Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 11 (2018) 26–34

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Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

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Experimental investigation of heat transfer potential of Al2O3/

T
Water-Mono Ethylene Glycol nanofluids as a car radiator coolant
⁎
Dattatraya G. Subhedara, , Bharat M. Ramanib, Akhilesh Guptac
a
Chandubhai S Patel Institute of Technology, CHARUSAT, Changa 388421, India
b
Shri Labhubhai Trivedi Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot 360005, India
c
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India

AR TI CLE I NF O AB S T R A CT

Keywords: In this research, the heat transfer potential of Al2O3/Water-Mono Ethylene Glycol nanofluids is
Nanofluids investigated experimentally as a coolant for car radiators. The base fluid was the mixture of water
Car radiator and mono ethylene glycol with 50:50 proportions by volume. The stable nanofluids obtained by
Nusselt number ultra-sonication are used in all experiments. In this study nanoparticle volume fraction, coolant
Frontal area
flow rate, inlet temperature used in the ranges of 0.2–0.8%, 4–9 l per minute and 65–85 °C. The
results show that the heat transfer performance of radiator is enhanced by using nanofluids
compared to conventional coolant. Nanofluid with lowest 0.2% volume fraction 30% rise in heat
transfer is observed. Also the estimation of reduction in frontal area of radiator if base fluid is
replaced by Nanofluid is done which will make lighter cooling system, produce less drag and save
the fuel cost.

1. Introduction

Day today the people's needs own automotive vehicle to make their work faster and simpler. So by seeing the increasing demand
of vehicle, automotive industries continuously doing development for making high efficient and economical engines which consumes
less fuel to attract the customers. There are various ways to increase the efficiency of engine like by using optimized design of engine
which reduce the weight of automotive and efficient engine cooling system which will increase the performance of vehicle. Use of
optimized designed fins and micro size tube is most conventional way to increase the performance of radiator is now reached to its
limit. Another way of enhance the cooling effect is use of efficient coolant in the vehicle radiator. As conventional coolant is the
mixture of water and ethylene glycol as anti-freeze agent to increase the boiling point and reduce the freezing point of water. By
adding the anti-freeze in water make it possible to use water for wide range of temperature but for that we have to compromise the
heat transfer performance of the radiator as the heat capacity of mixture is less that of water.
Solid particles having size less than 100 nm has different thermal properties than the conventional solid particles. As nanometer
size particles has large surface area as compare to micro size powder which enhance heat transfer rate. Choi [1] proposed the concept
of adding the nanometer sized solid particles in conventional heat transfer fluid and by preparing stable fluid can enhance the heat
transfer characteristics which he named as Nanofluids at Argonne National Laboratory of USA. Enhancement in thermal properties is
depends on the method of preparation, particle size, type of particle etc. Now a days researchers also starts investigating the potential
in hybrid Nanofluid to get more benefit in heat transfer rate. Che Sidik [2,3] has discussed the challenges to preparation of stable
hybrid Nanofluid and enhancement in the thermal properties. Subhedar and Ramani [4] also observed that thermal conductivity of

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: dattatraya.me@charusat.ac.in (D.G. Subhedar).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2017.11.009
Received 21 June 2016; Received in revised form 17 November 2017; Accepted 28 November 2017
Available online 08 December 2017
2214-157X/ © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY-NC-ND/4.0/).
D.G. Subhedar et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 11 (2018) 26–34

Nomenclature EG Ethylene Glycol

MEG Mono-Ethylene Glycol
K Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K
Cp Specific heat J/kg-K Greek Letter
Q Heat transfer by coolant, Watt
Re Reynolds number µ Viscosity, Pa-s
Nu Nusselt number ρ Density, kg/m3
m Mass flow rate of coolant kg/s ϕ Volume fraction of nanoparticles
T Temperature, K
Dh Hydraulic diameter, m Subscripts
H Convective heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K
As Surface Area of coolant tube, m2 bf Base fluid
Pr Prandtl number nf Nanofluid
L Tube length, m P Nanoparticle
Pe Peclet number

Nanofluid is increases linearly as the volume concentration is increases, with 0.8% volume fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles of size
20 nm in water/MEG base fluid 8.5% enhancement in thermal conductivity is observed.
So to overcome the difficulty of heat transfer by using water with Ethylene Glycol it is necessary to add metallic or non-metallic
oxides nanoparticles to enhance the thermal properties of the mixture. Enhancement in heat transfer by using nanofluids will make
possible in reduction in frontal heat transfer area of the radiator. Improved thermal properties of nanofluids also allow circulating
nanofluids with lower flow rate than the base fluid for the same heat transfer which in turn reduces the pumping power required than
the base fluid. To understand the potential of nanofluids for car radiator the literature survey is carried out, few critical findings of
them are discussed here.
Zeinali Heris et al. [5] have experimentally investigated the performance of CuO/EG-water as a coolant in car radiator. In their
study they used nanofluids with 0.05–0.8% volume fraction of CuO. For 0.8% nanofluids the gain in the heat transfer coefficient they
found 55% compared to the EG-water mixture performance. Ali et al. [6] used Al2O3 water based nanofluid used in their experi-
mental study as a coolant for automobile radiator. They study the effect of volume fraction of Al2O3 from 0.1% to 2% on heat transfer
and pumping power. They found the heat transfer by nanofluid coolant increases upto 1% and beyond that it decreases as the
concentration increases. Peyghambarzadeh et al. [7] has performed parametric study to investigate the potential of Al2O3/EG-Water
nanofluid as a coolant for car radiator. In their study the used water EG mixture with 95:5, 90:10 and 80:20% by volume and
0.2–0.8% concentration of Al2O3 for preparing nanofluid. In the best conditions in their experiments 40% enhancement in heat
transfer was observed over the performance of the base fluid. Naraki et al. [8] used CuO/water nanofluid in a vehicle radiator. Under
laminar flow condition they investigated the performance of nanofluid with 0.15–0.4% concentration. The overall heat transfer
coefficient with nanofluid was found 6–8% more than that of water. Leong et al. [9] studied the performance of ethylene glycol based
copper nanofluid as a coolant in car radiator. They recorded that by adding 2% copper particles in EG 3.8% enhancement in heat
transfer can be obtained than ethylene glycol under turbulent flow condition of coolant. Ebrahimi et al. [10] did experimental study
of heat transfer in car radiator with SiO2-water Nanaofluid. They found the Nusselt number increases as coolant inlet temperature,
Reynolds number and volume fraction increases.
Vajjha et al. [11] used numerical approach to study heat transfer performance of CuO and Al2O3 nanofluid in the car radiator
tube. They use water-EG mixture as a base fluid. They found 94% enhancement in average heat transfer coefficient in 10% volume

Fig. 1. Radiator performance test rig.

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D.G. Subhedar et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 11 (2018) 26–34

fraction Al2O3 nanofluid and 89% enhancement in 6% volume fraction CuO nanofluid under laminar condition. M'hamed et al. [12]
has carried out an experimental investigation to study the suitability of MWCNT in car engine with base fluid EG-Water by 50:50 vol.
They found as the concentration of MWCNT increases the heat transfer coefficient is also increased. In their study for 0.5% volume
fraction of MWCNT they found approximately 196% rise in average heat transfer coefficient. Che Sidik et al. [13,14] has also
concluded from their deep review on feasibility of Nanofluid as a automotive radiator coolant that there is approximately 50% rise in
heat transfer coefficient as compare to the base fluid coolant. Optimum performance is found by using less than 1% concentration of
nanoparticles.
In this research Al2O3/Water-MEG based nanofluid is used as a coolant for a car radiator. Coolant side Nusselt number en-
hancement for nanofluid over base fluid is studied. To predict the coolant side Nusselt number under laminar flow condition Nusselt
number correlation is developed from experimental data. To overcome the issue of increase in pumping power by using Nanofluid
estimation of reduction in frontal area of radiator by using nanofluid is also done. Optimized parameter required to achieve maximum
heat transfer at minimum consumption of pumping power is also find out.

2. Experimental setup

To investigate the heat transfer potential of Nanofluids as Car radiator coolant the test rig is developed as shown in Fig. 1.
This test rig contains the coolant storage tank, coolant heating element, centrifugal pump, flow measuring instrument, piping
network, ball valve to bypass the flow, needle valve to provide precision to flow stability, Pressure transducer to record the inlet and
outlet pressure of coolant in radiator, resistance temperature detector to record inlet and outlet temperature of coolant in radiator,
anemometer to record velocity of air, J-thermocouples to note down the surface temperature of radiator tube and flow lines. The
Radiator was installed inside the air flow duct. The specifications of the radiator used for the research is mentioned in Table 1.
Coolant passes through the 36 vertical tubes of Radiator.
For cooling the coolant, 24″ Axial flow fan is used which has capacity to produce flow with 6500 CFM. Dimmer is used to vary the
air flow. Fan is installed at the beginning of the test section duct in such a way that the air and coolant flow have indirect cross flow
contact and due to that the heat exchange takes place between hot coolant flowing in the vertical tubes and air passing over the tubes.
The inlet air temperature was about 34 °C + − 0.1 °C in the complete research. The centrifugal thermic pump is used which gives
a constant flow rate of 0.9 m3/h, to vary the flow rate globe valve is used. In the test rig the coolant is stored in the storage tank of
volume 33 l (36.83 cm × 31.75 cm × 28.48 cm) and heated with the electric heater (two immersion rod heater of capacity 3000 W
each) fixed inside the reservoir. The controller is used to maintain the temperature between 40 °C to 90 °C. The coolant is filled
25–30% of the tank volume so the total volume of the circulating coolant is constant in the experiment. Two RTDs (Pt-100 Ω) is used
to record the inlet and outlet temperature of the coolant (Table 2).

2.1. Uncertainty analysis

Uncertainty analysis is carried out by calculating the error of the measurements. The uncertainty of Nusselt number comes from
measurement error in coolant flow rate, all the temperatures, and hydraulic diameter. According to standard uncertainty analysis the
measurement uncertainty in coolant flow rate is 5.709% and for the Nusselt number is 18.8969%.

3. Synthesis and characterization of nanofluid

In this research spherical Al2O3 nanoparticles used are of about 20 nm size. Some other characteristics are given in Table 3 Water
and Mono Ethylene Glycol (50:50% by volume) is used as a base fluid. To prepare the nanofluids two step method is used. In this
method the dry powder form of Al2O3 nanoparticles is dispersed into the base fluid under ultrasonic agitation to breakdown the
aggregates of Nano powder. The samples having pH as 5.71, 6.46, 6.29, and 6.41 with different volume fractions 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%
and 0.8% respectively are found stable with less sedimentation after 6–7 days.
As the particles dispersed uniformly in the base fluid, the thermo physical properties like density, specific heat, thermal

Table 1
Geometrical characteristics of the radiator.

Description Specification

Radiator Length (RL) 36.0 cm

Radiator Width (RW) 36.5 cm
Radiator Height(RH) 1.60 cm
Tube Width (TW) 1.60 cm
Tube Height (TH) 0.18 cm
Fin Width (FW) 1.60 cm
Fin Height (FH) 0.9 cm
Fin Thickness (FT) 0.00254 cm
Distance between fins 0.15875 cm
Number of tubes (TN) 36

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D.G. Subhedar et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 11 (2018) 26–34

Table 2
Parameter range during experiments.

Parameter Al2O3/Water-MEG nanofluids

Nanoparticle volume fraction (%) 0–0.8

Coolant flow rate (l/min) 4–9
Air flow velocity (m/s) 1–2.5
Coolant Inlet temperature (°C) 65–85

Table 3
Characteristics of Al2O3 nanoparticles.

Physical Properties of Al2O3 nanoparticles

Shape of nanoparticle Spherical

Average Nanoparticle Size 20 nm
Purity > 99.8%
Bulk Density of nanoparticles 3890 kg/m3
X- Ray analysis γ - Al2O3
Thermal properties of Al2O3 nanoparticles
Thermal Conductivity @ 20 C 28–35 W/m-K
Thermal Expansivity 20–1000 C 8.0 × 10−6 m/m-K

conductivity and dynamic viscosity can be estimated. KD2 Pro thermal properties analyzer was used to determine the thermal
conductivity of prepared sample Eq. (1) and compare with theoretical value given by Hamilton and Crasser model at room tem-
perature Fig. 2.
In the present research to predict the thermal conductivity of Nanofluids Hamilton and Crasser model [15] is used as given in Eq.
(2)
Knf
= 4..175ϕ + 1.0052
Kbf (1)

Kp + (ψ − 1) Kbf − ϕ (ψ − 1)(Kbf − Kp)

Knf = Kbf
Kp + (ψ − 1) Kbf + ϕ (Kbf − Kp) (2)
Ψ is the shape factor of Nanoparticles for spherical particles Ψ = 3.
Rehometer is used to determine the viscosity of nanofluids at different volume fraction and different temperatures. The viscosity
model developed from the experiment (Eq. (3)) is used to predict the viscosity of nanofluids.
μnf
= 0.8899e 99.699ϕ
μbf (3)
The following correlations have been used to predict the density and specific heat of the nanofluids developed by Pak and Cho
[16]
ρnf = ϕρp + (1 − ϕ) ρbf (4)

1.05
Present Study
Hamilton and Crasser model
Thermal Conductivity Ratio (K /K )

1.04

1.03

1.02

1.01

1.00
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Volume fraction (%)

Fig. 2. Effect of volume fraction of nanoparticles on the ratio of Thermal conductivity (Knf/Kbf) at room temperature 30 °C.

29
D.G. Subhedar et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 11 (2018) 26–34

(ρCp)nf = ϕ (ρCp)p + (1 − ϕ)(ρCp)bf (5)

4. Estimation of Nusselt number

Coolant side heat transfer rate can be estimated as follows:

•
Q = mCp (Tin − Tout ) (6)
According to Newton's law of cooling
Q = hAs (Tb − Tw ) (7)
Equating Eqs. (6) and (7)
•
hD mCp (Tin − Tout ) D
Nu = =
K As (Tb − Tw ) K (8)
•
where m is nanofluids mass flow rate, Cp is specific heat of the coolant, K is thermal conductivity of nanofluids, As is a surface area of
oval tubes of radiator, Tin and Tout are the inlet and outlet coolant temperatures and Tb is the bulk temperature which is average of inlet
and outlet temperature of the coolant. Tw is the tube surface temperature which is the mean of the three surface temperature. Nu is the
coolant side Nusselt number for the radiator. The physical properties of coolant were estimated at the bulk temperature.

5. Results and discussion

Before the experimentation with the nanofluids the validation of the measurements is done by operating the test rig with distilled
water as a coolant and compares the coolant side Nusselt number calculated from experimental data with prediction various cor-
relations like:

(a) Sider-Tate correlation for laminar flow [17]

1/3 0.14
Nu = 1.86 ⎛
Re Pr ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎛⎜ μ ⎟⎞
⎝ L/ Dh ⎠ ⎝ μs ⎠ (9)

(b) Dehghandokht et al correlation for compact heat exchanger [18]

Nu = 0.951 × Re0.173 × Pr (1/3) (10)

(c) Shah and London correlation [19]

Re PrDh
Nu = 4.364 + 0.0722*⎛ ⎞
⎝ L ⎠ (11)

7.0
Experimental Data
6.5
Sider-Tate Correlation
Shah & London
Dehghandokht et al
6.0

5.5

5.0
Nu

4.5

4.0

3.5

Air Velocity=1.05m/s
3.0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Water Flow Rate (LPM)

Fig. 3. Comparison between predicted and measured Nusselt number for pure water (Tin = 80 °C).

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D.G. Subhedar et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 11 (2018) 26–34

Fig. 3. shows that present study results had good agreement with the Sider and Tate correlation and Shah & London correlation
with 11.12% and 6.03% absolute average error. The correlation given by Dehghandokht et al. is not agree with the present study
results for this the absolute average is found 32.83%.

5.1. Effect of nanofluids volume fraction on the coolant side Nusselt number

Nanofluids with volume fraction 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8% were synthesized by sonication and its performance in radiator is
experimentally studied. To study the effect of coolant inlet temperature on the heat transfer performance the experiment is conducted
for inlet temperature 65 °C, 70 °C, 75 °C, 80 °C, and 85 °C. The coolant flow rate was used from 4LPM- 9LPM. Also the air flow effect is
also studied for air flow velocity 1.05 m/s, 1.38 m/s, 1.77 m/s, 2.39 m/s.
As we observed that the thermal conductivity and the density of nanofluids increases, Sp. Heat decreases slightly but its viscosity
enhancement as compare to base fluid is very large. Ding and Wen [20] suggested that the thermal boundary layer thickness reduces
in nanofluids because of random motion of nanoparticles within the carrier fluid which create slip velocity between the solid particles
and the fluid medium. They found that the concentration of nanoparticles tends to near the tube wall side, which causes the rise in the
heat transfer coefficient around the wall in the thermal boundary layer. Fig. 4 shows the enhancement in Nusselt number by using
nanofluids as compare to base fluid. As we increases the volume fraction the heat transfer rate is increases.
It was found due to addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles only by volume fraction 0.2% in the water/MEG base fluid (50:50 by volume)
the thermal conductivity enhancement was 0.63%-, Viscosity increase by 24.52% which causes heat transfer enhancement ap-
proximately 30% for 8.82LPM coolant flow rate. Peyghambarzadeh et al. [7] also found the 40% enhancement in EG based Al2O3
nanofluids with approximately 4% variation in Thermal conductivity. For less than 15% enhancement in conductivity water based
Al2O3 nanofluids Heris et al. [5] also found 40% enhancement in heat transfer.

5.2. Effect of nanofluids inlet temperature on the coolant side Nusselt number

Fig. 5 shows the comparison of the results for nanofluids flow rate 4.06 LPM, air velocity 1.05 m/s and at different inlet tem-
peratures to study effect on coolant side Nusselt. It is clearly seen from Fig. 6 that under all experiment condition as the inlet coolant
temperature is increased, the heat transfer enhancement is very less. The results show that maximum variation in Nusselt number of
26% for the change in inlet temperature from 70 °C to 85 °C due to variation in the physical properties with respect to temperature of
the coolant.

5.3. Effect of nanofluids flow rate on the coolant side Nusselt number

Fig. 6 shows the enhancement in Nusselt number with nanofluids as a function of the coolant flow rate. It is seen that Nusselt
number significantly increases with increasing coolant flow rate. It is seen that for nanofluids coolant with 0.2% volume fraction at
80 °C inlet temperature the Nusselt number with nanofluids are 24.39 and 27.34 at coolant flow rate 7.63 and 8.82 LPM respectively.
From the experimental data of the present study, the correlation is developed for the prediction of Nusselt number in forced
convection heat transfer of nanofluids under laminar flow condition. For that regression analysis was carried out in Minitab. The
correlation developed is given in Eq. (12).
Nu = 0.70091(1 + 10.4576ϕ0.9Pe 0.353548)Re0.495596 Pr 0.061752 (12)

The Nusselt number of Al2O3/Water-MEG nanofluid obtained from Experimental observations at Laminar flow condition is
compared with the predicted Nusselt number value from above correlation is shown in fig. This shows very good agreement. The

2.0
4.06 LPM
5.25 LPM
Nusselt Number ratio (Nu / Nu )

6.44 LPM
1.8 7.63 LPM
8.82 LPM

1.6

1.4

1.2

T =75 C
Velocity of air = 1.05 m/s
1.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Alumina Volume Fraction (%)

Fig. 4. Effect of volume fraction of nanoparticles on the ratio of Nusselt number (Nu nf/Nubf).

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D.G. Subhedar et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 11 (2018) 26–34

20
0.2%
0.4%
0.6%
0.8%
18

Nusselt Number (Nu )

16

14

Coolant flow rate= 4.06LPM

Air velocity =1.05 m/s
12
65 70 75 80 85 90

Coolant Inlet Temperature ( C)

Fig. 5. Effect of coolant inlet temperature on the coolant side Nusselt number (Nun).

45
0.2%
0.4%
40 0.6%
0.8%
Nusselt Number (Nu )

35

30

25

20
T =80 C
Velocity of air =1.05 m/s
15
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Coolant Flow Rate (LPM)

Fig. 6. Effect of coolant inlet temperature on the coolant side Nusselt number (Nun).

50
Nusselt Number Predicted
45

40
Nusselt Number Predicted

35

30 +25%

25

20 -25%

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Nusselt Number Measured

Fig. 7. Comparison of Experimental Nusselt number with predicted from correlation.

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D.G. Subhedar et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 11 (2018) 26–34

80
Frontal Area Reduction

70

Frontal Area Reduction (%)

60

50

40

30
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Volume Fraction (%)

Fig. 8. Effect of volume fraction of the reduction in radiator frontal area.

Table 4
Effect of volume fraction of nanoparticles on overall heat transfer coefficient for same Pumping power as base fluid.

Volume fraction in % Length of Radiator tube in m Total Surface Area (A) in m2

0.0 0.360 3.118

0.2 0.285 2.468
0.4 0.230 1.992
0.6 0.185 1.602
0.8 0.150 1.299

absolute average error in prediction of Nusselt number is found ± 25% as shown in Fig. 7.
From the experiment with water/MEG as coolant at inlet coolant temperature 80 °C, Air flow velocity 1.05 m/s and coolant flow
rate as 8.818 LPM we found the heat transfer coefficient found as 49.078 W/m2 K. Fig. 8 shows that at the same inlet condition with
same overall heat transfer coefficient as base fluid it is found that only 0.2% volume fraction Nano fluid can gives 41.157% reduction
in surface area of radiator. Also it is observed in this research work that to maintain the same pumping power observed in water/MEG
coolant at inlet coolant temperature 80 °C with 8.818 LPM the reduction in frontal area observed with respect to the volume fraction
of Al2O3. By using 0,2% concentration Nanofluid approximately 21% reduction is possible.
Minitab software is used to optimize the operating parameter to attain maximum heat transfer and minimum pumping power. The
Prediction and Optimization Report shows for obtaining maximum overall heat transfer coefficient and minimizing pumping power.
The optimal setting for the Nanofluid is volume fraction 0.7030%, Coolant inlet temperature 65 0 C and Coolant flow rate 8.820 LPM.
For these sets, the models predict overall heat transfer coefficient as 199.7068 W/m2-K Watt and pumping power as 0.4245 W.
So the Nanofluid coolant not only improves the heat transfer performance of heavy-duty automobile but also it can be helpful in
reducing the size of the cooling system which makes system lighter with less drag so it will also save the fuel (Table 4).

6. Conclusion

In this research paper, performance of Al2O3/water-MEG based nanofluids as a car radiator coolant has been experimentally
investigated at different coolant inlet temperatures, nanofluids flow rates, air flow rates and various volume fractions of nano-
particles. From this study following outcome can be drawn:

◆ Heat transfer rate by nanofluid coolant is significantly increases with the increase in concentration of nanoparticles. For lowest
coolant flow rate 4.06 LPM as the volume fraction increases form 0.2–0.8% the enhancement in Nusselt number changes from
3.89% to 28.47%.
◆ Major contribution in heat transfer enhancement is flow rate for nanofluid and volume fraction of nanoparticles. The enhance-
ment in heat transfer due to inlet temperature of coolant is very less.
◆ This experimental investigation proves that Nanofluid has great potential as heat transfer fluid. Also use of nanofluid make
possible to design compact size radiator which also reduces weight of the system, reduction in drag and so saving in fuel cost.

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D.G. Subhedar et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 11 (2018) 26–34

Acknowledgements

This work has been supported by GUJCOST grant number GUJCOST/MRP/2015-16/2630 sanctioned under Minor Research
Scheme (MRP). We are thankful to President and Provost of CHARUSAT for supporting this research work. We are thankful to Dr.
R.V. Upadhyay, Head, Dr. K.C. Patel Research and Development Centre (KRADLE) affiliated to Charotar University of Science and
Technology (CHARUSAT), India, for granting permission to use various equipment available in their characterization laboratory.

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