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Resistance & Nonlinearity of

Diode
AC & DC Approach

Engr . Fazal Ur Rehman


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Contents

1. Diode Characteristic
curve
2. Linear & Nonlinear
Devices
3. V-I Curves of Linear &
Nonlinear Devices
4. AC & DC Resistances

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Diode Equation

I = Is e ( V / VT
−1 )
I = Diode current; A I=?

V = Applied Voltage; Volts V = 0.55 V

Is = Saturation Current; A Is = 0.1 pA

η = emission coefficient; a function of V; η=1


also depends on material; 1 ≤ η ≤ 2 T1 = 20ºC
VT = Thermal Voltage (0.026V at room T2 = 100ºC
temp)
Saturation Current: “The magnitude of the current that flows for negative input
voltage in excess of a few VT, typically 10-12 A ”
This current is directly proportional to temperature and diode area and
decreases with better material used 3
Actual Diode Model Forward Bias Region

ID

Forward
Breakdown Voltage Leakage
Current

VD
Reverse VF; Knee Voltage or Forward Bias
Leakage Voltage which is equal to Barrier
Current Potential

Reverse Bias Region


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Schottky Diode

For fast switching we need a diode which can change its states very rapidly to ON and
OFF. It needs to change its depletion region grow and shrink at a very fast speed, for this
purpose Schottky Diodes are usd.

Metal Metal
Semiconductor Semiconductor
Junction Junction
Al Al

P N
Depletion Region formed to
one side only 5
Linear Elements

• The elements which have a linear relation between the voltage applied across
them and current through them, are known as linear devices
V = aI + b
I = cV + d
a, b, c and d are constants
• For example; voltage and current for resistor are related to each other as:
V = IR a=R b=0
or I = VG c=G d=0
G = 1/R
• Resistor, capacitor and inductor are linear devices and their equations are given
as:
R→ V = IR R is resistance
C→ V = IXC XC is capacitive reactance
L→ V = IXL XL is inductive reactance
• Current through linear devices does not alter its linearity property.

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Graphs of Linear Elements (V across 200Ω R)

V2
ΔV = V2 – V1 ΔV
V1
ΔI

I1 I2 I
ΔV / ΔI = R

ΔI = I2 – I1
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Nonlinear Elements
The elements which have a nonlinear relation between the current
through them and voltage applied across them are known as nonlinear
elements. For example, the diode equation is given as:

(
I = I s eV / VT − 1 )
This is a nonlinear equation and hence the element is nonlinear
one

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Graph of Diode Behavior
Forward Bias Region
ID

r2 ΔI
ΔV
r1 ΔI
ΔV
VD
r1 > r2

Reverse Bias Region


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Nonlinear Elements
• Unlike linear device, the resistance of a nonlinear device depends on
the voltage across it (or current through it)
• I-V characteristics becomes very nearly horizontal at low values of
current and in the reverse-biased region. So, in these regions, large
change in voltage create very small change in current so the value of
“r” is very large.
• The region on the I-V curve where the transition from high resistance
to low resistance takes place is called the Knee of the curve.

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AC & DC Resistance
• ΔV/ΔI is called ac (dynamic) resistance of the diode because we
consider small change in voltage
• We would not want to calculate ac resistance between V=0.55V and
V=0.65V
• rd= ΔV/ΔI ohms
• The dc resistance of a diode is found by dividing the dc voltage across
it by dc current through it. DC resistance also called the static
resistance.
Rd=V/I ohms
• Diode is nonlinear in both the dc & the ac sense, that is, both its dc &
ac resistance change over a wide range.

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AC & DC Resistance
I (mA)

40 rD = VT / I

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DC Resistance AC Resistance

20 RD = V / I
rD = ΔV / ΔI

10 ΔI
ΔV

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 V (V) 12
AC & DC Resistance
• The DC current in the diode has a value somewhere above the knee.
• When the dc current in the diode has a value somewhere above the
knee, the ac resistance is closely approximate by rd=Vt/I, so at room
temp rd=0.026/I ohms

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Bulk Resistance

Resistance between the contacts and semiconductor material is called


“Bulk Resistance”. Its value is less than 1 Ω

- +
- +
- +

P N

+ -

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Bulk Resistance
• Total AC resistance=AC resistance + Bulk resistance
• At low current bulk resistance can be neglected, as rd is much higher.
• At high currents Bulk resistance is typically on the order of 0.1 Ω
• When diode is connected in a circuit in a way that results in the diode
being forward biased, there should always be resistance in series with
the diode to limit the current that flows through it.

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An Example

R VD
6312 0.55
4269 0.56
2877 0.57
599 0.61
5V R
405 0.62
274 0.63
85 0.66
57.5 0.67
39 0.68
Find the approximate ac resistance when the diode voltages are 0.56 V, 0.62 V, and
0.67 V. Assume bulk resistances of 0.8 Ω, 0.5 Ω and 0.1 Ω respectively.
Find the dc resistance of the diode when the voltage across it is 0.56, 0.62, and 0.67 V
Find the ac resistance presented by the diode to an ac signal generator that causes the
voltage across the diode to vary between 0.55 V and 0.57 V, between 0.61 V and 0.63 16
V, and between 0.66 V and 0.68 V
Ideal Diode Model

Equivalent Circuit

+ -
ON
Short Circuit

- +
OFF
Open Circuit

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Practical Diode Model

Equivalent Circuit

+ -
ON

0.7 V

- +
OFF
Open Circuit

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Actual Diode Model

Equivalent Circuit

+ -
ON
rD
0.7 V

- +
OFF
Reverse Biased
Resistance

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Loop Equation

0.7 V

E R E = 0.7 + IR
I

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Home Work

• Example: 3.1
• End Problems: 3.1 → 3.13

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Any Questions?

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