Chapter 28: Magnetic fields Chapter 28: Magnetic fields

ƒ Historically, people discover a stone (Fe3O4) that attract pieces ƒ If the bar magnet is suspended on a thread (like compass)
of iron Æ these stone was called magnets.
Æ N pole search geographic north (earth magnetic S pole)
F F
Æ S pole search geographic south (earth magnetic N pole)
ƒ magnetic poles are always
Opposite poles attract found in pairs, we cannot isolate
ƒ two bar magnets can attract or repel
F F N from S
depending on their orientation Æ this
is due to non-equivalent poles. One N S
pole called North (N) and other pole F F
Cut in two pieces
called South (S)
N S N S
Like poles repels

N S N S N S N S

Chapter 28: Magnetic Field and Magnetic Chapter 28: Magnetic Field and Magnetic
Force Force
ƒ When a charged particle move with velocity v FB
ƒ Like E-field, Magnets has a magnetic field (B - field) can be
represented by lines away from N - pole towards S – pole. These lines through a magnetic field B, it will experience a
represent the direction of force that would exert on pieces of iron magnetic force FB. B

ƒ A series of experiements shows that θ

r r +q
Analogous to FB ∝ q, v B-force is proportional to q magnitude and its speed v
electric dipoleÆ
( )
r r r r
FB = FB v , B B-force is a funtion of velocity v and B-field B
r r r
v // B (θ = 0°) ⇒ FB = 0 (When particle moves // B-field)
r r r
ƒ Magnetic field lines v ⊥ B (θ = 90°) ⇒ FB = max = q vB
can be traced by the aid r
S

FB ∝ sin θ
N
N

of compass or with iron r r r

fillings (‫)ﺑﺮادة ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬. θ ≠ 0 ⇒ FB ⊥ B, v (Direction of B-force ┴ to B and v plane)
N
S

r r r
FB (q < 0, v ) Opposite direction to
r
FB (q > 0, v )
N

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 Chapter 28: Magnetic Field and Magnetic Force:
Chapter 28: Magnetic Field and Magnetic Force comparison between magnetic and electric forces
Î Above results can be summarize by: r r r
FB = qv × B If we compare between B-force and E-force
r r r r r
Æ Magnitude of force on moving charged particle is
FB = qv × B and FE = qE
FB = FB = q vB sin θ The B-field SI unit is
Tesla (T)=N/(C.m/s)=N/(A.m)
„ E-forces act in the direction of the E-field, B-forces are
perpendicular to the B-field.
ƒ The direction of FB can be „ A B-force exists only for charges in motion. But E-force act
determined using right hand rule on moving or steady charges
Æ thumb is in direction of FB on „ The B-force of a steady magnetic field does no work when
+ve charge displacing a charged particle (B ┴ ds). But, E-force do work
when displacing charged particle (E // ds)
Æ thumb is opposite to the „ The B-field can alter the direction of a moving charged
direction of FB on –ve charge particle but not its speed or its kinetic energy. But, E-field
Direction of force Direction of force
alter direction, speed or kinetic energy of charged particle.
on +ve charge on -ve charge

Chapter 28: Motion of charged particle in a

Chapter 28: Magnetic Field and Magnetic Force:
Ex: An electron in TV moves toward screen with a speed of 8×106
m/s along the x Axis. Surrounding the neck of the tube are coils of
wire that create a magnetic field of magnitude 0.025 T, directed at an
angle of 60° to the x axis and lying in the xy plane. (A) Calculate the
magnetic force on the electron. (B) Find a vector expression for the
magnetic force on the electron
uniform magnetic field
ƒ If we assume the plane of the page to be the xy plane, the
perpendicular to the plane (z-direction) will be out of the page ● or
into the page × .
ƒ Similarly, If the magnetic field B out of the page, it can be
represented by dots (●). If B-field is into the page, it can be
represented by (×)

By right hand rule, thump is in +ve z-direction Æ

FB on electron is in –ve z-direction Î

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 Chapter 28: Motion of charged particle in a Chapter 28: Motion of charged particle in a
uniform magnetic field uniform magnetic field: the cyclotron frequency
Consider a positive charge To find the radius and frequency of the rotation:
moving perpendicular to a
magnetic field with an initial The radial force ∑ F = ma r (Newton 2nd law in radial direction)
velocity, v.
v2
FB = qvB = m
The force FB is always at right r
angles to v and its magnitude is, mv
⇒r= (radius of rotation)
qB
FB = qvB towards the center and v =
qBr
(charge speed)
m
v qB
So, as q moves, it will rotate about a circle and FB and v will The angular speed ω = = (Cyclotron frequency)
r m
always be perpendicular. The magnitude of v will always be the
same, only its direction will change (uniform circular motion). 2πr 2π 2πm
The period for this rotation T= = =
v ω qB

Chapter 28: Motion of charged particle in a Chapter 28: Motion of charged particle in a
uniform magnetic field uniform magnetic field
If v makes an arbitrary angle (θ≠90◦) with B (in the x-direction) Ex: A proton is moving in a circular orbit of radius 14 cm in a
uniform 0.35-T magnetic field perpendicular to the velocity of the
FB must be ┴ to x-axis Æ no force proton. Find the speed of the proton.
component in x-direction Æwe have only
force components in y and z direction v2
FB = qvB = m
Æ ax=0 Î vx = constant r
θ We have ac due to force qBr
towards center which changes ⇒v =
between y and z m
Î vy and vz change in time
The resulting motion is a helix

The equations for the cyclotron frequency and

2 2
rotation period still apply provided that v replaced by v⊥ = v y + v z

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 Chapter 28: Motion of charged particle in a Chapter 28: Applications Involving Charged
uniform magnetic field Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field
Ex: Electrons are accelerated from rest through a potential difference of If charged particle move under influence of E-field and B-field Î it
350 V. The electrons travel along a curved path of radius 7.5 cm due to B-
will be affected by both FE and FB on it (Lorentz force):
field. If the magnetic field is perpendicular to the beam. (A) What is the
magnitude of the magnetic field? (B) What is the angular speed of the
electrons? v2 mv
(A) FB = qvB = m ⇒B= e
r qr If both FE and FB have same magnitude but opposite
directions as shown Æ charged particle will move
To find v we may use conservation of energy
vertically straight through the region of fields with
constant velocity (velocity selector application)

From the expression

Shown directions for

Fe and FB are on +ve
(B) charged particle

Chapter 28: Applications Involving Charged Chapter 28 Magnetic Force on a Current Carrying
Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field Conductor
ƒ Other application includes the separation of ions
according to their mass-to-charge ratio (Mass For a conductor with current passing through it
Spectrometer device). A beam of ions first passes and placed in a magnetic field Æ
through a velocity selector and then enters a
second area of uniform magnetic field as shown
ƒ when entering , the ions move in a semicircle „ Magnetic force acts upon charges moving in a conductor.
of radius r before striking a detector array at P. „ The total force on the current is the integral sum of the
v2 mv force on each charge in the current.
From eq. FB = qvB0 = m ⇒ B0 =
r qr
„ In turn, the charges transfer the force on to the wire when
m rB0 E
⇒ = , but v = they collide with the atoms of the wire.
q v B
m rBB0
⇒ =
q E

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 Chapter 28 Magnetic Force on a Current Carrying Chapter 28 Magnetic Force on a Current Carrying
Conductor Conductor
consider a straight segment of wire of length L and cross-sectional ƒ Current – carrying wire will
area A carrying a current I in a uniform magnetic field as in figure experience FB if it exist in a B-field.
Inside the wire, a charges move
with vd along the length L will have
Flat plane a magnetic force
( )
view r r r
FB ,q = qv d × B
ƒFor the total number of charges N
moving inside the wire

( ) ( )
r r r r r r
FB = FB , q N = qv d × B nV = qv d × B nAL Where n = N/V
But I = vd qnA
Vertical
suspended
When there is no When I is upward When I is downward
Æ wire deflect to the
r r r For a straight wire in a uniform B-field.
FB = IL × B
current (I = 0) Æ wire deflect to
wire between Æ wire remains the left (FB to the right (FB to the right) L is a vector of magnitude equal to length
magnet poles vertical left) and directed in the direction of current

Chapter 28 Magnetic Force on a Current Carrying Chapter 28 Magnetic Force on a Current Carrying
Conductor Conductor
ƒ If we consider an arbitrary shaped wire of ƒ For arbitrary shaped wire in uniform B-field.
uniform cross sectional area in an arbitrary B- b
Field Î part of total magnetic force (dFB) will r ⎛ b r⎞ r r r
occur for the small segment length vector (ds ) FB = I ⎜⎜ ∫ ds ⎟⎟ × B = IL '×B
r ⎝a ⎠
r r
dFB = Ids × B L’ is displacement vector between the end points)
a
Total force acting on the wire will be:
ƒ For a closed loop wire in a uniform magnetic
field Æ starting point is same as end point
r b
r r
FB = I ∫ ds × B For an arbitrary wire in an arbitrary field.
a and b are end points of the wire
r
( )
r r
FB = I ∫ ds × B = 0
a
Î Net magnetic force acting on any closed
current loop in a uniform magnetic field is zero.

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 Chapter 28 Magnetic Force on a Current Carrying Chapter 28: Torque on a Current Loop in a
Conductor: Semicircular conductor loop Uniform Magnetic Field
A semicircle wire in the xy plane of radius R forms a closed circuit and carries a
current I. A uniform magnetic field is directed along the positive y axis. Find the
ƒ Although the net B-force on a current loop must be
magnitude and direction of the magnetic force acting on the straight portion of the
wire and on the curved portion. r r r zero, we may have a net torque (‫ )ﻋﺰم دوران‬on it.
On the curved wire or F = IL '×B
r r r 2
dF2 = I ds × B r ƒ Consider a rectangular current loop in a uniform
r ⇒ F2 = F2 = IL' B B-field, which is parallel to the plane of the loop
⇒ dF2 = IB sin θds r r r
⇒ F2 = 2 IRB
s = Rθ ⇒ ds = Rdθ
For 1 and 3, L//B ⇒ L × B = 0 ⇒ FB = 0
into the board (− kˆ) eye
dF2 = IRB sin θdθ For 2 and 4, L ┴ B ⇒ F2 = F4 = IaB
π The total force on the Loop view
from side 3
F2 = ∫ IRB sin θdθ closed loop is F2 out of board and F4 into board Î Fnet = 0. But F2
r r r 0 r r r and F4 act on different line of action Î they will
On the straight wire F1 = IL × B F = F1 + F2
IRB[cos θ ]0
π
r = − produce a torque τ (look at side 3 to see other view)
⇒ F1 = F1 = ILB = 2 IRB ⇒ F2 = 2 IRB = 2 IRBkˆ − 2 IRBkˆ
Current out of Current into
Directed out of the board (kˆ) into the board (− kˆ) =0 the board the board

Chapter 28: Torque on a Current Loop in a

Uniform Magnetic Field Concept Question
ƒ Î If loop is fixed on pivot (‫ )ﻣﺤﻮر‬O, Loop will
rotate clockwise a bout y-axis due to the torque τ
r r r r r r A rectangular loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field with
τ = r × F with τ = rF sin θ τ net = τ 2 + τ 4
the plane of the loop perpendicular to the direction of the
At θ = 90° Î max. torque field.
b b b b
τ max = F2 + F4 = (IaB ) + (IaB ) = (IaB )b If a current is made to flow through the loop in the sense
2 2 2 2
shown by the arrows, the field exerts on the loop:
⇒ τ max = IAB Where A = ab is the area of the loop
ƒ If the B-field makes an angle with a line perpendicular A
to the plane of the loop, then the torque is: B 1. a net force.
b b b b F3
τ = F2 sin θ + F4 sin θ = IaB( + ) sin θ 2. a net torque.
2 2 2 2 F2 F1 3. a net force and a net torque.
τ = IabB sin θ = IAB sin θ F4 4. neither a net force nor a net torque. (*)
r r r
⇒ τ = IA × B Torque on current loop in uniform B-field

A is a vector ┴ loop plane and its magnitude equal to A

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Chapter 28: Torque on a Current Loop in a Chapter 28: Torque on a Current Loop in a
Uniform Magnetic Field: Magnetic dipole moment Uniform Magnetic Field: Magnetic dipole moment
r r A rectangular coil of dimensions 5.4 cm×8.5 cm consists of 25 turns of
µ = IA (Amperes.m2) is defined as magnetic dipole moment or wire and carries a current of 15 mA. A 0.35 T magnetic field is applied
often called the magnetic moment (‫)اﻟﻌﺰم اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬
parallel to the plane of the coil. (A) Calculate the magnitude of the
r r r
⇒ τ = µ × B µ has same direction as A magnetic dipole moment of the coil. (B) What is the magnitude of the
torque acting on the loop?
If the wire makes N loops around A,
A)
r r r r r
τ = Nµloop × B = µ coil × B
with µ coil = NIA In the direction of A
B) r r r r r
τ = Nµloop × B = µ coil × B
The potential energy of the loop is:
r r θ = 90°
U = −µ • B

Summary
„ The right hand rule
„ Magnetic forces on charged particles and
current carrying wires
„ Charged particle motion in B-field
„ Torque on loops and magnetic dipole
moments