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Operant Conditioning
Chapter 6
AP PSYCHOLOGY
Learning
Ivan Pavlov
Components of Conditioning
○ After several trials the neutral stimulus will gradually begin to elicit the same
response as the UCS.
=
Conditioned Stimulus
Acquisition
Strength (CS+UCS)
of CR
Spontaneous
Extinction recovery of
(CS alone) CR
Extinction
(CS alone)
Pause
Reinforcement Procedures
● However, punishment rarely works in the long run for four reasons:
● Continuous Reinforcement:
A schedule of reinforcement
that rewards every correct
response given.
○ Example: A vending machine.
○ Example: B.F. Skinner put rats in a box with a lever connected to a feeder. It
only provided a reinforcement after 60 seconds. The rats quickly learned that it
didn’t matter how early or often it pushed the lever, it had to wait a set amount of
time. As the set amount of time came to an end, the rats became more active in
hitting the lever.
Interval Schedules
○ Example: A pop-quiz
Ratio Schedules
Number
of
response
Fixed Intermittent Reinforcement
s
100 Ratio Schedules-
0
Variable Skinner’s laboratory pigeons
Ratio produced these responses
patterns to each of four
Fixed
75 reinforcement schedules
Interval
0
Rapid responding near For people, as for pigeons,
time for reinforcement research linked to number of
responses (ratio) produces a
50 higher response rate than
0 reinforcement linked to time
Variable
Interval elapsed (interval).
25
0 Steady responding
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0 0 Time 0 0 0 0 0
(minutes)
Primary and Secondary reinforcement