‫ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫‪:Image Enhancement‬‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺤﻘـل ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺍﻷﻟـﻭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺼـﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺤﻴـﺙ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻭﻫﺔ ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪.(١٧‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ :(١٧‬ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪Image Enhancement‬‬

‫‪Spatial domain‬‬ ‫‪Frequency domain‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﺘﺮددي‬
‫)ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ(‬ ‫)ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺼﻮرة ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﯾﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس‬ ‫‪(DWT, DCT, DFT‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺼﻮرة‬
‫)‪(pixels‬‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮددات )اﻹﺷﺎرات(‬

‫ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺩل ﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (intensity of pixel‬ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺍﺘﻬـﺎ )‪ (neighbors‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ )‪ (window‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻨﺎﻉ )‪ (mask‬ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓـﺫﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺇﻨﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ ‪:Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻁﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠـﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻜـﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ )‪ (procedures‬ﺘﻌﻤل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ‪ .‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴـﺭ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠـﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﺩﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫]) ‪G ( x, y ) = T [ F ( x, y‬‬ ‫)‪...(27‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ :F (x,y‬ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ :G (x,y‬ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :T‬ﻋﺎﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ F‬ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﻗﻊ )‪ (x,y‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﻤﺭﺒﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻫﺎ )‪ (x,y‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ .(١٨‬ﺇﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﻴﺘﺤـﺭﻙ ﻤـﻥ ﻨﻘﻁـﺔ‬
‫ﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺀﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺭﻯ ﻭﻴﻁﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل ‪ T‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻭﻗـﻊ )‪ (x,y‬ﻟﻴﻨـﺘﺞ ‪ G‬ﻟـﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ‬
‫●‬
‫)‪(x,y‬‬

‫●‬

‫‪Image‬‬ ‫●‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ :(١٨‬ﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ‪ 3*3‬ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻫﺎ )‪ (x, y‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (١٨‬ﺇﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺘﻔﻘﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ )ﺇﻁﺎﺭ( ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻨـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺘﻭﺠـﺩ‬

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 ‫ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠﺯﺀﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻴﺘﻁﻠـﺏ‬
‫ﺤﺸﻭ )‪ (pad‬ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻘﻴﻡ ﺃﺼﻔﺎﺭ )‪ .(0's‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل ﺘﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩ )ﺇﻁﺎﺭ( ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﺎﻁ ﺒﺼﻔﻭﻑ ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻻﺼـﻔﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺠﺯﺀﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻜـﺄﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ‪:Images Noise‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺭﻏﻭﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻗـﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺤﺼل ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ )ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ(‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (١‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢‬ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺽ ﻓﻴﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻴﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٣‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘل ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻥ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻷﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (١‬ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ ﻜﺎﻭﺴﻴﻥ )‪.(Gaussian Noise‬‬
‫)‪ (٢‬ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ ﺒﻭﻴﺴﻥ )‪.(Poisson Noise‬‬
‫)‪ (٣‬ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻔل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ )‪(Salt and Pepper Noise‬‬
‫)‪ (٤‬ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻊ )‪.(Speckle Noise‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (١٩‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻫـ( ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ ﻜﺎﻭﺴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺩ( ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ ﺒﻭﻴﺴﻥ‬ ‫ﺝ( ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻔل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻊ‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ :(١٩‬ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
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 ‫ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain‬‬

‫‪Lowpass filter‬‬
‫‪Highpass filter‬‬
‫)‪(smoothing‬‬
‫)‪(sharping‬‬

‫‪Linear filter‬‬ ‫‪Nonlinear filter‬‬ ‫‪Mask‬‬

‫‪é - 1 - 1 - 1ù‬‬
‫‪Average filter Median filter‬‬ ‫‪1ê‬‬
‫‪- 1 8 - 1úú‬‬
‫)‪(Mean filter‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪ê‬‬
‫‪êë - 1 - 1 - 1úû‬‬

‫ﻤﺭﺸﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻌﻴﻡ ‪: Smoothing Filters‬‬

‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﺭﺸﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻌﻴﻡ ﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ )‪ (noise reduction‬ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺭ‪ .‬ﺘﻘﻠﻴـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺍﻹﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺊ )‪ (low–pass filter‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﺭﻙ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺸﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻌﻴﻡ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (١‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل )‪:Average Filter (AF‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل )‪ (AF‬ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ )‪ (mean filter‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻴﻘـﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻭﻗﻊ )‪ (x,y‬ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ‪ .N*N‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺒﺩل ﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻭﻫﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓـﺫﺓ ‪N*N‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻨﻌﻡ )‪ (smoothed‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼـﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺩل ﺴـﻭﻑ ﺘﻘﻠـل ﻤﺘﻭﺴـﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ‪ .‬ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ‪) ...‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﻓﺭﺩﻱ *ﻋـﺩﺩ ﻓـﺭﺩﻱ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﺃﺤﺠﺎﻡ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ N*N‬ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 3*3‬ﺃﻭ ‪5*5‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻭﻫﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪:‬‬
‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪94‬‬ ‫‪130 135 140‬‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪83‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪82‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬
‫‪83‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪82‬‬ ‫‪153 173 148 142 172 138‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬ ‫‪153 173 148‬‬ ‫‪97‬‬
‫)‪ (٢‬ﻋﺯل ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ )ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪130 142 172 138 140‬‬
‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪170 116‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ‪ 3*3‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻭﻫﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
 ‫ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ـﺫﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ـﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓــــــــ‬
‫ـﺩل ﻋﻨﺎﺼــــــــ‬
‫ـﺎﺩ ﻤﻌــــــــ‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﺇﻴﺠــــــــ‬
‫‪83 + 80 + 82 + 153 + 173 + 148 + 142 + 172 + 138‬‬
‫= ‪k‬‬ ‫‪= 130‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫‪ (٤‬ﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ )‪ (173‬ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ )‪.(130‬‬
‫)‪ (٢‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ )‪:Median Filter (MF‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﻻ ﺨﻁﻲ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻭﻗﻊ )‪ (x,y‬ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﺘﺼﺎﻋﺩﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻨﺎﺯﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻨﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺒـﺩﻟﻨﺎ ﻜـل‬
‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻭﻫﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ‪ N*N‬ﻓـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻨﻌﻡ )‪ (smoothed‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻘﻠل ﻤﺘﻭﺴـﻁ ﺍﻟـﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﺘﺠـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ‪ .‬ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﺃﺤﺠﺎﻡ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ N*N‬ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 3*3‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 5*5‬ﺃﻭ ‪) ...‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﻓـﺭﺩﻱ *ﻋـﺩﺩ ﻓـﺭﺩﻱ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻭﻫﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﺼﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪:‬‬
‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪94‬‬ ‫‪130 135 140‬‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪83‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪82‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬
‫‪83‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪82‬‬ ‫‪153 173 148 142 172 138‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬ ‫‪153 173 148‬‬ ‫‪97‬‬
‫)‪ (٢‬ﻋﺯل ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ )ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪130 142 172 138 140‬‬
‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪170 116‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬
‫)‪ (١‬ﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ‪ 3*3‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻭﻫﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪82‬‬ ‫‪83‬‬ ‫‪138 142 148 153 172 173‬‬ ‫)‪ (٣‬ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺘﺼﺎﻋﺩﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٤‬ﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ )‪ (173‬ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (142‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺍﻹﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ )‪:Highpass Spatial Filter (Sharping‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ ‪ highpass filter‬ﻫـﻭ ﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ ﺤـﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ )ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻑ ﻟﻠﺼﻭﺭﺓ(‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﺎﻨـﻪ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫)‪ (3*3‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎﻉ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﻭﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻴﻁﺒـﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻗﻨﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻉ ﻫﻭ‪:‬‬

‫‪é - 1 - 1 - 1ù‬‬
‫‪1ê‬‬
‫‪- 1 8 - 1úú‬‬
‫‪9ê‬‬
‫‪êë - 1 - 1 - 1úû‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ :(٢٠‬ﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺍﻹﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﻱ ‪:Image Enhancement in Frequency Domain‬‬

‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ )‪ (transformations‬ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻀﺭﺏ ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺘﺤﻭﻴـل ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ )‪ (filter transfer function‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﻜﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻟﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١‬ﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ ﺍﻹﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺊ )‪:Lowpass Filtering (LPF‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (frequencies‬ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﺘﻤﺭ )ﺘﺘﺭﺸـﺢ( ﻭﺘﺒﻘـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﺘﺴﺘﺒﻌﺩ( ﻭﻴﺸﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ )‪ H(u,v‬ﺒﺩﺍﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺸـﻴﺢ )‪(filter transfer function‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﻟﺔ )‪ F(u,v‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪G(u,v)=H(u,v).F(u,v‬‬ ‫)‪…(28‬‬
‫ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺒﺈﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺒﻘـﺎﺀ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـﻴﻡ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﻌﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪.(٢١‬‬

‫‪Input‬‬ ‫‪Filter‬‬
‫‪Image‬‬
‫) ‪f(x,y‬‬
‫‪Transformation‬‬
‫‪Ä‬‬ ‫‪of‬‬
‫‪smoothing‬‬

‫‪output‬‬ ‫‪Inverse‬‬
‫‪Image‬‬ ‫‪transformation‬‬
‫) ‪g(x,y‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ :(٢١‬ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ‪.LPF‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪:Ideal Filter‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺍﻹﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺊ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ )‪ (ILPF‬ﻫﻭ ﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

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‫ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ì‬‬
‫‪ï1‬‬ ‫‪if‬‬ ‫‪D ( u , v ) £ D0‬‬
‫‪H (u , v ) = í‬‬ ‫)‪…(29‬‬
‫‪ï0‬‬ ‫‪if‬‬ ‫‪D (u , v ) > D0‬‬
‫‪î‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ‪ Do‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻭ)‪ D(u,v‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‪D( u , v ) = u2 + v 2 :‬‬
‫) ‪H(u , v‬‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪.(٢٢‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫) ‪D(u , v‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪D0‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ :(٢٢‬ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ‪.ILPF‬‬
‫ﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪ D0‬ﺘﻤﺭ ﻭﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪ D0‬ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢‬ﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ ﺍﻹﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ )‪:Highpass Filtering (HPF‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺭ )ﺘﺘﺭﺸﺢ( ﻭﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ )ﺘﺴﺘﺒﻌﺩ(‬
‫ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺒﺈﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـﻴﻡ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﺃﻱ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ(‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪. (٢٣‬‬

‫‪Input‬‬ ‫‪Highpass‬‬
‫‪Image‬‬
‫) ‪f(x,y‬‬
‫‪Transformation‬‬
‫‪Ä‬‬ ‫‪filter‬‬

‫‪output‬‬ ‫‪Inverse‬‬
‫‪Image‬‬ ‫‪transformation‬‬
‫) ‪g(x,y‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ :(٢٣‬ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ‪.HPF‬‬

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‫ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪:Ideal Filter‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺍﻹﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ )‪ (IHPF‬ﻫﻭ ﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ì‬‬
‫‪ï0‬‬ ‫‪if‬‬ ‫‪D ( u , v ) £ D0‬‬
‫‪H (u , v ) = í‬‬
‫)‪…(30‬‬
‫‪ï1‬‬ ‫‪if‬‬ ‫‪D (u , v ) > D0‬‬
‫‪î‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪.(٢٤‬‬
‫) ‪H(u , v‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫) ‪D(u , v‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪D0‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ :(٢٤‬ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ‪.IHPF‬‬

‫ﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪ D0‬ﺘﻤﺭ ﻭﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪ D0‬ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ )‪:(١‬‬
‫ﻋﻤل ‪ Highpass Filter‬ﻤﻌﺎﻜﺱ ﻟﻌﻤل ‪.Lowpass Filter‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ )‪:(٢‬‬
‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﻥ ﺘﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل )ﺍﻷﺴـﻁﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺩﺓ( ﻤـﻊ ﺃﺒﻌـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﻻﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺏ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺇﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻨﺎﻥ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪image enhancement in the frequency domain‬‬

‫‪Low pass filter‬‬

‫‪High pass filter‬‬ ‫‪Band pass‬‬
‫)‪(smoothing‬‬
‫)‪(sharping‬‬ ‫‪filter‬‬
‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫)ﻴﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻌﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩﺓ(‬
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 ‫ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﻨﺔ )ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ( ‪:Filtering of True Color Images‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﻨﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻟـﻭﻥ )ﺍﻷﺤﻤـﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ )‪ .((RGB‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻤﺭﺸﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻌﻴﻡ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜل ﻟﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﻔﺼل‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺩﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻟﻠﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺼﻭﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪.(٢٥‬‬

‫)‪IR(x,y‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬ ‫‪Filtering‬‬

‫)‪f(x,y‬‬ ‫)‪IG(x,y‬‬
‫دﻣﺞ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷﺧﻀﺮ‬ ‫‪Filtering‬‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻮان‬

‫)‪g(x,y‬‬
‫)‪IB(x,y‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷزرق‬ ‫‪Filtering‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ :(٢٥‬ﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

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