Math 154 Course Notes Exercises - Week 2 Solutions 1.1 Summation notation. Answer the following: (@) What isthe value ofthe fith tem ofthe sum S— ¥ (5-438) /47 ‘ n (©) How many terms are there intoal in the sum $= ¥. e#? oy (©) Weite out the terms in 2-1 (@) Waite out the tems in $2" (©) Write the series 1 +3 4-32 43" in surumation notation in two equivalent forms. Solution. (a) as =(54+3%5)/5 =4. (®) First term has index k = 7, and last term k = 17, Thus there are 17-741 = 1 terms. ©) P+ +P4P +2 @ P+ + P42 428 © E3tand 59 1.3 Summation equivalencies. Show thatthe following pairs of sums are equivalent: x au © Yimvyy aa © SE GP—2n41) and Solution. (@) each sum represents 14.2243? 44245? 4. (0) each sum represents O+ 144-49 1.4 Computing summations. Consider the following summation formulae, shown below for convenience: sip Sr nat)Using these, and possibly a calculator, compute the following sums: 20 ra = @ Yi @ ¥2 © ¥3 rn @ ‘@ @ Ya © Ln © Yn = = oto 100 2 23, @ Yn w@ Fat @ Low ao A a 5 5 ‘xe © Le) wo Yon oye a a tbo i Pa =o m™ Ye @ YW) @ Y W-2+) 1% ms a ® Yn @ x (m+1) (h) E330? =3 PIS, 2 = 3 VPS _ 6575 (0) Eis (@—2k-+1) = BR, (B—2k+1)— Ebay (P=2k+1) = DR, P- 2y 7, K+ LB, 1 (17-241) = (50)(51)(101) /6 — 2(50)(S1)/2+50 125 Alternative Method: DP, (k=1)? = Di B= (49)(49-+ 1)(49-24 1) / (@) Keo (m-+1)? = Ey (n)® = [(16)(17) /2]? = 18496 LS Applying summation notation. Use the sigma summation notation to set up the following, and then apply known formulae to compute the sums. (a) Find the sum of the frst 50 even numbers, 2-+4-+6++ (b) Find the sum of the first 50 odd numbers, 14+3-+ (c) Find the sum of the fist 50 integers ofthe form n(n + 1) where 2 = 1,2,.,50. (©) Consider all the integers that are of the form n(n ~ 1) where n = 1, 2,3... Find the sum of the first 50 such numbers. Solution. (a) D8; 2n=25%8, n=50(S1) = 2550 (b) E22, (2n—1) = E220 PH, 1 = 2550-50 = 2500 (©) Li mln+1) = Es0 m+ Lge. = (50)(51) (101) /6+ (50) (51) /2= 4200 (@) ER, ab (90)(51)/: 1.11 Orange display. Your local produce store has a special on oranges. “Their display of fruit i a triangular pyramid with 100 layers, topped with 1) =E3, (x? =n) =, n? E32, n= (50)(51)(101) /6— 1650single orange (Le. top layer: 1). The layer second from the top has three (= 142) oranges, and the one directly under it has six (6 = 3-+2+4 1) ‘The same pattern continues for all 100 layers - this results in efficient “hexagonal” packing, with each orange sitting ina lite depression created by three neighbours right under it. (2) How many oranges are there inthe fourth and fifth layers from the top? How many in the N layer from the top? (b) Ifthe “pyramid of oranges” only has 3 layers, how many oranges are used in total? What ifthe pyramid has 4, or 5 ayers? (©) Write down a formula for the sum of the total number of oranges that ‘would be needed to make a pyramid with N layers. Simplify your result so that you can use the summation formulae for F-n and for En? to determine the total number of oranges in such a pyramid (@) Determine how many oranges are needed for the pyramid with 100 layers, Solution. (@) Starting atthe top, the layers contain 1, 142, 14243, 1424 3-+4,... oranges. The kth layer from the top contains S4_,n = “Abt oranges (©) A pyramid with 1,2, 3,4, 5 layers would have 1, 4, 10,20, 35 oranges, respectively, (6) Ifthe pyramid has N layers, we must add up over al ayers. The pattem ‘of number of oranges in a given layer is “3, where k = 1,2,3,...,80 adding up over the layers is done as follows: x ue Leer = wayye+Lo Bi pec 1 (N+ DQN+1) , M41) 2 6 ae BOW DAN+1) +3N~1)) = MVHNGH2NEN/ID= NW 122) /12 MO +I) +2)/6. (@) For 100 layers, we would need 100» 101 « 102/6 = 171700 oranges 1.13 Finite geometric series. (finite) geometric series with k terms is a sum of the form Lert PO