JOURNAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA

Vol.93, March 2019, pp.263-268

Revisiting Two Damaging Indian Earthquakes of 1885: Kashmir

and Bengal
Sujit Dasgupta1 and Basab Mukhopadhyay2*
1
Formerly at Geological Survey of India,
2
Geological Survey of India, Map and Cartography Division, 29 J L Nehru Road, Kolkata – 700016, India
E-mail: sujitdasgupta@yahoo.com; basabmukhopadhyay@gmail.com*

ABSTRACT
The Kashmir earthquake (Mw 6.3) of 30 May 1885 and the
Bengal earthquake (Mw 6.9) of 14 July 1885 were revisited
incorporating data and information collated from newspaper
archives, district gazetteers, Geological Survey of India records
and other published documents. Isoseismal maps following MSK-
64 scale are presented for both the earthquakes with isoseist VIII
to V reassigned and reconstructed. The Kashmir valley at the
frontal Himalaya is seismically active where the 1885 earthquake
locates between two large earthquakes of 2005 and 1555. The
Bengal earthquake on the other hand originates close to the eastern
India continental margin below the Bengal basin; the N-S trending
Dhubri fault defining the eastern limit of the Garo-Rajmahal gap
is arguably the causative fault. The 1930 Dhubri earthquake and
another earthquake of 1935, are closely associated with the Dhubri
fault. Epicentral tracts of both the earthquakes are densely
populated and calls for mitigative preparedness.
INTRODUCTION
Indian subcontinent regularly experience large and great
earthquakes. Reports of such damaging earthquakes are recorded since
16th century but well documented account for such earthquakes are
available only from the 19th century. During the said century, it all
started with the 1803 Garhwal earthquake (Quittmeyer and Jacob,
1979; Rajendran and Rajendran, 2005; Dasgupta and Mukhopadhyay,
2014a and references therein; Rajendran et al. 2018) and ended with
the 1897 Shillong earthquake (Oldham, 1899) through major events
of Cutch 1819 (Oldham, 1883; Rajendran and Rajendran, 2001 &
2002; Dasgupta and Mukhopadhyay, 2014b and references therein);
Nepal-India 1833 (Oldham, 1883; Milne 1911; Dasgupta and
Mukhopadhyay, 2015 and references therein); Cachar, Assam 1869
(Oldham, 1882) among others. Reference may also be drawn to two
large earthquakes in adjacent Burma during 1839 and 1858.
The present document summarises effects of two moderate
earthquakes (M > 6.0) that struck during 1885, one to the extreme
west in Kashmir related to the Himalayan tectonics and the other from
farthest east in Bengal (now Bangladesh) arguably related to some
Bengal intra-basin faults or to the regional Indo-Burmese tectonics
(Fig.1). Isoseismal maps in MSK-64 scale for both the earthquakes
from available newspapers and other reports are evaluated (see
Supplementary Material - I & II).
~12 km (Jones, 1885b). The main shock of May 30 was preceded by
a foreshock of slight intensity, felt by several persons, on the evening
of 29 May. Aftershocks of slight to severe (e.g., on 15 June) intensity
continued for several days till middle of August (Jones, 1885a, b).
Quittmeyer and Jacob (1979) lists ten earthquake with different
epicentral locations from around the Kashmir valley region that
occurred on May 30 with intensity (MM) varying from VIII to VI.
Damage and Casuality
In spite of the comparative mildness of the shock, the loss of life
was very great. The cause of this is to be looked for in the very insecure
manner of buildings in vogue. In a very considerable number of the
cases in which huts were damaged, the supports of the roof had
given way and allowed it to subside, frequently carrying the walls
down with it leaving only a rubbish mass to indicate the spot where
the house had stood (Jones, 1885a; Mukhopadhyay and Dasgupta,
2015).
The entire territory of Kashmir valley with a population of about
1,32,000 including 51,000 residents of Srinagar experienced the
earthquake shaking and resultant damage. The main damage region
inflicted by the earthquake extends from Srinagar (34.09N:74.79E)
towards west and northwest in and around Magam (Margaon;
34.10N:74.60E), Sopore (Sopur; 34.29N:74.46E), Patan (Pattan;
34.16N:74.55E), Baramula (34.20N:74.35E) and from Baramula down
the Jhelum valley to Chikar fort near Garhi. An isolated fort near Titwal,
40 km NNW of Uri (34.08N:74.03E) on the Kishenganga River was
also damaged (Jones, 1885a). Number of persons killed by falling
buildings was something over 3,000 while loss of cattle, horses etc.
was very great (Jones, 1885a). A more detail on casualty and damage
indicate loss of life at 3,081 persons, besides 25,000 sheep & goats
and 8,000 cattle. The number of dwellings ruined is computed to be
75,000 (Staunton Spectator, July 15 1885; Dispatch from Calcutta to
London Times).
A ~800m long landslip occurred along a hill at Larridur, 11km

KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE
The earthquake struck on Sunday 30 May 1885; origin time:
02.45AM (local time set to residency in Srinagar) (Jones, 1885a);
epicenter located at 34.10N: 74.60E with magnitude (Mw) derived as
6.32 (Ambraseys and Douglas 2004). Magnitude Mw 6.4 was assigned
by Bilham and Ambraseys (2005). Epicentral coordinates of 34.12N:
74.61E considered (Dasgupta et al., 2000) for the Seismotectonic Atlas Fig.1. Index map showing the locations of 1885 Kashmir and Bengal
of India located 20 km west of Srinagar and focal depth estimated is earthquakes.

0016-7622/2019-93-3-263/$ 1.00 © GEOL. SOC. INDIA | DOI: 10.1007/s12594-019-1172-2

south of Baramulla that wiped out a village burying many people.
Several fissures and sand craters locate along the Jhelum river bank
and at Patan, Dubgaon and Baramula. Increased flow of water was
noted in several springs (Jones, 1885b).
Seismic Intensity and Isoseismal Map
It may be noted that for the Kashmir earthquake of 30 May 1885,
Jones (1885b) prepared isoseismal map following Mallet’s (1862) scale
which was modified by Ambraseys and Douglas (2004), following a
simplified MSK scale (see Ambraseys and Douglas, 2004 for criteria
of simplification). Subsequently Bilham et al. (2010) drew isoseismal
VII, VI and a shaded area for VIII from intensity values of Ambraseys
and Douglas (2004) and referred it as European Macroseismic Scale
(EMS). Ahmad et al. (2014) derived epicental intensity of X using
ESI 2007 scale.
Isoseismal map by Jones (1885b) based on Mallet’s (1862)
classification includes, i) meizoseismal (total destruction of edifices
and great loss of life); ii) first isoseismal (great prostration of edifices
and loss of life); iii) second isoseismal (partial prostration and universal
fissuring of edifices with partial or no loss of life) and iv) third
isoseismal (within which shocks distinctly perceived with alarm and
some fissuring and damage).
Jones (1885b) defined the meizoseismal zone (epicentral tract) as
an area of 16 km x 9.5 km around Pattan, Magam and Kaosa within
the alluvial tract to the immediate northwest of Srinagar. Ambraseys
and Douglas (2004), following Jones (1885b) assigned intensity VIII
to localities Magam and Pattan. At Magam, Jones (1885b) describes
damage of three houses where the mud walls between unburnt brick
pillars collapsed and at Pattan the ancient Buddhist temple constructed
with trimmed limestone slabs without any cementing material was
damaged but did not collapse altogether (Fig.2d). There is no reference
to any mass destruction of property form the area or any figures of
casualty. On the other hand, significant damage to man-made structures,
Fig.2. Damage due to 30 May 1885 Kashmir earthquake. a) Damaged Durbar Rooms, Shere Ghurie Palace (from illustrated London News
1885), b) Ruins of Baramula (from illustrated London News 1885), c) Sketch showing the nature of Chasm near Laridura (from illustrated
London News 1885), and d) Ruined Buddhist Temple near Patan (from Jones, 1885a,b).
264
nature and resultant loss of life was described from Sopore (Sopur) -
Doabgah (Dubgam) – Baramulla- Laridura- Gohan- Muran (Fig.3)
area. As documented by Dr. Neve (Shepherd, 1926; Neve, 1900, 1913),
who traversed the region in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake,
states that at Sopur, hundreds of well-built wooden and brick houses
had fallen. In the uplands near Barmulla (Fig.2b) the earthquake
brought the greatest devastation; the villages on the low hills south of
Baramulla were completely destroyed. In some places (e.g., Laridura;
see Figure 2c) landslips fell and hill slopes were crumpled with deep
furrows, loss of life had been terrible and entire villages had been
annihilated. Newspaper reports (See Supplementary Material - I) also
indicate that around thousand people were killed within this tract either
from collapse of building or landslide and rock fall. We thus redefine
isoseismal VIII in MSK-64 scale (Fig.3) based on additional informa-
tion and data collated during the present study. The semi-circular area
within isoseismal VIII in MSK-64 scale is of the order of ~ 396 km2.
Isoseismal VII in MSK-64 scale (Figure 3) an elliptical area of
~75 km long axis trending WNW-ESE, approximately follows ‘First
Isoseismal’ of Jones (1885b) and extends from east of Srinagar to
Gingal in the west to Haran in the north. At Gondikallel, many mud
houses were damaged; at Kaosa located on the bank of a small stream,
brick pillars of a three-storeyed house under construction broke apart.
At Srinagar, damage to both life and property was extensive being
more populous area than other villages within the extent of isoseismal
VII. Earthquake inflicted damages at Srinagar (see Fig.2a) are discussed
in text (see above) and Supplementary Material - I. There is no
corresponding isoseismal of Jones (1885b) for isoseismal VI (Fig.3)
presented. This passes through south of Pandrethan (Rampur) (see
also Bilham et al., 2010), Drang and Uri in the south and through
Trahagam in the north. Our isoseismal V in MSK-64 scale more or
less corresponds to ‘Second Isoseismal’ of Jones (1885b) and follows
an elliptical trend through Punch, Bagh, Chikar, Garhi, Teetwal
(Titwal), Kundian and Gurais.
JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.93, MARCH 2019
Seismotectonics
Based on the revised isoseismal map for the 30 May 1885
earthquake (Fig.3) epicentral co-ordinate assigned is latitude 34.22N:
longitude 74.39E. This Kashmir earthquake of 1885 (Mw 6.3; focal
depth ~ 12km) is located between two large earthquake events of 2005
in the northwest and 1555 in the southeast (Fig.3) both shallow foci
(~ 16 km for the 2005 event) with magnitude Mw 7.6 corresponding
to rupture length of ~ 150 km at focal depth. In comparison, the rupture
length for the 1885 earthquake is ~ 15 km located close to the tip of
eastern and western rupture segment of the 2005 and 1555 earthquakes
respectively. The isoseismal map of the 2005 earthquake (cf. Figure
3c, Mukhopadhyay and Dasgupta, 2015) shows that the epicentral
tract experienced an intensity of X on MSK-64 scale in the zone
encompassed Balakot and Muzaffarabad towns. The 65 km long
surface rupture extending between Balakot and Bagh was mapped
(Kaneda et al., 2008) and Balakot-Bagh fault was taken as the
causative fault for the thrust earthquake of 2005. This Balakot-
Bagh fault (BBF; see Fig.3) locates south of the Main Boundary
Thrust (MBT) and likely to be another thrust splay from the Main
Himalayan Thrust (MHT). The BBF extends from Balakot to further
south-east possibly upto Punch and finally merges with other frontal
thrusts (Riasi thrust?) south of MBT. On the other hand, the 1885
earthquake ruptured the MBT. Extensive damage in the Kashmir valley
resulted from amplified ground motion due to the presence of soft
surface sediments (Karewas and alluvium) over lesser Himalayan
metamorphics.
BENGAL EARTHQUAKE
July 14 1885 was an auspicious day. It was a day for both Ratha
Yatra (Chariot Festival) and also Eid (Fid-ul-Fitr or Ramzan Eid) but
nature showed her might; an earthquake of magnitude Mw 6.87
Fig.3. Isoseismal Map in MSK-64 scale of 30 May 1885 Kashmir earthquake. MBT- Main Boundary Thrust, BBF- Balakot Bag Fault, JF-
Jhelum Fault.
JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.93, MARCH 2019
(Ambraseys and Douglas, 2004) struck eastern part of Bengal (now
Bangladesh) with epicenter near 24.50N:90.00E and with origin time
00h 30m (UTC) (Ambraseys and Douglas, 2004); at Calcutta the first
shock was felt at 6h 24m 12s sharp (Medlicot, 1885). NEIC (USGS)
and Chandra (1977) record a location of 24.00N: 90.00E. Middlemiss
(1885) located the epicentre around 23.98N:90.11E, a locality close
to Manikganj. Average focal depth computed by the then available
practise is of the order of 70 km (Middlemiss, 1885). The earthquake
was violently felt at Serajganj, Sherpur (Mymensingh District),
Mymensingh, Dacca and Pabna in the epicentral tract, where
destruction to buildings is greatest and loss of life occurred
(Middlemiss, 1885; Medlicott, 1885).
There was a gentler but still violent shock experienced on 25 June,
a forerunner as Middlemiss (1885) referred it, or a foreshock that was
felt at Calcutta and Darjeeling. Large number of aftershocks followed
the mainshock of 14 July; 11 aftershocks were recorded between 21
July and 5 September (Middlemiss, 1885). Chandra (1977) mentioned
of an aftershock of Intensity VI (MM) located at 25.0N:89.2E on 24
July. A large number of felt aftershocks recorded mostly from Bogra
(24.84N: 89.37E) till December 1885 and were tabulated in The
Calcutta Gazette (July-December 1885). Apart from the aftershock of
24 July (3.30 PM), severe shocks were felt on 5 September (11.30
AM) and 25 October; the former was also felt at Pabna; aftershocks
were also felt at Bogra on 26 July, 15 August, 3 September, 8 and 16
October, 27 November, 14, 18 and 21 December. Aftershocks were
also felt at Darjeeling on 29 July, Jalpaiguri (Alipur) on 5 September
and Naogaon (24.91N: 88.75E) on 3 August.
Damage and Casuality
The earthquake was felt with violence throughout the Bengal
Province which is said to have been the severest one experienced by
265
the inhabitants for 40 years. The damage to property and loss of life
was concentrated within area bounded by Rampur (Natore), Bogra,
Sherpur, Mymensingh, Dacca and Pabna (Middlemiss, 1885).
Serajganj [24.31N:89.57E; population as per 1881 census 21,037
(Bourdillon, 1883) under the then Pabna district] was one of the towns
that suffered severely with considerable damage to masonry buildings
(O’Malley, 1923). Chimneys belonging to some jute mills fell; the
mills were closed for celebration of the Eid festival, so that there was
no loss of life at the site but in many other places some of the houses
fell and people were killed (Glasgow Evening Post, 21 July 1885; see
Supplementary Material - II). Sherpur [25.00N:89.87E; population
as per 1881 census 8,710 (Bourdillon, 1883) under the then
Mymensingh district] was in ruins where around 100 houses were
collapsed (Middlemiss, 1885). In Bogra town [24.84N:89.37E;
population as per 1881 census 6,179 (Bourdillon, 1883)] most of the
public buildings including the Kachairi, the circuit house, and the
library were so cracked that they became practically unsafe and
temporary sheds had to be raised for holding office (Gupta, 1910). At
Rangpur tremor felt was of moderate intensity and duration, and caused
little damage (Vas, 1911). Within the epicentral tract maximum damage
was in a small area covering Sherpur, Bogra and Natore (Middlemiss,
1885) through Serajganj.
The number of deaths was 47. Of these, 35 occurred at Sherpur, 4
at Bogra and 8 in other different places (Gupta, 1910). Eleven people
were reported to have been killed at a place named ‘Azimgunge’ and
several people at Dacca (Glasgow Evening Post, 21 July 1885; see
Supplementary Material - II). Quoting Times Magazine (July 15-July
Fig.4. Isoseismal Map in MSK-64 scale of 14 July 1885 Bengal earthquake. 1- Epicenter of 1885 earthquake. 2- Epicenter of 1935 earthquake.
3- Epicenter of 1930 Dhubri earthquake. DBF- Debagram Bogra Fault; DF- Dhubri Fault; EHZ- Eocence Hinge Zone; MFT – Main Frontal
Thrust; TMFB – Tripura Mizoram Fold Belt
266
20), Martin and Szeliga (2010) recorded at least 75 deaths in eastern
Bengal and adjacent areas due to the earthquake.
Seismic Intensity and Isoseismal Map
For the Bengal earthquake of 14 July 1885, Middlemiss (1885)
did not assign intensity values for the areas surveyed or produce any
isoseismal map but suggested a circular area, within which there was
maximum damage.
The early morning earthquake of 14 July 1885 was felt over a
large segment of eastern India covering an area of ~ 5, 96,700 sq. km.;
from Chota Nagpur in the west to Assam, Manipur, Burma in the east
through Sikkim and Bhutan in the north. Based on damage reports by
Middlemiss (1885) along with those published in contemporary
newspapers and District Gazetteers, intensity following MSK-64 scale
has been evaluated and the Isoseismal map for the earthquake is
constructed (Fig.4).
The innermost isoseismal VIII in MSK-64 scale is drawn covering
the substantial damaged area of Sherpur, Jamalpur, Sirajganj, Nattore
and Bogra. Total elliptical area covered is ~ 742 sq km with long axis
(~ 125km) trending NE-SW. Isoseismal VII in MSK-64 scale cover
areas of Mymensingh and Muktagacha in the east, Pabna in south and
Balurghat in the northwest; isoseismal VI in MSK-64 scale includes
Inraj Bazar (Malda), Azimganj, Faridpur, Dacca and Tura in Garo
Hills. The earthquake was distinctly felt at Tura (between isoseismal
VII and VI). No serious damage was done but government buildings
were so severely shaken and strained that they became unsafe for living
(Allen, 1906). Isoseismal V in MSK - 64 scale covers a large area
JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.93, MARCH 2019
from Purnea in the west to Chattak in east and passes through Comillah,
Barisal, northeast of Kolkata and Dumka in Jharkhand (Fig.4).
Seismotectonics
Based on the isoseismal map, revised epicentral location for the
earthquake of 14 July 1885 is 24.66N:89.54E (red star in Fig.4).
Major tectonic elements in the vicinity of the epicentral tract are: (i)
The deformation front (after Wang et al. 2014; Steckler et al. 2016)
roughly following Barisal, Dacca and Chattak, a shallow easterly
dipping locked megathrust fault spanning upto the Indo-Burman ranges
further east, similar to Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) below the
Himalaya. The earthquake epicenter is located more than 150 km to
the west of the deformation front and thus likely to be unrelated. (ii)
The Eocene Hinge Zone (EHZ), a fault-flexure zone within the Eocene
limestone horizon beneath the thick Neogene-Quaternary sediment of
the Bengal basin. EHZ produces small magnitude earthquakes
(Dasgupta et al., 2000) and though spatially close to the epicenter of
14 July earthquake, we argue in favour of being linked to (iii) Jamuna
lineament (Dasgupta and Nandy, 1982) that was re-defined as N-S
trending Dhubri Fault (DF; Dasgupta et al. 2000) near its junction
with (iv) Debagram-Bogra Fault (DBF; Dasgupta et al., 2000), an
Indian continental margin basement fault. We notice that two more
earthquakes locate in the vicinity of the Dhubri Fault; immediately
south of the 14 July 1885 earthquake (no. 2 in Figure 4) locates another
deeper event (focal depth: 80km) of 21 March 1935 (lat 24.25N: long
89.50E; Ms 6.2, mb 5.9) and to the north, east of the Dhubri
fault occurs the Dhubri earthquake (no.3 in Fig.4) of 3 July 1930 (lat
25.50N: long 90.00E; Ms 7.1; focal depth 35 km). Based on isoseismal
map of the Dhubri earthquake, Gee (1934) suggests considerable focal
depth for the event. It is suggested that the 1885, 1930 and 1935
earthquakes are deeper foci (≥70 km) events and evidently related to
activity along the Dhubri fault a fundamental fracture bordering the
eastern boundary of the Garo-Rajmahal Gap (see also Dasgupta and
Nandy, 1982).
CONCLUSION
In the present study, two earthquakes that struck in the nineteen
centuries India have been examined, one in Kashmir valley [the
Kashmir earthquake (Mw 6.3) of 30 May 1885] and the other in Bengal
basin [Bengal earthquake (Mw 6.9) of 14 July 1885] from the
information gathered through published documents and re-evaluation
of archival materials. In both the cases, the Isoseismal maps in MSK-
64 scale are redrawn with isoseist VIII to V from the newly assigned
intensities interpreted from damage scenario described in those
documents. Effort has been made to deliver seismotectonic
interpretation of those earthquakes in the light of understanding of
present day tectonics. As per our interpretation, the causative fault for
1885 Kashmir earthquake is the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) related
to Himalayan tectonics. The MBT has released some of the
accommodated strain due to this earthquake, generated from far field
compression by the advancing Himalayan wedge. Whereas, the Bengal
earthquake of 1885 is related primarily to the activity along the Dhubri
fault, a prominent deep seated intra-plate fracture bordering the eastern
boundary of the Garo-Rajmahal Gap in Bengal basin.
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