Daniel J.

Blumenthal
Director, Terabit Optical Ethernet Center
Professor Electrical & Computer Engineering

The UCSB Terabit Optical Ethernet Center (TOEC)

and the Greening of Photonic Technologies

Industry Partners
Upcoming Seminars – Wednesdays @ 4pm
Nov 03 - Rachel Segalman, UC Berkeley

Nov 17 - John Bowers, UC Santa Barbara

Director s Council
Dec 1 - Marija Ilic, Carnegie Mellon University Jeffrey O. Henley (Chair) George W. Holbrook, Jr.
Mark A. Bertelsen John Marren
Daniel P. Burnham Fredric E. Steck
Reece Duca Michael Towbes
Robert W. Duggan Philip H. White

1
Leading Global Energy Solutions
The UCSB Terabit Optical Ethernet
Center (TOEC) and the Greening of
Photonic Technologies
Daniel J. Blumenthal,
Director, Terabit Optical Ethernet Center
Professor, ECE
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
danb@ece.ucsb.edu
 TOEC Faculty and Founding Affiliates

Founding Industrial Affiliates Faculty

  Daniel J. Blumenthal – TOEC Director

  John E. Bowers – IEE Director
  Larry A. Coldren – Acting Dean COE
  Nadir Dagli
  Mark Rodwell

Results Included from Research Supported under DARPA MTO 3R and LASOR programs
#W911NF-04-9-0001, #W911NF-06-1-0019, and #W911NF-05-1-0175, and Gifts from Agilent and Google.

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
3
 Terabit Optical Ethernet Center at
UCSB
 Mission Statement:
 To lead the way in establishing a new roadmap for multi
Tbps Optical Ethernet
 Create new energy efficient photonic integrated
technologies
 Create a multidisciplinary center of excellence for
technologies to enable the future generations of Terabit
green optical Ethernet transport, switching and
communications

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
4
 Terabit Optical Ethernet Center at
UCSB
 Address the future need of ubiquitous Ethernet
communications that will require communications bandwidths
exceeding a Terabit/Sec
 The underlying integration technologies
 The underlying transmission and modulation technologies
 The driving architectures and applications
 New physics, algorithms, control and adaptation techniques
 Enhance new intellectual collaborations between University
and Industry and within the University
 Encourage new educational development in multidiscipline
optical communications and data communications.
D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
5
 TOEC Organization and Scope

UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency (IEE)

J. E. Bowers (Director)
Materials Terabit Optical Ethernet Center (TOEC) Data Center Center
Center Blumenthal (Director), Bowers, Coldren, Fred Chong
Dagli, Rodwell (Director)

Collaborations
Funded
Projects
Stanford Clean Slate
Institute- McKeown
Google Agilent Rockwell UC
DARPA Discovery
Collins
International
Laboratories and
iPhod PICO LASOR Institutes

Verizon

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
6
 Projected IP Traffic Growth
Courtesy G. Epps, Cisco

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
7
 Historical Growth of High-
End Router Capacity
Courtesy G. Epps, Cisco

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
8
 Its Raining Data
Slide Courtesy Intel

Personal Media Business Medical Social Media Science

Human Genomics
7 EB/yr, 200% CAGR

Ave. Files on HD Retail Customer DB Clinical Image DB HD video projection Physics (LHC)
54GB 600 TB ~1PB 12 EB/yr 300 EB/yr

Estimating the Exaflood, Discovery Institute, January 2008

Amassing Digital Fortunes, a Digital Storage Study, Consumer Electronic Association, March 2008

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
9
 Billions of New Sources to Come
Slide Courtesy Intel

Military ATM Medical Network Wireless Digital Robotics IP Cameras Medical In-Vehicle
Imaging Appliances Infrastructure Signage Portable Infotainment

Aerospace Kiosks Gaming Enterprise Routing & Printers Digital Security Sensors Home Residential
VoIP Switching Surveillance Automation Gateway

Industrial PC Thin Client Point of Sale Enterprise IP Services Test & Transportation Energy Factory IP Media
Security Measurement & Utilities Automation Phones
Control

50+
billion
devices.
<1%
connected
as
of
2009


D. J. Blumenthal,
Source:Series
Seminar Gérald Santucci,
– UCSB Head
Institute of UnitEfficiency
for Energy European Commission DG INFSO 20 Years of ICT Revolution: 10
The Unceasing Grail Quest , March 2009
 Global Data Timeline
Slide Courtesy Intel
A Zetabyte of
2
ZB
 data is
generated in
one year
1.5
ZB
 126 million blogs
234 million websites
1.73 billion web users
1
ZB
 Generated data
90 trillion emails sent
exceeds global Twice as much
storage data generated
than can be
500
EB
 capacity
stored

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

A Flood of Data is being created at a

60% growth rate – may become more than we can handle!
D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
11
 Example: Advanced Video Technology
Slide Courtesy Intel
3D Displays High Dynamic Range

24Hz 48Hz 60Hz 120Hz (3D)

HDR Increase
24 48 24 48 24 48 24 48
(color depth)
Today: Full HD 1.19 2.39 2.39 4.78 2.99 5.97 5.97 11.94
1080p Gbps Gbps Gbps Gbps Gbps Gbps Gbps Gbps

Tomorrow : Quad HD 4.78 9.56 9.56 19.11 11.94 23.89 23.89 47.78
2160p Gbps Gbps Gbps Gbps Gbps Gbps Gbps Gbps

Future: Ultra High

Photonic linksDefinition (4320p,
could facilitate 30bpp,
better 60Hz) needs 60
TV experiences
Gbps!
D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
12
 Ethernet

  Ethernet is the most widely-installed local area network (LAN) and Data
Center technology and is moving into WAN, LH transport.
  Named by Robert Metcalfe, Ethernet was originally developed from
Alohanet at Xerox Park
  Ethernet can run over any physical layer.
  Ethernet is inherently asynchronous with packet sizes ranging from 40
Bytes to 1522 Bytes
  Gigabit Ethernet common in the DC server interface and laptops. 10-
Gigabit Ethernet moving into the DC and used for WAN and LH
transport.
  40-Gigabit and 100 Gigabit Ethernet – compatible with existing 802.3
  Terabit maps discussed at 2015

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
13
 Example of Current DC Network
Architecture – Fat Tree
Core Core
Switch Switch
Matrix* Matrix*

4 x 10 Gbps =
40Gbps Peak

All Traffic Routes

4 x 40 Top-Of-Rack Switch
through TORS
Server Ports Limited to
1Gbps

40 x 1 Gbps =
40Gbps Sustained

Server Rack
Peak

Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage

Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage

Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage

10Gbps CS Optical Burst Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage
Transceiver
Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage
10Gbps TORS
Optical Burst Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage
Transceiver
Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage
1Gbps TORS
Electrical Burst Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage
Transceiver
Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage

Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage Rack Server/Storage

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
14
 Data Center Ethernet Demands

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
15
 Rationale for Terabit Optical Ethernet

  Commercial Ethernet is rapidly moving to 100Gbps deployment using optical

coherent technologies – Slow for future Terabyte Applications !!!

Data centers are talking this capacity!

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
 Historical Fiber Capacity and
TOEC Roadmap

2020
Capacity Limits of Optical Fiber Networks, René-Jean Essiambre et. al., JOURNAL
OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 28, NO. 4, FEBRUARY 15, 2010

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
17
 Carbon Footprint Contributions of
Information Technologies

Intel study: Heat Load per Product

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency Footprint 18
 Switching Energy with
Photonics

Invited Paper: JSTQE Special Issue on

Green Photonics, Integrated Photonics
for Low Power Packet Networking,
Scheduled for publication 2011.

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
19
 DARPA DODN Program – LASOR a
Label Switched Optical Router

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
20
 Monolithic Integration

S. C. Nicholes, et al.

Switch + diagnostic elements UCSB

PLSI MOTOR

Switch elements

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
21
 LASOR PIC Technologies
MOTOR
Optical Buffers

M. J. R. Heck et al., “Integrated Recirculating Optical Buffers,”

in SPIE Photonics West 2010, Proc., CA, 2010.

Packet Forwarding Chip

An 8x8 InP Monolithic Tunable Optical Router (MOTOR) Packet Forwarding

Chip, S. C. Nicholes, et. al., IEEE JLT, Special Issue on OFC, (2009) (Invited).

CAM All-Photonic Wavelength Converter

Vikrant Lal, et. al., “Monolithic Wavelength Converters for High-Speed Packet-
Switched Optical Networks,” Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal Tauke-Pedretti, A., et. al., “Separate Absorption and Modulation Mach-Zehnder
of , vol.13, no.1, pp.49-57, Jan.-feb. 2007 Wavelength Converter,” Lightwave Technology, Journal of , vol.26, no.1, pp.91-98,
Jan.1, 2008

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
22
 Hybrid Silicon Devices
John Bowers group

FP, ML, DFB, and DBR lasers Waveguide detector and amplifier
(Fang et al., IEEE PTL, 20, 2008 ) (Park et al.,IEEE PTL,19 , 2007)

MLL

AMP
detector

DBR

Digital Tunable Lasers
Ring
laser
 Kurcveil et al. ISLC 2010
DFB


MOD


Micro-ring resonator laser

(Liang et al. , GFP2009)
Modulators
(H. W. Chen et al. , GFP2009)
D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
23
 Ultra low drive voltage substrate removed
electro-optic modulators Nadir Dagli s group
7 mm electrode, λ =1.55 µm
Compact Bandstop Filters with Semiconductor0.3 µm
1.0
Optical Amplifier,

Normalized Transmission
quasi push-pull
Etched Beam Splitters and Total Internal 0.9
Reflection Mirrors single arm
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
0.3V
-1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0
Applied Voltage (V)

-50
Input SOA = 170 mA

-55

Intensity [dBm]

-60

-65 0 mA
0.5 mA
1.5 mA
2.5 mA
-70
D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
1545 1550 1555 1560 1565 1570 1575 24
Wavelength [nm]
 iPhoD at UCSB (Blumenthal,
PM: Dr. Scott
Bowers) Rodgers, MTO
TM: Dr. Bill Jacobs,
SPAWAR

iPhod = Fiber Like Losses on Chip -> 10x, 100x, 1000x reduction over today’s losses
ULLW Fabrication
•  SiOxNy Waveguide Core by Ion Beam Deposition
•  Higher index than SiO2 – smaller footprint and fewer required layers
•  Low-H deposition process – critical for low loss
•  Use in-depth materials characterization to identify and eliminate material losses
•  H bond losses
•  Rayleigh and other scattering mechanisms
• Fabricated on InP for active device integration
SiOxNy waveguides on InP and Si/InP platform Demonstration

•  Switched TTD with active/ •  Fiber-optical

passive components gyroscope on chip

25
 LASOR System: Power Consumption

Linecard 1: 47.2W AWG/Arbiter: 18.3W Linecard 2: 45.2W

  Powers are split between optics and electronics for each Total Power: 110.7W
linecard
  Power is dominated by electronics for central
components
  Total power consumed by router is 110.7W
*Power consumed by synchronizers and buffers includes current drivers and
temperature controllers
** Power consumed by wavelength converters includes temperature controllers
** ECP and Arbiter powers derived from typical power consumption of FPGA
boards provided by manufacturer data sheet

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
26
 How do we get to Terabit Optical Ethernet? –
100G standards being commercialized – 200G
and 400G are next – then onto Terabit
Number bits per Symbol

1024

512

256

128

64

32

16
Higher Speed Ethernet:
100 or 40 GbE? Drew Perkins,
8 dperkins@infinera.com

1 4 8 16 32 64

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
27
 Comparison of Modulation
Formats @ 40/100 Gb/s
IEEE JSTQE, Vol. 12, NO. 4, pp. 615-626

Modulation CS-RZ ODB DPSK DQPSK DPSK-RZ DQPSK-RZ Coherent

Format Pol-mux
Performance vs. QPSK
NRZ
OSNR Sensitivity Slightly Slightly Much Slightly Much Better Best
Better Worse Better Better Better

CD Tolerance & Slightly Much Slightly Much Slightly Much Best

Spectral Worse Better Better Better Worse Better
Efficiency

PMD Tolerance Better Equivalent Slightly Much Better Much Best

Better Better Better

Nonlinear Better Equivalent Better Equivalent Much Equivalent Slightly

Tolerance Better Worse

Cost & Slightly Equivalent Slightly Much Worse Much Much

Complexity Worse Worse Worse Worse Worse

PICs
D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
28
 Terabit Ethernet PICs – Cost, Power,
Footprint

Terabit Optical Ethernet

Transceiver PIC Vision

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency 29
 Benefits
  Time-domain, coherent
polarization-diverse signal
detection.
  Highest flexibility in analyzing
advanced modulation formats.
  Signal integrety test from
transmitter to receiver input.
  Leverage of key RF Microwave
signal analysis.
Optical constellation Eye diagram Error Vector
diagram I carrier Magnitude

High resolution Eye diagram Statistic data

optical spectrum Q carrier Detected bits

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency www.agilent.com/find/n4391a 30
 Optical Coherent Modulation
Constellations – The Optical Cell Phone!!!

TOEC
1024 QAM
10 bits/
symbol @
100GHz ?
= 1Tbps 100 Tbps

Capacity Limits of Optical Fiber Networks,

René-Jean Essiambre et. al., JOURNAL OF
LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 28, NO.
4, FEBRUARY 15, 2010

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
31
 PMD distorted PMD distorted signal after CD distorted Constellation after
Signal at receiver 1st order PMD measurement signal after 50km  CD measurement 
input and correction in N4391A SMF-28 with and correction in
data processing 900ps/km CD N4391A data 
processing

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
32
 State of the Art Coherent Integrated
Modulators and Transmitters (integrated Rx
demonstrations use PC to decode not in real time!)

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
33
 Summary

  TOEC – A combination of state of the art University Research, world

leading industry expertise and international collaboration to move the
ubiquitous Ethernet standard to 1 Tbps and 100 Tbps

  Combine a broad range of expertise from materials, to photonic and

electronic leading edge integrated circuits to systems and applications

  Build upon success of Ethernet for scalability and backwards

compatibility

  Revolutionary breakthroughs needed in PIC technology, optical coherent

technology and optical network/interconnect as well as computing/
network/storage architectures

  Power efficiency and green at all levels not an option anymore, is a

necessity – example is the Alcatel-Lucent GreenTouch Initiative.

 Thank You !!!

D. J. Blumenthal,
Seminar Series – UCSB Institute for Energy Efficiency
34