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Conductivity refers to the ability of a material to conduct an electrical (ESD) is the transfer of an electrostatic charge between two objects.
charge to earth or ‘ground’. In non-technical terms, this can be de- This is a very rapid event that happens when two objects with differ-
scribed as the ability of a material to carry or ‘conduct’ an electrical cur- ent electrical potentials come into direct contact with each other. This
rent. The electrical conductivity or the specific conductance of a flooring charging results in one object gaining electrons on its surface area to
system is therefore also a measure of the material’s ability to conduct become negatively charged, whilst the other object loses electrons from
an electric current. An electric current is a quantitative measure of the its surface area and therefore becomes positively charged. The creation
amount of charged particles passing through a medium, and in order of an electrical discharge by this contact and separation of objects is
for an electric current to be created, there needs to be an electrical known as triboelectrical charging, which also explains the small static
potential difference between two points in a conductive medium with an electric shock you may receive from touching certain objects.
energy source to drive the charge. Electrostatic charges are therefore commonly created by the contact
The electrical resistance of a material is a measure of its resistance to and separation of two similar or dissimilar materials. For example, a
the flow of an electric current. An ohmmeter is a device that is used to person walking across the floor generates static electricity as shoe
measure this conductivity or electrical resistance. The conductivity or soles contact and then separate from the floor surface. A metal com-
electrical resistance of a flooring system is therefore also measured ponent or an electronic device sliding into or out of a case or against
with an ohmmeter. another piece of equipment also generates an electrostatic charge as
The ohmmeter measures the amount of electrical friction generated multiple contacts and separations are made.
as the charged particles pass through an electrical conductor e.g.
Sikafloor®-262 AS N. This measured value is then expressed in
units of “ohm”, which are governed by “Ohm’s Law”. This states that What Does an ESD Event Do?
“the current passing through an electrical circuit is directly proportional
to the amount of voltage used to create the flow and is inversely pro-
portional to the resistance when the temperature is constant”. It can be
written in three ways: V = I × R, or I=V/R, or R=V/I Where: V = voltage
in volts (V), I = current in amps (A), R = resistance in ohms (Ω) Or alter-
natively it can be used where: V = voltage in volts (V), I = current in
milliamps (mA), R = resistance in kilohms (kΩ).
For most electronic circuits the amp is too large and the ohm is too
small, therefore it is usual to measure the current in milliamps (mA) and
therefore to obtain the resistance in kilohms (kΩ). 1 mA = 0.001 A and
1 kΩ = 1000 Ω.
These Ohm’s Law equations work if you use V, A and Ω and also if you
use V, mA and kΩ, but you cannot mix these sets of units in the same One of the main causes of device failures in the semi-conductor in
equations. dustry is Electro Static Discharge (ESD).
An ESD event basically produces a spark (a micro-lightning bolt in
effect), which passes from one charged conductive surface to another.
What is ESD? This incredibly rapid transfer of what had previously been a static (non-
moving) charge can cause fires, explosions, create heat, light and even
Controlling electrostatic discharge begins with understanding how an sounds. It is this potentially unseen, unfelt or unheard ‘micro lightning’
electrostatic charge occurs in the first place. An Electro Static Discharge or spark without warning that must be prevented or controlled.
2
Where Do I Need a Conductive Floor?
Sikafloor® ESD for Handling, production, assembling, storage of sensitive electronic Sikafloor® ECF for explosive atmospheres and substances (i.e. gas, vapour, spray,
devices liquids, dust, explosives, fireworks etc.)
In industries where electronic components or volatile chemicals are static-sensitive devices, inadvertent contact and damage can still occur.
involved, static electricity can result in significant damage, injury and Sikafloor® ESD (Electro Static Discharge) and Sikafloor® ECF
financial loss. All active electronic components and equipment e.g. (Electrically Conductive Flooring) Systems, can safeguard your entire
micro-chips, integrated circuits and machinery are sensitive to ESD process. These systems can be used to design and produce a floor that
events. Even when areas and people are equipped to handle such is’ tailor-made’ to meet your specific needs.
1. Groundable wheels
16 2. Groundable surface
3. Wrist band and foot wear
tester
18
4. Footwear footplate
5. Wrist band and grounding
17 cord
3
11 6. Grounding cord
15 7. Ground
8. Earth bounding point (EBP)
6 12 9. Groundable point of trolley
5 13 10. Toe and heel strap (footwear)
11. Ionizer
8 12. Dissipative surfaces
13. Seating with groundable
2
feet’sand pads
9 14. Sikafloor® ESD or
4 Sikafloor® ECF System
10
15. Garments
16. Shelving with grounded
7 14 surfaces
1 17. Groundable racking
18. EPA sign
19. Machine
3
Global Sikafloor® Solutions for ESD Protection and Electr
US-Standards: ANSI/ESD S 20.20 ANSI/ESD S 20.20 ANSI/ESD S 20.20 ASTM F 150 ASTM F 150 ASTM F 150 ASTM F 150
(ANSI/ESD STM97.1) (ANSI/ESD STM97.2) (ANSI/ESD S7.1) (ECF) Surface to (ECF) Surface to (DIF) Surface to (DIF) Surface to
System Test: Walking Test (BVG) Resistance to Ground Test: Surface Test: Ground Test: Surface Test:
Systems: < 35 M Ω < 100 Volt Ground RG < 109 Ω >2.5x104 – <1x106Ω >2.5x104 – <1x106Ω >1x106 – <1x109Ω >1x106 – <1x109Ω
Smooth ESD roller coating (Epoxy)
Sikafloor®-200 ESD c c c – – c c
Sikafloor®-200C ESD c c c c c – –
Roller coating for high chemical resistance (Epoxy Novolac)
Sikafloor®-700 ESD c c c c c
c c c c c
®
Sikafloor -700C ESD – –
Smooth ESD roller coating (Polyurethane)
Sikafloor®-340 ESD c c c – – c c
c Meets the Standard – Does not meet the Standard
Standards
IEC 61340
alternative
DIN EN 1081
resistance of the resistance of the
resistance to ground
(electrode) person/footwear/ person/footwear/ This Standard describes the determination of the electrical resistance
flooring system flooring system
Rg <109 Ohm
R <35 x 106 Ohm Rg <109 Ohm of resilient floor coverings. The electrical resistance to ground is also
body voltage <100V
measured using a Tripod Electrode.
4
rostatic Discharge Control
European-Standards: DIN EN 1081 IEC 61340-5-1 IEC 61340-5-1 IEC 61340-5-1 ATEX 137 / TRBS 2153 DIN VDE 0100-410
Resistance to Ground (IEC 61340-4-5) (IEC 61340-4-5) (IEC 61340-4-1) European Standard (IEC 60364-4-41)
8
RG < 10 Ω System Test: Walking Test (BVG) Resistance to Ground Resistance to Ground Isolation Resistance
Systems: < 35 M Ω < 100 Volt RG < 109 Ω RG < 108 Ω > 50 kΩ
Smooth and textured, hygienic ECF floors
Sikafloor®-262 AS N c – – c c
Sikafloor®-263 SL
Sikafloor®-381 AS c – – c c
Sikafloor®-390 AS c – – c c
Aprooved for clean rooms
Sikafloor®-266 ECF CR c – – c c
Sikafloor®-269 ECF CR c – – c c
ESD systems with very low body voltage generation
Sikafloor®-235 ESD c c c c c
Sikafloor®-262 AS N +
c c c c c
Sikafloor®-230 ESD TopCoat
c Meets the Standard – Doesn’t meet the Standard
Standards used in Asia: SJ/T 11294-2003 SJ/T 11294-2003 IEC 61340-5-1 IEC 61340-5-1 IEC 61340-5-1
(ECF) (DIF) (IEC 61340-4-5) (IEC 61340-4-5) (IEC 61340-4-1)
Resistance to Ground Resistance to Ground System Test: Walking Test (BVG) Resistance to Ground
Systems: RG >5 x 104 – < 1 x 106 Ω RG >1 x 106 – < 1 x 109 Ω < 35 M Ω < 100 Volt RG < 109 Ω
Smooth, hygienic floors
Sikafloor®-262 AS N c – – – c
c c c
®
Sikafloor -239 EDF – –
High chemical resistance
Sikafloor®-390 AS c – – – c
Sikafloor®-381 AS c – – – c
ESD system with very low body voltage generation
Sikafloor®-235 ESD – – c c c
Sikafloor®-262 AS N +
– – c c c
Sikafloor®-230 ESD TopCoat
c Meets the Standard – Doesn’t meet the Standard
This Standard covers the requirements necessary to design, establish, This Chinese Standard is the general Chinese specification standard
implement and maintain an Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Control for floor coatings for electrostatic protection.
Program for activities that manufacture, process, assemble, install,
package, label, service, test, inspect or otherwise handle electrical or
electronic components, plus assemblies and equipment susceptible to Please note:
damage by electrostatic discharges greater than, or equal to 100 volts
Human Body Model (HBM). This Standard is also harmonized with the None of the specific conductivity or electrical resistance values
IEC 61340-5-1. mentioned in any of these International or National Standards, nor in
the descriptions and tables shown above are mandatory. These values
should be adapted to meet the requirements of the responsible local
ASTM F 150 authorities.
This Standard is a test method that covers the determination of Before applying an ESD, conductive or dissipative flooring system, Sika
electrical conductance or resistance of resilient flooring, either in tile or always recommends a detailed assessment of at least the following
sheet form, for applications such as hospitals, computer rooms, clean parameters, and then for the appropriate values to be agreed and
rooms, access flooring, munitions plants, or any other environment accepted by all of the parties involved:
concerning personnel-generated static electricity. Limits for the electrical resistance and body voltage generation
Methods of Measurement
Equipment to make these measurements
Any applicable standards or specifications
5
Sikafloor® Solutions for Areas with Explosive Atmospheres or
Substances (i.e. Gas, Dust, Explosives, Fireworks etc.)
Heavy Duty Monolithic Conductive Finish Monolithic concrete slab using Sikament®
for Concrete or Sika® ViscoCrete® SCC technology.
Dry shake floor hardener Sikafloor®-1
Excellent abrasion resistance MetalTop applied to the fresh concrete
Excellent impact resistance slab before power-float finishing, surface
Extreme durability cured and sealed with
Conductive Sikafloor® Proseal-22
No
Osmosis
6
Sikafloor® Solutions for Areas Involved in the Handling,
Production, Assembly or Storage of ESD-Sensitive Devices
7
Sikafloor® Solutions for Areas Involved in the Handling,
Production, Assembly or Storage of ESD-Sensitive Devices
8
Sikafloor® Solutions for Areas Requiring Conductivity and
Chemical Resistance
9
Sikafloor® Solutions for Clean Rooms with Conductive
Requirements
10
Additional Sikafloor® Conductive Solutions
11
Sikafloor®-Earthing Kit
Prepare and prime the substrate in
Fit the small plastic tube onto the Allen
accordance with the relevant screw and fasten tightly.
Sikafloor® PDS.
Make sure the plastic tube is fitted tightly
Drill a 8 mm diameter hole, depth > 50 mm before the application of Sikafloor®
Remove all dust, loose and friable material materials.
and Insert the anchor, the top of the anchor
must be flush with the floor surface.
Fix the screw into the anchor with an Allen key,
so that 16 mm of the Allen screw stick out.
Apply the copper tapes (2 x 10 mm) at
Apply the conductive wearing layer and
either side of the drilled-hole as shown in then the rest of the selected Sikafloor®
the picture. system.
Fix the large (D = 60 mm) and the medium
After full curing of the complete
size (D = 30 mm) washers with the nut Sikafloor® system, remove the plastic
(M 6) to the Allen screw. tube and clean the head of the Allen screw
thoroughly.
Fix the brass eyelet using the self-locking
nut (M 6) on the Allen screw.
Connect the earthing main cable with the
brass eyelet (only by a qualified Electrical
Engineer).
12
CAD – Drawings Are Available
For alternative situation Sika can provide detailed CAD drawings of the different possibilities to position an earthing point. Please do not hesitate to
ask your local Sika Technical Services Department for these.
0902
9_C_appl_
_038_G/03
N° 900_81 ini Aeppli
;
Coatings Author: He 9; Edition 002
Floors and Date: 07/
200
8.1 Resin
flooring;
Industrial
oatings
uctive C lution
r - Cond dard So
®
int, Stan
Sikafloo g of an earthing po
in
g of plac
Detailin step 9
D floors) plan until
(ECF / ES Ground
C–C
Construction
Industria
l flooring
; 8.1 Re
sin Floors
and Co
atin gs
N° 900_
Sikaflo ® 81_035
_G
C-C or - Co Author:
Heini Ae /036_C_appl_
Detailing n ductive 07/2009
; Edition
Date: ppli 0901
3
Placing of e bra ss- dis c
4 fac screw
floor sur the brass-plate and conductive layer the large brass the large brass
nductive, h
Placing of® plates wit sher and screw to
5 -220 W Co e brass-
Sikafloor e and medium siz brass wa
6 the small
Fix the larg let fastener using ole area executed
7 the eye ting ont o the wh mains has to be
Fix tive coa nt to the
8 or conduc the Earthing poi
®
screw
n of Sikaflo of
Applicato e (The connection er) 1 Concrete construction
9 wir ine rience of
Isolated ctrical eng e and expe
Constru
nsed ele knowledg mmendations. The 2 n the groove and before priming,
Groove for the isolated wire. After placing the wire in
10 by a lice 's current
d on Sika ce with Sika's reco parameters of g
the
faith base in the
rdan usin to the groove must be filled with an epoxy mortar
n in good s in acco of changes ice prior
ce are give al condition herein. In case 's Technical Serv intended 3 Epoxy mortar
other advi ied under norm rred to ult Sika for the
in and any and appl essly refe on, cons testing themalways refer to
the ®
ained here handled uct(s) expr applicati ucts from must 4 Sikafloor -156/161, priming of the whole area and the he cut-out
mation contproperly stored, ) and prod case of a different user of the prod delivery. Users est.
The infor n ication(s lied on requ 5 Drilling a hole for the heavy-duty anchor and inset-screw
crew
ucts whe the appl trates etc., or in ve the sale and
the prod only applies to in subs in does not relie ent terms of of which will be supp
informati
on
as chan
ges ained here ect to our
curr
d, copies 6 Placing of the two copper-strips and insert anchor; anchor must be flush with the
applicati
on, such mation contare accepted subj product concerne
ucts. The
infor
orders et for the floor surface
Sika prod and purpose. All Product Data She
on
of the loca
l 7 Placing of the brass-plate and brass-disc
applicati
most rece
nt issue , Sw itzerland 8
®
Sikafloor -220 W Conductive, conductive layer C–C
48 Zürich .com
16, CH-80 46 86, www.sika 9 Fix the large and medium size brass-plates with the large brass screw
ces AG fenwies
Sika Servi Construction, Tüf (0)58 436 10 Fix the eyelet fastener using the small brass washerr and screw to the large brass
Fax +41
Corporate (0)58 436 40 40, screw
Ph one +41
11 The connection of the isolated wire point to the mainsns has to be executed by a
licensed electrical engineer
®
12 Application of Sikafloor conductive coating onto the e whole area incl. cut-out
The information contained herein and any other advice are given in good faith based on Sika's current knowledge and experience of
cordance with Sika's recommendations. The
the products when properly stored, handled and applied under normal conditions in accordance
information only applies to the application(s) and product(s) expressly referred to herein. In case of changes in the parameters of the
nsult Sika's Technical Service prior to using
application, such as changes in substrates etc., or in case of a different application, consult
Sika products. The information contained herein does not relieve the user of the products roducts from testing them for the intended
application and purpose. All orders are accepted subject to our current terms of sale and delivery. Users must always refer to the
hich will be supplied on request.
most recent issue of the local Product Data Sheet for the product concerned, copies of which
Sika Services AG 1
Corporate Construction, Tüffenwies 16, CH-8048 Zürich, Switzerland 2 Concrete
Phone +41 (0)58 436 40 40, Fax +41 (0)58 436 46 86, www.
www.sika.com
w.ssika.com 3 Joint of construction
the
4 Sikafloor ® cut-out section
5 Isolated -156/161, primi and surface pre
wire ng of the pa
6 Fan out
iso whole are ration
Filling the lated wire fixe a and the
cut-out
join d with co
po int to the t around the pp
7
Sik mains ha isolated er tape
8 aflo or ® s to be wir e wit
9 Applicatio -220 W Conduct executed by h an epoxy mo
a rta
Ground n of Sikafloor ® ive, conductive licensed electr r (The connectio
plan /vie conductiv layer ical engin n of the
w; showin e eer)
The info g the exe coating onto the
the prod
rmation
con cution un whole are
ucts whe tained herein til ste a incl. cut
informa
tion only n properly stor and any othe
p6 -out
applicat applies ed, han r advice
ion, to dled are
Sika prod such as cha the application( and applied given in good
nges in under norm faith bas
applicat ucts. The info substra s) and product( al con ed on Sika
ion rmation tes etc.
most rece and purpose contain , or in cass) expressly refe ditions in acc 's current
knowled
nt issue . All ed e rred orda
of the loca orders are acc herein does notof a different app to herein. In nce with Sika ge and
l Produc epte relieve lication, case of 's recomm experience
t Data She d subject to the use consult cha end of
our curr r Sika's Tecnges in the para ations. The
et for the
product ent term of the products hnic met
concern s of sale from test al Service prio ers of the
Sika Se ed, cop and
ies of whic delivery. Use ing them for r to usin
g
rvices h will be rs must the inte
Corporat AG supplied alwa
on requ ys refer to the
nded
e Const est.
Phone +4 ruction,
1 (0) 58 436 Tüffenw
40 40, Fa ies 16, CH-80
x +41 (0) 48 Zürich
58 436 , Sw
46 86, ww itzerland
w.sika.co
m
13
Measurement of the Conductivity or Electrical Resistance of
Sikafloor® ESD and ECF Systems
14
Different Types of Conductive Floor Perform Differently
In the example of testing for resistance below, Sika Conductive “Carbon Fibre Fillers”-Technology is compared with Sika Conductive “Pigment
Fillers”-Technology
Controlled Homogeneity of the Floor Surface using Sika Conductive “Pigment Fillers”-Technology
Note:
The conductive fillers are
in permanent continuous
e.g. Sikafloor®-230 ESD e.g. Sikafloor®-230 ESD contact and so there are
many paths across &
through the conductive
system – the surface is
suitable for point to point
measurement.
Typically the Resistance to Ground (Rtg) with the Conductive Priming Layer is equal to or greater than the Resistance Point to Point (Rtt)
Note:
The resin around the
fibres can insulate points
Conductive
Primer
on the surface and within
the thickness of the resin.
e.g. Sikafloor®-262 AS N e.g. Sikafloor®-262 AS N
Therefore Point to Point
measurement is NOT
recommended on the
surface of conductive
flooring systems based on
carbon fibre technology.
Typically the Resistance Point to Point (Rtt) is greater than the Resistance to Ground (Rtg)
These graphs show the effects of Multi-directional Conductivity and Uni-directional Conductivity obtained with the different filler types.
As an additional practical example:
It is not possible to refurbish (over-coat) existing conductive floors based on carbon fibre technology with each other, without the application of
an intermediate conductive primer (such as Sikafloor®-220 W Conductive). This is because there is a minimal chance that the carbon
fibres in each layer will make an adequate connection to the carbon fibres in the other. As a result any electrical charges could not be discharged
to ground. However this type of refurbishment and over-coating work is perfectly possible with systems based on conductive fillers (such as
Sikafloor®-230 ESD or Sikafloor®-200 ESD). This is because the conductive fillers provide fully homogeneous conductivity.
15
Sika Full Range Solutions for Construction
Concrete Production Waterproofing Flooring
Corrosion and Fire Protection Concrete Repair and Protection Structural Strengthening
Sika Services AG
Business Unit Contractors
Speckstrasse 26
8330 Pfäffikon / Switzerland Our most current General Sales
Phone +41 58 436 23 80 Conditions shall apply.
Fax +41 58 436 23 77 Please consult the Product Data Sheet
www.sika.com prior to any use and processing.