CYTOLOGY I

By :
Name : Devina Alifah
Student Number : B1B017010
Section : D1
Group :4
Assistant : Alvi Sari Agita

LABORATORY REPORT
PLANT STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT II

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
BIOLOGY FACULTY PURWOKERTO
2018
 I. INTRODUCTION

Cytology is the study of cells, this dates from the year 1665 when plant cells
were discovered for the first time by the Englishman. Robert Hooke who frist studied
the internal structure of a thin slice of cork using a microscope he improved by
himself. The study of cell was improved with the development of the compound
microscope by Jansen in 1590. Scleiden, a German botanist and Schwann, a German
zoologist proved that both plant and animals are cellular in structure and therefore
founded the cell theory. Von Mohl and Nagelli, working independently, the cell is
distinguished into two main parts of: the cell wall and the cell content. De bary and
Max Schultz around 1861 established that cells are consisted of tiny masses of
protoplasm each containing a nucleus, thus founding what is known as the
protoplasm theory (Campbell, 2010).
The parts of plant cell are as follow: cell wall, cell membrane, cytosol, nucleus,
chloroplast, mithocondria, vacuoles, golgi body, ribosomes, and endoplasmic
reticulum. All cells have a cell membrane on the outside of them that acts like a skin.
Plant cells go one step further and have a cell wall - a protective outside that provides
support and other functions (Yekti, 1994).
All plant cells have a plasma membrane just like an animal cell, which
provides the same barrier and regulates transport. However, plant cells also have a
specialized structure called the cell wall. The cell wall is a protective layer
surrounding the cell on the outside of the plasma membrane. A cell wall can be up to
800 times thicker than the plasma membrane. It's composed largely of cellulose, a
polysaccharide sugar that provides strength to the cell wall. If you've ever noticed
how strong the bark of a tree is, that's because this bark is composed of dead cells
with really tough cell walls (Idol, 2011).

II. OBJECTIVES

The objectives of Cytology I laboratory activity are :

1. To observe forms of plant cell.
2. To observe the parts of living cell (nucleus, cytoplasm, carotene).
 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Materials

Equipments used in Cytology I laboratory activity are microscope, object glass,

cover glass, temporary report , razor blade, and pippete.
Objects used in Cytology I laboratory activity are fruit hair of kapook (Ceiba
pentandra), Cassava (Manihot esculenta), red onion (Allium cepa), and red chili
(Capsicum annum).

B. Methods

Methods used on Cytology I laboratory activity are:

1. Kapook (Ceiba pentandra) fruit hair is taken in moderation, placed on a glass
object and then drops a little, next covered with a cover glass
2. Cassava Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is taken and sliced transversal, placed on
a glass object and then drops a little water, next glass objects covered with a
cover glass.
3. Red chili red chili (Capsicum annum) is taken and sliced longitudinal, placed
on a glass object and then drops a little water, next glass objects covered with a
cover glass.
4. An onion red onion (Allium cepa) is taken, then the inside of the onion is
sliced. Placed on a glass object and then drops a little water, next glass objects
covered with a cover glass.
5. Preparations were observed under a light microscope.
B. Discussion

Cytology I practical activity are use several preparation, they are kapok
(Ceiba pentandra), cassava (Manihot esculenta), red onion (Allium cepa), and red
chili (Capsicum annum). Kapook (Ceiba pentandra), included into Malvaceae
family, fruit hair of kapok consist of cell wall and air space, and also have cylindrical
cell shape. Cassava (Manihot esculenta) included into Euphorbiaceae family, the
cassava pith consist of cell wall and have hexagonal shape cell. Red oninon (Allium
cepa) included into Amaryllidaceae, the inner layer membrane of red oniom consist
of cell wall, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The inner layer membrane of red onion have
elongated cell shape. Red chili (Capsicum annum) included into solonaceae family,
the fruit of red chili with longitudinal sections consist of cell wall and carotenoid,
they have polyedris cell shape.
According to Campbell (2010), plant cells are made up of many parts. They
are enclosed in a two-layer covering made up of a cell membrane and a cell wall. The
cell membrane allows only needed substances like water and nutrients to pass
through and serves the dual purpose of keeping important substances inside.
According to Cosgrove (2015), the cell wall is a rigid shell that surrounds the cell
membrane. It is not very flexible. Therefore, most plant cells do not change shape.
Plant cells have a nucleus, which controls cellular activities. Inside the nucleus there
are chromosomes, these are rope-like structures made of DNA, a chemical that acts
like a blueprint carrying instructions for making more cells. Cells also filled with a
jellylike fluid called cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is filled with small structures that
have specific jobs to do in the cell which is called organelles, and they work together
to keep alive molecules used by the cell. Plant cells also have a large central vacuole,
which stores water.
Animal cells are made up of many parts. They are surrounded by a cell
membrane, which allows only needed substances like water and nutrients to pass
through while it keeps important substances like genetic material inside. The cell
membrane is flexible; therefore, animal cells can change shape. Animal cells also
have a nucleus, which controls the activities that take place in the cell. Inside the
nucleus are chromosomes. These are rope-like structures made of DNA, a chemical
that acts like a blueprint and carries instructions for making more cells. The inside of
the cell is filled with a jellylike fluid called cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is like a thick
soup filled with small structures that have specific jobs to do in the cell called
organelles. Animal cells also have centrioles, a structure needed for cell reproduction
(Kimball, 1983).
According to Hidayanti (1995), the shape of plant cells are varies. Some are
shaped like cubes, prisms, squares, ellipses, polygonals, stretching like fibers and
some like pipes. the average size of plant cells ranges from 10-100 m. Cube-shaped
cells found in parenchymal cells that are on the edge of the stem tuber. Parencymal
tissue found on the upper surface with a regularly non-aligned arrangement with
irregular cell shapes like a pole but arranged more tightly than the sponge tissue that
has a wide space between cells (Damayanti, 2015). Prism-shaped cells are usually
found in cells below the epidermis from orange leaves. An example of a cubes
shaped cell is found in the cork plant. An example of an elliptical cell is
mitochondria, whereas an example of a polygonal shaped cell is a meristem tissue,
and the last is an example of a pipe cell found in a transport cell in a plant.
Inside the cells, there are several parts or organelles which is alive and has its
own function. Mitochondria, a thread like organelles present in the cytoplasm that
breaks down the complex carbohydrates and sugars into usable forms and supply
energy for the cell. Ribosomes the submicroscopic organelles, These are site of
protein synthesis in the cell. These are found in all the cells either attached to the
membranes of endoplasmic reticulum or scattered in the cytoplasm. The nucleus
which is the most important part of the cell which regulates all metabolic and
hereditary activities within the cell It is more or less spherical, lying in the cytoplasm
and occupying about two-thirds of the cell space. A typical nucleus is composed by
nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm, chromatin network, and nucleolus. Dictyosome
which is also referred to as golgi complex or golgi apparatus, plays a major role in
transporting chemical substances in and out of the cell. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
is the connecting link between the nucleus and cytoplasm of the plant cell. Basically,
it is a network of interconnected and convoluted sacs that are located in the
cytoplasm. Based on the presence or absence of ribosomes, ER can be of smooth or
rough types. Lysosomes are tiny membrane-bound, vesicular structure of cytoplasm
which enclose hydrolytic enzymes and perform intracellular digestion. These are also
known as suicidal bags. These are found in all animal cells but only in few plant
cells. And in plants, there are also plastids. Plastids are the largest cytoplasmic
organelles bounded by double membranes. There are 3 kind of plastids, colorless
plastids or leucoplast, pigmented ones chromoplast, and greenplastids or known
chloroplast. (Fried,2006).
Kapook (Ceiba pentandra) fruit hair consist of cell wall and air space, have
cylindrical cell shape. According to Soerodikoesoemo dan Siri (1991), part of kapok
cell that seen except air space is cell wall and the inner air scpace that called cell
space, that kapok that observed have elongated fiber shape. Cassava (Manihot
esculenta) consist of cell wall. According to Ma et al (2015), based on the
observations of pith of cassava are found hexagonal-shaped cells. Red onion (Allium
cepa) inner layer membrane consist of cell wall, cytoplasm, and nucleus, also have
elongated cell shape. According to Soerodikoesoemo dan Siri (1991), red onion have
hexagonal shape. And the last red chili (Capsicum annum) fruit consist of cell wall
and carotenoid, and also have polyedris cell shape. According to Soerodikoesoemo
dan Siri (1991), the cell shape of red chili fruit is hexagonal.
 IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

Based on the practical we can conclude:

1. Plant cells component consists of protoplast which is divided into protoplasmic
(nucleus, organelles, cytoplasm) and non-protoplasmic (vacuole, ergastic
substances), and cell wall.
2. There are several types of cell shapes, there are cuboidal, cylindrical, prismatic,
irregular, elongated, etc.

B. Suggestion

Suggestions for this lab is to allocates more time when student observing the
preparat and record the data. Because there are so much preparat while the time is so
limited.
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