CHAPTER 4

A. Match the words/phrase in table A with their meaning in Table B

Answer :
1. Compounds = Combinations of materials
2. Exotic = Rare of complex
3. Ferreous = Iron and steel
4. Ceramics = Mineral transformed by heat
5. Alloy = Mixture of metals
6. Non- metallic = Materials that are not metal
7. Polymers = Plastic materials
B. Answer the question based on the article above about braking systrms!!
1. Why do most braking system waste energy?
Answer : Conventional brakes comprose pad previously made from asbestos-based
composites, but now consisting of compounds of exotic, non-hazardous materials, and
dics made of ferrous metal. The resulting friction generates heat, which is wasted.
2. What are regenerative braking systems, and how do they save energy?
Answer : Generative braking (also known as kinetic energy recovery) recovers energy
generated during deceleration, and stores it as source of power for subsequent
acceleration.
3. What carachteristic are required of materials used for the brakes on racing cars?
Answer : in performance cars, this phenomenon is taken to extremes, ad due to the high
temperatures generated, brake discs are often made out of ceramics.
4. What is meant by heat soak?
Answer : is meant thermal absorption by the chassis.
5. Why is it ( heat soak ) a problem in racing cars?
Answer : because it can delicate alloy part and sensitive non metallic material, such as
polymers, are susceptible to heat damage.
6. What do brakes do and how do they work?
Answer : Brakes used as a tool to stop a moving car. Brake works by using the force of
friction to convert that kinetic energy into heat. When you press your foot down on the
brake pedal, a connected lever pushes a piston into master cylinder filled
 with hydraulic brake fluid. As the piston moves into the cylinder, it squeezes hydraulic
fluid out of the end. The brake fluid squirts down a long, thin pipe until it reaches
another cylinder at the wheel, which is much wider. When the fluid enters the cylinder,
it pushes the piston in the wider cylinder with greatly increased force. The piston pushes
the brake pad toward the brake disc.When the brake pad touches the brake disc, friction
between the two generates heat. The friction slows down the outer wheel and tire,
stopping the car.

C. Translate the following text about “Braking System” into Bahasa.

Seiring dengan mulai berjalannya perlombaan motor balap, Formula 1 menargetkan
untuk memimpin riset otomotif dalam menemukan keuntungan teknologi berefisiensi
tinggi. Salah satu kunci untuk berkendara hemat ini adalah regeneratif pengereman ( juga
dikenal sebagai energi kinetic pemulihan ), yang mana memulihkan energi yang
dikeluarkan selama perlambatan. Dan menyimpannya sebagai sumber kekuatan untuk
percepatan selanjutnya. Rem regeneratif membatasi hilangnya energi yang melekat pada
sistem pengereman tradisional. Pada kebanyakan kendaraan, rem konvensional sekarang
terdiri dari senyawa unik, bahan tidak berbahaya, dan cakram yang terbuat dari logam
besi. Gesekan yang dihasilkan menghasilkan panas, yang terbuang percuma. Dalam
peforma mobil, hal ini menjadi ekstrim, dan karena tingginya suhu yang dihasilkan,
cakram rem sering dibuat dari keramik.
 CHAPTER 6

A. Answer the following question based on the text

1. What are some of the buildings built in earlier ages thet are still in existence and in
use?
Answer: Pantheon and the Colosseum in Rome,Hagia Sophia in Istanbul,the Gothic
churches of France and England,and the Renaissance cathedrals,with their great
domes,like the duomo in Florence and St.Peter’s in Rome.
2. What is thrust ? how is it counteracted in these great buildings of earlier times ?
Amswer: Thrust is the pressure exerted by each part of a structure on its other parts
3. How did the Romans solve the problem thrust?
Answer: The Romes made extensive use of the arch to distribute thrust more
evenly,thus making larger openingspossible
4. What kind of stress cans post-and-lintel construction be subject to ?
Answer: Architects and engineers before Romans and used a post-and-lintel
construction for the most part.with two vertical columns supporting a horizontal
beam.If the beam is too long,or if it has to support too much weight,it is subject to
shear,the tendency to fracture or break along the lines of stress.
5. How were the high pillars and walls of Gothic cathedrals often supported?
Anwer: The great stone ribs of the Gothic cathedrals were supported by flying
buttresses that absorbed the outward and downward thrust.
6. How was thrust distributed in great domed structures like Hagia Sophia or St.Peter’s ?
Answer: In great domed structures like Hagia Sophia or St.Peter’s the thrust was
distributes by a series or arches or half-arches that were supported by enormous piers
(wertical supports)
7. Why have these buildings from earlier times survived? what is an example of
engineering failure in ancient times?
Answer: because of the grat strength that was built into them –strenght grater that
necessary in most cases. And the engineering failure is in rome, for examole, most og
 people lives in insula, great tenement blocks that were often ten stories high. Many pf
them poorly constructed and sometimes collapsed with concidererable loss of life.
8. What advantage do the engineers of modern times have over those of earlier days?
Answer: the engineers of modern time is scientific data that permit him to make careful
calculations in advance when a modern data engineer plans a structure, he takes into
account the total weight of all compenent materials.
9. What four factors must an engineer take into account when he plans a structure?
Answer: He must also concider the lived load, the weight of all the people, cars,
furniture, machines, and also on that the structure will support when it is in use. In
structur such as bridges, he must consider the impact, the force with the live load will
be exerted on the structure. he must also determine the safety factor, that is, an
additional capability to make the structure strongger that the combination of three other
factors.
B. Match the expression on the left with the statement on the right.you will have 3 statement
left on the right.
1. Thrust 2 The forceat which the live load will be exerted on a
structure.
2. Stress _ A binding material made of lime stone and clay, heated and
ground to a powder.
3. Shear - The tendency of a material to weaken because of continual
changes in stress.
4. Dead load - A masonry material made of mixture of cement, aggregate,
sand and water.
5. Live Load 4 A wall supported by a steel or concrete frame, it does not
bear the weight of the structure
6. Impact 6 The force that presses or pushes a matrial together.
3 The tendency of a material to break along lines of stress
5 The weight of all the materials in a structure
1 The pressure of forceted by each part of a structure on the
other parts.
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