the thermal environment? Is it better to provide air warmer or cooler
than the “neutral” temperatures at the middle of existing standards? The answer
may depend on context – are you trying to optimize comfort, indoor air quality,
energy, productivity, or all of them? Is the budget the prime consideration or are
environmental impacts of the building across its life-cycle also taken into
account? Is it even reasonable to think that we can create a single environment
that optimizes all these outcomes for all people? Probably not. Perhaps the most
appropriate goal would be to provide a variety of means for people to control their
own environment. As examples, this could range from a workplace culture that
allows a flexible dress code and policy for taking breaks, to providing means for
control of the local physical environment (windows, local controls, etc.), or
providing areas within the building that have different thermal conditions. One
clear conclusion seems to emerge - the "one-size-fits-all" and “uniform
conditioning” approach to indoor climate management is fast becoming a curious
but misguided fad of the last century. This paper presents an overview of the most
popular methods for predicting ventilation performance, including the analytical
models, empirical models, small scale experimental models, full-scale
experimental models, multi zone models, zonal models, and CFD models.
Reviewing the publications found in major journals, this paper revealed that the
contributions from analytical and empirical models were around 5%, although
they may be the bread and butter tools in practical design. Most of the studies
conducted in the small-scale and full-scale experimental models were used for
validation purpose. The multi zone models were widely used for predicting
ventilation performance in entire buildings. Serious effort has been made to
improve the multi zone models. Zonal models have yet to gain their popularity in
predicting ventilation performance and may be replaced by coarse-grid CFD
models in the future. The use of CFD with other building simulation tools to
enhance its ability and to reduce computing costs seems attractive. More such
studies would expect to appear in the literature in the near future 10 The method
for controlling air quality and ventilation in naturally ventilated poultry buildings
consist of placing in controller parameters such as humidity and temperature in a
building. Humidity and temperature sensors in the building are mounted above the
floors with temperature sensors located directly above each animal or poultry.
These sensors are connected to the controller to feed through controller actual
conditions of temperature and humidity within the building. The automated
controller for naturally ventilated poultry building is in communication with
livestock compartment having closable openings such as ridge vents and closable
windows in side walls.
LATEST DEVELOPMENTS INHVAC SYSTEMS:

THERE ARE FIVE NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN HVAC SYSTEMS

1) HFC PHASE OUT GAINS MOMENTUM.
2) GREEN TECH ON THE RISE.
3) HVAC GETS SMART.
4) HEALTHY GROWTH FORECAST FOR THE FUTURE.
5) VRF HEATS UP.
1) HFC PHASE OUT GAINS MOMENTUM.
At the annual Montreal Protocol meeting (the Montreal Protocol is a treaty which deals
with protection of the ozone layer), the firing gun was started on the global phase out of
HFCs and F-gases. Used for both refrigeration and air conditioning purposes, these gases
have had demonstrable negative effects on the ozone layer which has also had a
significant impact on global warming.

Industry figures have called the results of the international meeting, which was held in
Dubai in November, 2015, as “historic”. HFCs will now be included in the conventions
of the Montreal Protocol proper and the effects could be far reaching. It is predicted that,
by phasing out HFCs, 100-200 billion tons of CO2 equivalents will be prevented from
being consumed by 2050.

Powerful predictions indeed. With the ground-breaking climate change agreements in

Paris in late 2015, the HVAC industry will be playing a significant role in combating
climate change in the future.

2) GREEN TECH ON THE RISE.

With the HFC phase out planned for a 2016 start, greener technologies will become more
and more popular. Several major players have already created and successfully
implemented climate friendly, energy efficient solutions across all HVAC sectors.

A variety of replacements for HFCS and F-gases have been identified. Pioneer
International, an Australian air conditioning manufacturer, for example has noticed that
hydrocarbons are up to 50% more energy efficient than the equivalent HFCs in their split
and ducted units.

Heat pumps too can benefit from more eco-friendly gases too. Mitsubishi’s Q-Ton heat
pump uses an air-to-water CO2 system to create a high capacity unit, capable of heating
water to 90°C (194°F) in temperatures as low as -25°C (194°F).
With major manufacturers posting better energy efficiency numbers and lower
greenhouse gas emissions, the future’s looking green for HVAC.

3) HVAC GETS SMART.

It seems the world is in the grip of making cities, systems, homes, offices and plenty of
other areas of society smarter. HVAC is no different. Smart systems are getting more and
more sophisticated, which has plenty of practical applications for the construction and
interiors industries.
Smart HVAC systems allow for greater efficiency and time saving when successfully
integrated as part of an initial build or retrofitted. Various air quality parameters can be
monitored, as well as allowing for the intelligent distribution of heat and use of
temperature controls. Some systems actually “learn” where the building occupants, both
residential and commercial, are spending most of their time and control the temperatures
accordingly.

Sensors placed at key points around buildings are what pick up and notice the variables
required to make those intelligent temperature control changes.

Preliminary results suggest that smart systems are up to 20% more energy efficient than
their traditional counterparts. Real time stats, however, are showing even great savings –
often in the realm of 30-40%. Green building aficionados should take note of these
developments!

The results? More efficiency, more control and less time spent fiddling with tricky AC or
heating controls. We predict a big explosion in the smart HVAC market and the capacity
for these systems to get ever more smarter as the decade rolls on.

4) HEALTHY GROWTH FORECAST FOR THE FUTURE.

Instead of cooling off, the global HVAC market looks set to keep heating up in the near
future. According to a 2015 report published by Transparency Market Research, the
market is forecast to reach $155.1 billion worldwide by 2022.

Similarly, Technavio, a market research firm based in London, UK, and its market
research agents have predicted that the market will continue to grow at a steady 7% each
year. What’s driving this growth? A desire for smarter, more efficient systems in line
with customer’s needs has seen plenty of cost effective technological innovations. Green
building initiatives are also increasing desire for these systems.

Asia Pacific currently constitutes over 50% of the global HVAC market. Robust
economic development, particularly in China, Indonesia and India, is driving growth in
this part of the world. More and more construction projects are being completed or began
in these countries. As such, there is a demand for top quality HVAC products to service
everything from luxury apartment buildings, shopping malls and residential builds to
hotels and civic amenities

5) VRF HEATS UP.

Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) technology is one of the emerging developments being
adopted across the globe. Ease of installation, design and a portfolio of products from
leading manufacturers is one of the driving forces behind the adoption of VRF
technology.

Major companies have formed some impressive partnerships in order to bring VRF tech
to markets around the world. One such scheme is the teaming up of Johnson Controls Inc.
and Hitachi Appliances Inc. to create a line of new products using the latest updates in
variable refrigerant flow in the commercial sector.

There are multiple benefits for VRF tech, which give some explanation as to its future
large scale adoption. It can be used with both water and air plus operates quietly due to
the heat bump often being situated outside of the room being conditioned.

Temperatures can be easily controlled allowing for maximum comfort – often to within
2°F. because VRF allows for individual room temperature control, greater efficiency is
achieved. Heat loss is also reduced allowing for a very efficient system.
STUDY OF CIVIL LAYOUT:
It includes the study of civil plan of a building and its dimensions for project
considerations and drafting of HVAC system equipments, Diffuser location, Ducting
Network, Piping Network for representing them on AutoCAD.

PROJECT CONSIDERATIONS:
 Location of the building: THANE KALYAN
 Latitude :18.5 N and Altitude:10 (MTS) (from data book)
 application of the building: Basement+ Ground + 4Commercial &
Residential

 Thermal conditions:

Design conditions DBT˚(F) WBT˚(F) RH(%) SH(Gr/Lb)

Ambient conditions 100 82 47 132
Indoor conditions 75 63 50 65
Difference 25 19 3 67
 Thermal conductivity– U VALUE
Conductivity =1/Resistivity
Q =U x A x ΔT
MATERIAL CONSIDERATIONS:

Element Material Specification U-value

Wall Solid brick –face&common- 0.41(BTU/hr)/(sqftx˚F)
8"(87lbs/sqft)
3/8 gypsum board
Glass Double pane-ordinary glass-inside 0.61(for radiation)
venetian blind-medium colour

Double pane-1/2" Airspace 0.55(BTU/hr)/(sqftx˚F) (for

thickness without storm windows transmission)

Roof Concrete –sand & gravel agg-

6”(70lbs/sqft) 0.20(BTU/hr)/(sqftx˚F)
suspended plaster-1/2"insulation
on top of deck
Partition Hollow concrete block-sand &
gravel agg-8"(43lbs/sqft)- both 0.32(BTU/hr)/(sqftx˚F)
sides finished
3/8" gypsum board
Floor & ceiling Floor tile –sand & gravel agg- 0.37(BTU/hr)/(sqftx˚F)
8"(79lbs/sqft) 3/8"gypsum board

MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS (CIVIL BUILDING MATERIALS):

Many materials are used for the buildings such as material for walls (i.e. Concrete hollow
blocks,cement, sand etc.), Window materials (type of glass), Door’s (type of door, i.e.
wooden, glass etc.), material for roof, floor, and partition walls. So for this 6 floors
project specification we he have a list of materials to be utilized by the civil contractor

WINDOW MATERIALS:
Ordinary glass- outside awning (vented sides top) medium color.
Dimensions of Window (L x B): 3ft. x 3ft.

DOOR MATERIALS:
Wooden door are utilized for this project.
Dimensions of Door (L x B):6ft. x 3ft.

MASONRY WALL MATERIAL:

Solid brick- Common only- 8" Thick wall - 80lb/sft weight- 1" Insulating Board plain on
furring
Weight of such walls is expressed in Lb/sq ft – 80

MASONARY PARTITION WALL MATERIAL:

Hollow Gypsum tile-4"thick (13lb/sft weight) Both sides finished- 1" insulating board
plain on
furring (4lb/sft).
Weight of such partition walls is expressed in Lb/sq ft – 13

MASONARY ROOF MATERIAL:

Concrete (sand and gravel agg)-8" Thick-93lb/sft-suspended acoustic tile(2lb/sft) 3"
insulation on topof deck.
Weight of such roof is expressed in Lb/sq ft – 93

MASONARY FLOOR MATERIAL:

Concrete (sand and gravel agg)-8" Thick-93lb/sft-suspended acoutile(2lb/sft) 3"
insulation on topof deck.
Weight of such roof is expressed in Lb/sq ft – 93

Differential temperatures ΔT:

Element Direction ΔT
Wall North 4+12.5=16.5
South 16+12.5=28.5
East 18+12.5=30.5
West 12+12.5=24.5
North east 10+12.5=22.5
North west 6+12.5=18.5
South east 18+12.5=30.5
South west 14+12.5=26.5
@100lb/sqft @4pm
Glass North 23
South 12
East 12
West 163
North east 12
North west 138
South east 12
South west 85
@ May @4pm
Roof No direction 32˚F+18˚F=50˚F
@80lb/sqft @4pm
Partition ΔT =(Non a/c temp-a/c temp) 20˚F
Floor =(outside temp-5˚F)-room
ceiling temp
=(100-5)-75
SURVEY OF BUILDINGS
 Generally it is impossible to measure either the actual peak or partial load in any
given space; these loads must be estimated.
 Before estimating the load, it is necessary to make a comprehensive survey to
assure accurate evaluation of load components.
 If building facilities and the actual instantaneous load within a given mass of the
building are carefully studied an economical equipment selection and system
design can result and smooth, trouble free performance is possible.

HEAT LOAD CALCULATIONS:

 The procedure of measuring of Heating and cooling loads or Energy needed to be
added or removed from a space by HVAC system to provide the desired level of
comfort with in a space.
 A building or room gains heat from many sources. Inside occupants, computers,
copiers, machinery, and lighting all produce heat. Warm air from outside enters
through open doors and windows, or as ‘leakage’ though the structure. However
the biggest source of heat is solar radiation from the sun, beating down on the roof
and walls, and pouring through the windows, heating internal surfaces.

The sum of all these heat sources is known as the heat gain (or heat load) of the
building, and is expressed either in BTU (British Thermal Units)
or Kw (Kilowatts).

For an air conditioner to cool a room or building its output must be greater than
the heat gain. It is important before purchasing an air conditioner that a heat load
calculation is performed to ensure it is big enough for the intended application.
DIFFUSER SIZING AND LOCATION:

DIFFUSER SIZING:
Locate the diffuser uniformly
Coordinate with location of the light fittings
Data required for selection
1. Total air flow (cfm) for area served
2. Suggested locations
3. Ceiling height
4. Type of ceiling
5. Type of application
CFM SAD/RAD SIZE

UPTO 150 6”x6”

150-300 9”x9”

301-500 12”x12”

501-700 15”x15”

701-1000 18”x18”

1001-1400 24”x24”

SAD- SUPPLY AIR DIFFUSER

RAD- RETURN AIR DIFFUSER.
CFM- CUBIC FEET PER MINUTE

DIFFUSER LOCATION:
Avoid the diffuser location near open areas like DOORS, WINDOWS, SLIDDING
DOORS, and SWINGING DOORS.

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM: Basement car parking

Fig-2

Representation of single line ducting in basement parking ventilation system which starts
from blower used for removal of car parking exhaust smoke through return grill . It
automatically reduces air velocities in the direction of air flow, which in turn reduces the potential
air flow generated noise.
GROUND FLOOR

Fig-3

Representation of single line ducting, diffuser location for return and supply, piping for
return and supply, indoor unit location in each room.
DUCT SIZING :

There are mainly two methods which are commonly used for duct design.

1) Velocity reduction method: In this method the duct designed in such a way that the
velocity decreases as flow proceeds. The pressure drops are calculated for this
velocities for respective branches and main duct. The duct size are determined for
assumed velocities and known quantities of air to be supplied through the respective
ducts.

2) Equal friction loss method: In this method, the frictional pressure drop per unit
length of duct is maintained constant throughout the duct system. The procedure is to be
select a suitable velocity in the main duct from the sound level consideration. Knowing
the air flow rate and the velocity in the main duct, the size and friction loss are
determined from the friction chart.